فهرست مطالب مهین پیره

How the first human settlements came to be is an important issue, and from different scientific perspectives, different answers can be given; because the creation or degeneration of these settlements is not the choice of individuals; it depends on countless human and natural conditions. Studies show that the establishment of human societies on the ground has always been done in order to achieve maximum natural resources such as water resources, adequate vegetation and access to arable land, this effort is undoubtedly based on the principles that today It is interpreted as the science of location. At the beginning of human life, natural hazards were unknown to humans until their occurrence. Natural are also safe. Natural disasters are born of natural elements and factors, but human profiteering intervention in nature affects the quantity and quality of many natural disasters. Considering the mentioned cases, environmental factors, especially geomorphology, have played an important role in locating residential areas throughout history. Accordingly, in this study, environmental factors affecting the distribution of ancient settlements in Piranshahr have been investigated.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, a 30-meter-high digital model, a layer of ancient sites identified in the region (Masoumian, 2021), a 1: 100000 geological map and a 1: 50,000 topographic map of the region have been used. The most important tool used in the research was ArcGIS and also in this research the combined model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has generally been done in two stages. In the first stage, after preparing the layer of ancient sites in the region, the location of ancient sites in terms of slope, slope classes, elevation classes, distance classes from the river, lithology units and geomorphological units are analyzed and thus the distribution status of sites Ancient has been analyzed in relation to environmental conditions. In the second stage, in order to identify areas prone to ancient settlements, the results of the previous stage have been used and using the integrated model of AHP fuzzy areas, a map of areas prone to ancient settlements has been prepared.

In this study, in order to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the distribution of ancient settlements, first the location of 67 ancient sites in Piranshahr city has been determined. According to the results, a large part of the ancient settlements are located in the slope classes less than 10%, so that 32 ancient sites (equivalent to 47.8% of the identified sites) are located in this class. In terms of slope, a large part of the ancient settlements are located in the northern directions so that 36 ancient sites (38.8% of the identified sites) are located in the northwest to northeast. In terms of height, a large part of the ancient sites are located in the altitude classes of 1250 to 1650, so that in this category there are 56 ancient sites (equivalent to 83.6% of the identified sites). In terms of distance from the river, a large part of the ancient sites are located near the river, with 48 ancient sites (equivalent to 71.6% of the identified sites), located less than 500 meters from the river. They had. Lithologically, a large part of the settlements are located on Quaternary alluvial sediments, so that 37 ancient sites (equivalent to 55.2% of the identified sites) are located in this unit. Also, in terms of geomorphology, a large part of the ancient sites are located in the alluvial plain unit, so that 37 ancient sites (equivalent to 55.2% of the identified sites) are located in this unit.

Environmental conditions have played an important role in the settlement of residential areas in the past and today. Considering that the knowledge of the effective factors in location selection has an important role in various planning, in this study, the effective environmental factors in the establishment of ancient sites in Piranshahr city have been analyzed. Based on the results, the distribution of ancient sites was directly related to environmental conditions, so that the highest density of ancient sites in low-slope areas, low-lying areas, areas near the river, north slope directions, unit Quaternary alluvium as well as unit of alluvial plains. According to the results obtained at this stage, areas prone to the establishment of ancient settlements in Piranshahr city have been identified that based on the results, the middle areas of Piranshahr city due to the conditions, are prone to the development of ancient settlements. The results of this study have shown that environmental conditions in the past have played a major role in the distribution of residential areas and by examining the environmental conditions of each area to a large extent can be found the existence of ancient sites in that area.

Desertification is a type of land degradation that often occurs in semi-humid, semi- arid, arid or hyper-arid areas. It becomes drier and loses its original structure, water, plants, and wildlife as a result of a variety of factors such as climate change, soil over-exploitation, and human activities.Common to all definitions of desertification is the severe destruction of the environment and the reduction of biological production of ecosystems due to desertification. Desertification of arid and semi-arid ecosystems is one of the most critical issues studied in ecosystems, which have severe economic and ecological impacts on a wide range of geographical areas with the potential risk of desertification. Desertification has many consequences that directly and indirectly affect human life, the most important of which are mass migration, poverty, water and food shortages, and conflicts over land and water resources. According to studies by the International Fund for Agriculture, desertification threatens 40 percent of the planet and directly affects 12 million hectares of land annually. Different regions have different potentials for desertification development depending on their hydro-climatic conditions. Iran's hydro-climatic situation has caused many parts of it, especially the eastern regions of the country, to be prone to desertification. Considering the direct effects of desertification on human life and its important environmental effects, in this study, vulnerable areas against desertification in Kerman province have been studied.

In this study, in order to investigate the vulnerability of the study area, the DVI vulnerability index has been used. The information used in the research includes climatic information, a digital model of 30 m altitude, information about the type of soil in the area, and also some demographic information. The most important tool used in research has been ArcGIS. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, the required information is collected. In the second step, in order to identify vulnerable areas, initially, the intra-layer weight of each parameter is determined and, subsequently, based on that, vulnerable areas are identified. In the third stage, using the DVI relationship and in ArcGIS software, a map of vulnerable areas against desertification has been prepared and then the status of desertification potential in Kerman cities has been evaluated.

In this study, in order to identify the vulnerable areas of desertification, factors including climatic indicators, topographic indicators, soil characteristics and also demographic indicators have been used. Climatic indicators are one of the effective factors in determining the vulnerability of desert areas, so that areas with less rainfall, high temperature and drought index and more evaporation have a high potential for vulnerability. Soil status and slope are also effective factors in aggravating the vulnerability of areas. Land slope is one of the effective factors in permeability, erosion and runoff. Typically, steep areas have greater potential for vulnerability. Sand fields and salt marshes are also prone to desertification. Demographic indicators are also effective factors in desertification. Demographic indicators used in this study include population density, population growth and illiteracy. Typically, areas with high population density, high illiteracy rates, and high growth rates have greater potential for vulnerability and are prone to desertification.

In this study, using DVI vulnerability index, the extent of desertification has been investigated in Kerman province. The results of the research indicate that a large part of the area of ​​Kerman province is covered by areas with high and very high vulnerability, so that 61722 square kilometers (equivalent to 34.7%) of the area of ​​the province is a class with high vulnerability potential and 32381 square kilometers (equivalent to 18.2%) of the province's area is covered by floors with very high vulnerability potential. The study of spatial distribution of vulnerable areas indicates that the southern regions of Kerman province have the highest potential for vulnerability due to climatic and demographic conditions. In this study, the level of vulnerability in different cities has been evaluated. Based on the results, the cities of Manojan, Qaleh Ganj and Anbarabad have the highest potential of vulnerability with 97, 96 and 91% of the areas, respectively. The results of the study also indicate that Kerman province has a high potential for vulnerability and the southern regions of the province are at risk of erosion, so it is necessary to plan for conducting measures to prevent desertification, especially in the southern regions of the province.

global surface temperatures to a wide variety of scientific studies of climatology and meteorology and hydrology, ecology, geology, medical science, design and optimization of transport network and locating fires is required This study aimed to investigate the temperature on Earth Its digital elevation models using geostatistical environment (GIS) in Yazd province is the research of DEM (13M) and meteorological data were used to assess temperature with a 20-year period beginning on the regression equation for each May be then prepared for analysis of the collected data at the end of rastercalculator tool for disorders F Oscillation all months of the tool was used cellstatistics software used in this study include: Arc Gis and Excel are the results of this study revealed that parameter H in accordance with the temperature of the surface of the earth in order to agree with each other such that in areas with high temperature on low ground, and Balksh evaluated the results of this study showed that in the months months (June- July_ August) compared to the other months of the swing high temperature fluctuations belong to the city of Tabas, PA; Ardakan, Bafg, gets; Tabriz.

Environmental issues are not unique to a particular community or geographic location but are transnational. As a result, it is clear that the problems that arise in any part of the earth can have different consequences elsewhere. Today's environmental crisis is due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of environmental issues. According to Fritiov, educating environmental consciousness is the first step towards sustainability and is essentially a prerequisite for humanity's future environmental awareness, the ability to understand the principles of environmental knowledge and to live by them. One of the basic assumptions in environmental studies is that many environmental problems can be resolved by increasing public awareness about the environment. In other words, environmental awareness is believed to be the key to solving many environmental problems as a result of sustainable development. Villages as one of the places to live due to their special proximity to nature, have the greatest impact on the environment and also receive the most impact from the environment; Have an important role and impact on the environment. For this reason, today's awareness of environmental issues as one of the most important programs in countries, especially developing countries, is being addressed in order to achieve sustainable environmental development. Comprehensive Sustainable Rural Development approaches are now seeking to penetrate new development paradigms to provide a secure framework aimed at reforming and enhancing key concepts in development policies such as sustainability, self-sustained participation, awareness and awareness. Are environments.
This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and orientation, Its results are applicable to developers and experts alike. In terms of time, as this research is conducted at a specific time interval, it is one-dimensional type of research. In this research, in terms of logic or research approach, this study seeks to specially analyze the factors affecting the environmental awareness of the villagers in Gorgan. In this study, our statistical population is about 8 households (at present) living in 8 villages. A sample of 277 individuals was selected using Cochran volume determination formula. For accuracy, 280 subjects were selected as statistical sample. A simple sampling method was used to complete the questionnaire to assess the environmental awareness of the villagers. Samples were randomly selected from the villagers. The sample size was proportionally distributed among the villages and then the samples were randomly selected from the villages.
The findings of the research indicate a significant relationship between social factors and environmental awareness of the villagers, and the results also show that there is no relationship between economic factors and environmental awareness of the villagers. The study also showed that the first step in the process of environmental education is access to information through the media. The results of this study showed that, essentially, the condition of humanity's future survival is environmental awareness, the ability to understand environmental principles and live by them.
Most of the research has focused on the impact of environmental awareness on environmental behavior and has not paid attention to the influence of factors on environmental awareness, especially economic factors affecting this factor.