موسی حسام

Water deficiency, as one of the factors of cotton crop stress, is a reaction to the changes that occur in the plant growth environment and has a negative effect on the productivity of crops, which can be well prevented with different methods of agricultural land management. Agricultural land management requires the use of sufficient data and information from different parts of agricultural land, and it is in this way that productivity can be significantly improved. The studied area is within the cotton lands of Shir Ali Abad and Sistani villages, a neighborhood of the functions of Engirab Agricultural Services Department, Gorgan city, in the geographical coordinates of 36o52’22” to 36o52’52” north latitude and 54o21’55” to 54o20’50” east longitude. Accurate and continuous monitoring of soil moisture content, as a representative of soil moisture stress, was done with field measurements of soil moisture and other environmental parameters (air temperature, leaf surface temperature, leaf surface index and also salinity), during the growing season (late May to late October) for 5 months. After extracting spectral bands from Landsat and Sentinel 2 satellite images, spectral indices were calculated. Using the methods of multivariate linear regression (MLR) and M5 tree regression, the relationship between spectral indices as an independent variable and soil surface moisture as a dependent variable, search and finally the optimal model by examining error evaluation criteria with the highest accuracy and the lowest resulting error became. M5 tree model was more accurate than MLR in estimating cotton water stress; In Landsat satellite, the explanation coefficient increased from 0.51 to 0.79, and the error value decreased from 4.2% to 2.9%. Also, the Landsat satellite was more accurate than the Sentinel 2 satellite. Thus, in Sentinel 2, the maximum explanation coefficient was 0.46 and the error was 4.9%. In the Landsat satellite, LST thermal index showed a great influence of water stress changes and the combination of 3 LST thermal indices, NDVI vegetation and SI2 salinity with an explanation coefficient of 0.76 and an error percentage of 3.3, provided acceptable results. The effect of water stress on reflection, in the infrared and thermal range, caused thermal and water indices such as LST, NMDI, NDWI and WI to have a significant effect in the step-by-step implementation of the M5 tree model. Thus, LST thermal index in Landsat satellite and water indices NDWI and NMDI in Sentinel 2 satellite played a more effective role in estimating water stress. On the other hand, the lack of a thermal band in Sentinel 2 has reduced its accuracy compared to the Landsat satellite.

Water stress occurs as a result of the imbalance between soil water in the root zone and plant water use, which necessitates determining the water stress index of the plant. Surface soil moisture is directly related to plant water content. Availability of satellite data has led to temporal and spatial resolution of field data and offers new opportunities for monitoring crop conditions. In this research, accurate and continuous monitoring of soil moisture content, as a representative of soil moisture stress, was done with field measurements of soil moisture, and comparison with multispectral data of Landsat 9 and Sentinel 2 satellite images. The relationship between plant indices, as an independent variable, and soil surface moisture, as a dependent variable, was studied using linear multivariate regression and M5 tree regression methods. Considering the non-linearity of the relationship between soil moisture and spectral reflectance, linear multivariate regression did not show satisfactory results with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.46 and 0.34 for Landsat 9 and Sentinel 2 satellites, respectively, as well as the root mean square error (RMSE) equal to 0.043 and 0.052. However, M5 tree regression showed more acceptable results, such that by establishing 16 and 20 regression relationships for Landsat 9 and Sentinel 2 satellites, the soil moisture was estimated withR2 of 0.70 and 0.67 and RMSE of 0.033 and 0.038, respectively. The results showed that the estimation of soil moisture with methods based on machine learning, such as the M5 model, increases the accuracy of calculations. In the M5 decision tree regression, a high number of variables does not necessarily lead to an increase in the accuracy of soil moisture estimation, and a relationship with the highest accuracy was found in the low number of variables. Therefore, the relationship obtained at the field level can be used to evaluate soil water stress and determine irrigation time in agricultural lands on a large scale, without measuring soil data.

One of the main factors in the economic and social development of any country is water reserves and potential. Comprehensive and comprehensive knowledge of water resources is a prerequisite for optimal and sustainable use of these resources. In Iran, due to the lack of rainfall in most of the watersheds and the limited water resources, codified planning to know the possibilities and limitations of water resources with the aim of optimal utilization is very necessary and unavoidable. Today one of the basic strategies for managing water resources in the agricultural sector is to choose the appropriate cultivation pattern and determine the strategies for the optimal allocation of agricultural water. the optimal use of limited water resources and obtaining the greatest economic benefit.

This research was conducted on the cropping pattern of Gonbad-e Kavus region in Golestan province, using the irrigation network of the Golestan Dam for four major autumn crops (wheat, canola, barley, and triticale) in the agricultural years of 2017-2018 to 2020-2021. A multi-objective optimization was performed using the non-dominate sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with the objectives of maximizing net economic profit and reducing water consumption. Initially, by considering the minimum values of the cropping pattern and using various computational steps, the maximum net economic profit and the amount of stored water were calculated through a bi-objective optimization method. In the next step, the net economic profit obtained from the stored water was optimized using a single-objective optimization method. Finally, the best computational step was selected by combining the values of bi-objective and single-objective net economic profit.

The results showed that the computational steps for each year were not the same, and the maximum net economic profit obtained by observing the minimum allowable cropping pattern and stored water (bi-objective optimization) and the maximum net economic profit obtained by optimizing stored water in the previous step (single-objective optimization) were calculated with different computational steps, considering the calculated annual profit. The results obtained from the maximum net economic profit and stored water based on the minimum allowable cropping pattern, bi-objective optimization (maximum net economic profit and maximum stored water), and the results obtained from single-objective optimization of stored water were accumulated. By considering the accumulated net economic profit from bi-objective and single-objective computational steps, the best net economic profit was achieved. Furthermore, despite the reduction in cultivated area and allocated water in the agricultural years of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, an increase in net economic profit was observed compared to previous years. In the year 2020-2021, due to the lower allocated water compared to previous years and the optimal cropping pattern being on a negligible area of the target year's cultivated area (83.85 hectares), the highest net economic profit was achieved with a 138% increase in profit. This was due to the increase in product prices compared to costs, resulting in an increase in income greater than the increase in costs.

The results of the present research showed that the use of multi-objective optimization methods has a good performance in order to obtain more economic profit by managing optimal allocated water consumption. Also, taking calculated steps by the officials and organizations of water users to manage the allocated water reserve and achieve the maximum net economic benefit will increase employment, reverse migration and achieve a higher level of social welfare. According to the observance of the minimum strategic cultivation of wheat and the increase of rapeseed and triticale fodder crops, the current model has an optimal and appropriate performance in terms of ensuring food supply chain security and the point of view of non-agent defense.

Due to the dry climate and severe water shortages in the northeastern regions of the country, the cultivation of crops that have low water requirements and at the same time have good economic productivity is considered. In this regard, a study in the form of a randomized complete block design with three treatments: type of irrigation source (well water W1 and treated wastewater of municipal wastewater W2), type of irrigation system (irrigation surface S1 and subsurface irrigation of drops S2) and time Irrigation (custom of the region or 15 Mehr T1, 15 days delay T2 and 30 days delay T3) was done in the crop year 1398 in Torbat Heydariyeh. The results of data analysis and comparison of the mean of treatments showed that due to the interaction of water type, type of irrigation system and irrigation time on all quantitative and qualitative indicators of saffron (number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers, dry weight of stigma, dry weight of cream, coarse index Flower, picroxine, crocin, safranal, moisture, mold and total coliform) except for the stigma dry weight which was significant at 5% probability level, other traits became insignificant. The highest values for number of flowers, fresh flower weight and stigma dry weight were observed in W1S1T2 treatment with values of 55.3 per square meter, 16.6 and 0.85 g / m2, respectively. The results also showed that in the qualitative traits of picroxine, crocin and safranal, the best value for W2S2T3 treatment with 93, 33.6 and 263.3 (maximum absorption) and the best total coliform in W1S1T3 treatment with 11000 units per gram was obtained. Came. In general, municipal wastewater (Taking into account health and food issues), subsurface system and other irrigation times can be used in saffron cultivation.

Due to many problems in the field of water supply, no study has been done on atmospheric water extraction devices. The objective of this research was to optimize the control parameters and the amounts of water produced from a physical model designed and built by the team including two-phase (refrigeration collector and sponge collector) in different atmospheric conditions were investigated. First, the effect of the sponge filter on the amount of water obtained, then the pilot in different weather conditions were studied to obtain optimal conditions. The suctions of 450 to 1400 rpm were applied at each humidity and temperature. In all the mentioned cases, the temperature of the device was studied at 2, 4, and 6 degrees below the dew point. Results showed that the sponge filter can increase the water produced by up to 15%. The first evaporator produced more water than the second evaporator. The optimal air suction speed inside the device depends on the relative humidity and temperature values. For the first and second evaporators, temperatures below 4 °C and 6 °C are optimal, respectively, and with increasing absolute humidity, the optimum suction speed increases. Parameters such as airflow velocity, number of collectors, temperature difference with dew point, and moisture absorption levels were influential in the amount of water produced. According to the qualitative study, the obtained water has a desirable quality for use in sensitive applications.

Cotton or white gold is the most important and the oldest fibrous plant that is suitable for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. Among industrial plants, cotton has a special position. Not only cotton is one of the most important fibrous plants in view of fiber production, but also its seeds, which contain oil and protein, play a major role in providing edible oils and animal feed. Due to increasing need of society for cotton plant products and the importance of cotton in the global market and industries, it is very important to remove barriers to the continuous development of the cultivation of this product. Considering the importance of cotton in crop rotation and the sever reduction of cotton cultivation in recent years, it is necessary to use new approaches to increase the cultivation area, production amount and to reduce the production cost of this strategic crop. One of the strategies for developing the area under cotton cultivation is delayed cultivation as transplanting, which increases yield, early maturity and water use efficiency. Proper irrigation scheduling plays a very important role in delayed cultivations. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. Fertilizer recommendation was done on the bases of soil test. In this experiment, the percentage of saturation moisture, electrical conductivity, acidity of saturated paste was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. Therefore, an experimental design of factorial strip plot, with three replications, was carried out in the Hashemabad cotton research station, in 2020. Irrigation methods of tape and furrow were as main factor. Cultivation methods of direct and transplanting as sub-factor and sub-sub factor was irrigation intervals after 70, 105, 140 mm cumulative evaporation from the pan, and irrigation quantities of 0, 50, 75, 100, 125% of the evaporated water from the pan. The treatment of 105 mm cumulative evaporation from the pan is usually 14 days, depending on the region. While the treatment of 70 mm means irrigating as soon as possible during 8 days. In addition, the treatment of irrigation after 140 mm of cumulative evaporation from the evaporation pan, ie once every 20 days, means that irrigation leads to plant stress. It should be noted that irrigation with less than 50% of the evaporated water from the pan can reduce the yield and is not applicable to the furrow irrigation method in the field, due to water not reaching the end of the field. In addition, irrigation with more than 125% of water evaporated from the pan is not highly recommended. The results showed that irrigation method had no effect on yield and yield components, but transplanting method had higher yield, early maturity, boll weight and water use efficiency at rates of 14, 180, 4.8 and 11.3% compared with direct method, respectively. Among the irrigation interval treatments, the irrigation after 105 mm evaporation from the pan had higher yield, boll weight and water use efficiency than the 70 and 140 mm treatments; So, that the yield of this treatment was 8.8 and 16.6% higher than the 70 and 140 mm treatments. While, water use efficiency of 105 mm treatment was 9% higher than 140 mm. In fact, cotton is a plant that reacts a lot to the amount and frequency of irrigation. It means irrigation management, and the balance between reproductive and vegetative growth is regulated by irrigation management. Excessive irrigation not only prevents increased yield, but also reduces yield and water use efficiency. Different irrigation water quantities had no effect on yield but on yield components had significant effect. The highest water use efficiency was related to 50% irrigation water, which was 19.6%, 43% and 69.8% higher than 75, 100 and 125% irrigation water, respectively. Irrigation quantity of more than 50% does not significantly increase yield but increases water use efficiency. Finally, the best treatment was transplanting method with an irrigation interval of 105 mm evaporation from the pan and 50% irrigation water of cotton increases. Also, transplanting cultivation increased yield compared to direct cultivation. Although it is not economically viable, it is recommended if the price of cotton increases.

Saffron is considered a strategic plant whose quantitative and qualitative value can be important on the agricultural economy of water-scarce areas. For this purpose, a randomized complete block design study was conducted with two factors of type of irrigation source (well water W1 and wastewater of urban W2) and irrigation time (regional custom or 15 mehr (October)T1, 15 days T2 delay and 30 days T3 delay). The results of the average squares showed that quantitative traits (number of flowers, fresh flower weight, dry weight of stigma, dry weight of cream and large flower index) of saffron in irrigation time factor, type of irrigation source and the interaction of two factors without significant relationship and results of average squares of traits Qualitative (pyroxine, crocin, saffron, moisture, mold and total microorganism) Saffron had no significant relationship in irrigation time factor and irrigation time contrast in irrigation type, but moisture and total microorganism traits in significant type of irrigation source at the level of 1% were significant. Were. The results showed that the highest value for quantitative traits was the number of flowers and the dry weight of stigmas for W1T1 treatment with 51 flowers per square meter and 0.79 g / m2, respectively. Also, for the qualitative traits of crocin, safranal and microorganisms, the total W2T3 treatment with values of 261 and 32.6 (maximum absorption) and 203333 units per gram, respectively, was the highest value among the research treatments.

Cotton as one of important crop products in Iran has special role and needs to increase its production to achieve self-sufficiency. The correct methods of crop management, including planting date are in order to determine the most appropriate growth conditions to increase yield and maximize productivity of the growing environment. Planting date of cotton is very important due to environmental limitations and coincides the sensitive period of cotton with severe summer heat and cultivation of two crops and early and late cold at the beginning and end of the season. The objective of this study was to obtain the best planting date in view of cotton high yield and increasing of water use efficiency.

In this study, 35 year (1984-2018) statistical data of Hashem Abad Meteorological Synoptic Station of Gorgan (precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, daily solar radiation) entered into the weather and product calibration model (SSM-Crop) and defines 11 planting date scenarios in the weather and product calibration model (SSM-Crop) (13 and 23 April, 3,13 and 23 May, 2, 12 and 22 June, 2, 11 and 22 July) was evaluated cotton yield changes and water use efficiency as well as its statistical characteristics during different years with different climatic conditions.

The results of predicted yield and water use efficiency in climate and crop model (SSM‌‌-Crop) showed that by delaying in cotton planting date, average cotton yield decreased but based on t-test Student results, there was no significant difference on cotton yield at the level of 5% in planting dates of related to scenarios of 23 April, 3 and 13 May. There was an increasing trend for average water use efficiency from 13 April to 23 May scenarios and then, from the 23 May to the 22 July scenario, was decreasing trend so that the highest and the lowest values were 10.07 and 1.75, related to 23 May to the 22 July scenario, respectively.

Cotton is a plant that planting date can play an effective role in yield and water use efficiency, but the best planting date regarding to calibrated climate and crop model was obtained from 5 May to 21 May. Delaying in planting date was not recommended so farmers Due to reduction in average cotton yield and water use efficiency. Because of delaying and cultivation of two crops during year in most farming fields of Gorgan. transplanting method can be recommend for obtaining of higher yield and optimum use of water in cotton.

Saffron is a plant with high nutritional and commercial value, which has a good economic value when presented in high quality. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two factors; type of irrigation water source (well water W1 and treated wastewater of municipal wastewater W2) and type of irrigation system (surface S1 and subsurface S2) with three replications. According to the results of chemical analysis of unconventional irrigation water source, treated wastewater in Torbat-e-Heydariyeh treatment plant met the standards of irrigation water for crops. The results of the mean squares in testing the irrigation system type and contrast of two factors showed that all quantitative traits of saffron were insignificant except two traits of dry weight of cream and stigma dry weight which were significant at the level of 1% probability. Also the results of the mean squares of saffron quality traits in the factor of type of irrigation source and the contrast of two factors showed that all quality traits, except moisture and total coliform which became significant at the level of 1% probability, became insignificant. Based on the results, the highest yield was obtained for quantitative traits of flower number, stigma dry weight and cream dry weight for W1S1 treatment and wastewater treatment. Treatments did not show significant differences. Also, for the quality traits of pyroxene, crocin, safranal and total coliform in W2S2 treatment, it was the highest value and wastewater treatments did not have a negative effect on product quality.

Abstract In the northeastern regions of the country, due to climatic conditions as well as severe water shortages, it is necessary to cultivate crops that have low water requirements and at the same time have optimal water efficiency. This research randomized complete block design study was performed with two factors of irrigation system type (surface S1 and subsurface S2) and irrigation time (region custom or mehr (October) 15 T1, 15 days delay T2 and 30 days delay T3) and three repetitions. The results of the mean squares showed that the quantitative traits (number of flowers, fresh flower weight, dry stigma weight, dry cream weight and large flower index) of saffron due to the interaction of irrigation method and time of first time irrigation were insignificant and only dry cream weight trait was significant at probability 5% level. The results of the mean squares of qualitative traits (piroxin, crocin, safranal, moisture, mold, and total microorganisms) of saffron in the irrigation time factor and the contrast of irrigation time factor in the irrigation system type of all qualitative traits were no significant. The results showed that the highest value for quantitative traits was the number of flowers and the dry weight of stigmas for S1T2 treatment with 53.1 flowers per square meter and 0.79 grams per square meter, respectively. Also, for qualitative traits of piroxin, crocin, saffron and microorganisms, the total S2T1 treatment was obtained with the values of 1/92, 1/262, 1/33 (maximum absorption) and 10733 numbers per gram, respectively and the best irrigation method and Irrigation time, surface system and 15 days delay were obtained.

In recent years, the problem of drinking water has caused concern in various areas. For over 50 years, various methods of water supply such as distillation, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis have been used. The disadvantages of these methods are the high cost and, more importantly, the environmental consequences of brine shedding. In the northern provinces of Iran, in many areas, relative humidity reaches more than 60 percent, and sometimes more than 80 percent. On hot days of the year, splits in these areas produce water by condensing air into the air. This water is often discharged without regard to its quantitative and qualitative management. Identifying new water resources will lead to use in various uses and protection of existing resources in order to sustainably manage water resources. Therefore, in this research, with a managerial approach, the quantitative, qualitative and economic potential of water produced from Gorgan coolers was studied as a new water source.Therefore, it is necessary to know the quantity and quality of this water for management and recognition as a source of unusual water to meet some of the needs.

Therefore, in this research, with the managerial approach, the quantitative and qualitative and economic potential of water produced from Gorgan coolers as a water source was investigated. In this study, Gorgan was divided into four main regions. In these areas, the quantitative and qualitative conditions of produced water, the effect of cooler power on the amount of water produced, and the influence of various parameters on the choice of cooler power to be purchased by users, were studied over a six-month period. Also, with the average power of 21,000Wh and the tariff of electricity consumption, the price of water produced was calculated.

The water obtained had a neutral acidity, low turbidity and alkalinity and hardness. The mean water produced was 25.5, 29.8 and 22.67 for split and 13.79, 18.13 and 13 liters per day for window coolers, respectively, in the first to third periods. The water produced in the double coolers was more than the window type. As the cooler power increased, the water produced in both types of cooler increased. Also, two factors of area covered by coolers and building insulation had the most influence on the choice of air conditioner.

According to the results, Accumulation of cars and overcrowding does not uneffective the quality of produced water. In this city On average, a considerable amount of 3542 cubic meters of water is produced daily through condensate water coolers, which is also used for sensitive applications(such as washing the body and face and contact with the skin and eyes)due to its high quality. Applying some assumptions and considering 50% of the cost of consumed electricity, the cost of production per liter of water will be 3173 Rials, which is approximately 25% of the final cost per liter of market drinking waterAccording to the results of this research, by creating a network of water outlet aggregation of home air conditioners using a simple piping in apartments and towns and considering the storage source, a considerable volume of water can be Used for different purposes in each apartment or even different towns. Therefore, solutions such as forcing the creation of water collection networks for gas coolers for buildings under construction in cities with high relative humidity and creating sites for the use of water production devices from the atmosphere can be a good solution.

The problem of water scarcity is one of the most important agricultural problems in Iran, therefore proper and timely use of water resources is essential. One of the strategies for optimal use of water in agriculture is irrigation planning of agricultural products. Irrigation planning means specifying the irrigation time and amount of water needed at each irrigation time during the plant growth period. In this study, in order to determine the irrigation time, the color change index of pepper leaf due to the decrease in soil moisture was used. So far, some studies have been carried out to determine some of the agronomic parameters of the fruit and leaf color changes using digital image processing, but no evidence is available for the relationship between leaf color and soil moisture subject to this thesis. Therefore, it can be assumed that this research is the first research in this field.

In order to investigate the effect of water stress on leaf color of chili pepper, plastic pots and dimaz chili peppers were used. The measured parameters included plant leaf color and soil moisture. Leaves were photographed daily and finally leaf color analysis was performed using Photoshop and BAL color scheme. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments including 10, 30 and 50% water stress, complete irrigation and no irrigation treatment in four replications for irrigation planning. (No irrigation treatment was considered as control treatment). Water stress was applied to the treatments for 52 days during plant growth period from transplanting (three weeks after transplanting) until harvest.

The LAB color system with a correlation coefficient higher than 94% can be used as an efficient system for investigating leaf color changes and determining irrigation time. One of the advantages of this method is its high computational volume and high accuracy of results. Increasing the accuracy of this method and examining its feasibility requires further research, and its simplicity and low cost can be a good justification for continuing its use. Certainly, by developing research on the proposed system, including the use of laboratory equipment and more accurate numerical methods, acceptable results can be obtained in estimating the exact irrigation time. On the other hand, three tree models QUEST, C5 and CHAID, which are decision tree algorithms, were used to predict soil moisture classes. The results showed that the C5 tree model had higher accuracy than other models and the accuracy of prediction of soil moisture classes by this model for the lab system was 86%.

The findings showed that as a result of soil moisture changes, there is a change in the natural reflection of the leaf color of the plant, and the lower the soil moisture, the darker the leaf color becomes and these changes affect the elements of the lab color system.

Water is one of the most important factors limiting agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. One of the most important issues in water management is to assess and determine the water requirement of plants. Water management, water resources and water requirements are essential for effective irrigation planning and efficient water resource management. In this way, Carla (bitter melon), which is the crop of the drug, were designed and tested in 2020 in dry climatic conditions using drained lysimeters and water balance methods. Four drainage lysimeters at the Agricultural Research Center were used for the experiment. Lysimeters of 50cm diameter and 120cm height were installed in the center of 25 × 20 m. Carla was planted in two lysimeters and in two lysimeters similar to the other reference plant (alfalfa). All planting operations were optimally performed and during the experiment it was tried to ensure that the soil moisture was not lower than the moisture content of the crop by timely irrigation so that the plant could not be subjected to moisture stress during the growing season. The experiment was conducted during a crop season from May 3 to July 27 for 88 days. Carla water requirement was determined between two consecutive irrigation intervals using soil water balance relationship. Carla water requirement was 915.15 mm during a experiment season. Also, the average coefficients of four stages of primary, developmental, intermediate and final growth in one experiment season were calculated 0.81, 0.915, 1.05, and 0.625, respectively.

Considering Iran's climate condition, which is one of the arid and semi-arid countries of the world, irrigation planning is a type of management operation to properly determine irrigation time. One of the fastest and most accurate methods to determine the irrigation time is to use plant index.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf color and soil moisture deficiency by LAB color system to determine irrigation time and modeling of water stresses by C5 tree model in zucchini plants with20 irrigation treatments f 100% to 15% with 5% spacing and two non-irrigated treatments ( Control) and over-irrigation (120%).Weight and moisture content of leaves were measured daily for 20 consecutive days and finally results showed that with decreasing moisture, L(Lightness) and B(Blue- yellow) parameters decreased and A(Green-red) increased.Irrigation time was also determined for pumpkin plant, fifth day at L = 68, A = -19 and B = 37.3. On the other hand, using the C5 tree model to predict soil moisture stresses under two scenarios (taking into account the day and not taking into account the day) showed that this model was more accurate with respect to the days of stress application with a value of 95/85. Percentage. Therefore, leaf surface color in LAB color system can be used to determine irrigation time and to determine the amount of stress.

Water scarcity especially in Iran and the recent drought, achieving a water policy is of important particular. Optimal water collocation under controlled and climatic and real conditions, in the past two decades, it has been one of the major concerns of researchers and engineers. The main purpose of this research is to use the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) to estimate and water allocation. the imperialist competitive algorithm is a new optimization algorithm and compared with other optimization has par or even higher ability to optimize a variety of issues. This algorithm for finding the optimal solution is speed. In other words, an optimal convergence rate is high and can find global optimized in optimization problems. In this study, ICA was used for optimizing water resources values from 1991 to 2003 agriculture years about the Sofi-Chay drainage network to achieve the most optimal policy. The results of the application of the ICA to the issue of water allocation and compared with genetic algorithm results indicate that the proposed method is very successful. The results showed that the results of the implementation of the ICA algorithm in comparison with the genetic algorithm are very close to the measured values of water allocated. The results showed that the results of the implementation of the ICA algorithm compared with the Genetic algorithm is very close to the measured values of water allocated. Also, the results showed that the lowest amount of water allocation in the 4th study area in 1997-2003 and the highest amount of water allocation in the 1st study area in 1991-1994 and 1998-1999. The results showed that the results of the implementation of the ICA algorithm in comparison with the genetic algorithm are very close to the measured values of water allocated. Also, the results showed that the lowest amount of water allocation in the 4th study area in 1997-2003 and the highest amount of water allocation in the 1st study area in 1991-1994 and 1998-1999. The results also indicate that generally, optimal water resource allocation between different parts (agriculture and services), 40% of the proceeds is recovering from the current situation.

Due to the increasing number of small crops, the system of irrigation without a pump can be an economical way. Therefore, in this research, the effects of the type of droplet and the height of water supply system utilization on the characteristics of water distribution (discharge, dispersion uniformity coefficient (CU) and coefficients of variation of discharge) were investigated. In this research, the pressure functions of 1, 2, 3 and 4 meters and three irrigation repeats were investigated; also, the discharge characteristics of jet pots of 2 and 8 nozzles, easy dripper and netafim were addressed. The results indicated that at 1 m pressure, drippers of pots of 2 and 8 nozzles with the uniformity coefficients of distribution were equal to 89.39 and 99.30%, and the discharge rate was 3.60 and 3.62 liters per hour at a pressure of 2 m. An easy-drain drip with a discharge rate of 3.85 L / h and a uniform distribution of 99.44%, at a height of 3 and 4 m, the droplets of the netafim with an outlet discharge were 3.87 and 3.97 liters per hour and the uniformity coefficients of 99.32 and 99.47 percent had the best broadcast conditions. According to these significant differences (P <0.05), it can be concluded that at pressures less than 2 m of jar droplets and at more than 3 m, netafim and Easy Dipper types could  have better leakage due to pressure regulators. In general, each of the four types of emitters produced a uniform dispersion and the optimum discharge at different pressures.

Water footprint index shows actual consumption of water in three parts: Blue, green and gray. Today, the water footprint has been taken into account in the modern management of water resources with an integrated approach. In this research, wheat water footprint was evaluated at strategic points in terms of water resources (blue water, green water and gray water) and an optimal cropping pattern in different climates of Iran. For this purpose, 33 provinces of the country were first classified according to the UNESCO cluster. All stations were classified in 6 climates; Plentiful Humidity Cool Warm (PH-C-W), Semi -Arid Cold Warm (SA-K-W), Semi -Arid Cool Very Warm (SA-C-VW), Arid Cool Warm (A-C-W), Arid Mild Warm (A-M-W), Arid Cool Very Warm (A-C-VW). Then the water footprint was calculated and evaluated in each climate and all three component, including blue, green and gray water. The results showed that the highest amounts of blue water footprint are seen in the central and southern parts of Iran, the highest amounts of green water footprint in in the northern and western parts as well as the highest amount of gray water footprint in the southern parts of the country can be seen. The average of footprints for green, blue and gray was obtained 503.3, 1392.8 and 286.2of 34 m3/ton in the country. The results of this study showed that wheat crop cultivation was not suitable in all climates and was not recommended in A-C-W and A-C-VW regions of Iran.

Due to the scarcity of water and the growing demand for water resources, the use of wastewater is necessary. Therefore, there are numerous regional investigations in the field of wastewater use and the effect of irrigation with it is of great importance. In this study, the effect of industrial waste water on the chemical properties of soil under cultivation of barley in Torbat-Heydarieh was studied. For this purpose, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with four replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment. The treatments in this study were three treatments: well water (T1), sugar plant wastewater (T2), water and wastewater (87.5% water and 12.5% wastewater) (T3) combination with two full irrigation levels (L1) and 75% water stress (L2). The results showed that water stress and type of irrigation water had a significant effect on potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen and salinity at 1% probability level and on acidity at 5% probability level. The highest amount of potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, salinity and acidity in T2L2 treatment, the lowest amount of potassium, phosphorus and total nitrogen in T3L1 treatment and the lowest acidity in T2L1 treatment with 7.2 was observed. The overall result of the research is that the irrigation with the sugarcane factory sewage in a water stress condition not only has no adverse effects on the chemical properties of the soils of the studied areas, but because of the positive effects, it is recommended to irrigate the barley grazing area with this water resource.

Scarcity of water resources in the entire country is more serious in the northern provinces like Golestan. Therefore, farmers have to use saline water or waste waters. One way to adapt to this condition is to use unconventional water such as Caspian Sea water, with lower salinity as compared with water from free seas, for common crops like soybean. Thus feasibility of using Caspian Sea water that has integrated with narrow common water and the calibration of Aquacrop model under the effect of salinity and water stress for soybean crop in Golestan province are more important. The Aquacrop model assumes a linear relationship between the biomass yield (BY) and crop transpiration one one hand and water productivity (WP) value on the other (Steduto and Albrizio, 2005). This model, as compared to other crop models, requires minimal input data and its new version 4.0 (June, 2012) has a salinity module which was used in this research to simulate the grain yield  (GY) and WP of soybean under deficit and saline water irrigation. Furthermore, the AquaCrop model has not often been tested to simulate the yield of soybean under saline conditions in the semi-arid climate of Golestan province. This study aims at evaluating the efficiency of AquaCrop model in soybean yield simulation. The results are to be used for optimizing water consumption under water and saline stress. To this end, an experiment was carried out at the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.

Population growth, agricultural and industrial development, degradation of surface water resources, groundwater levels drop are among the major factor causing water scarcity. The integrated management of groundwater and surface waters could serves as a solution to solve these challenges. In other words, sustainable water resources can be achieved through Integrated Water Resources Management, which is the comprehensive approach to all the components that affect and influences the status of water resources. With this approach, the importance of management tools such as integrated water resource simulation models to help planners and managers of this sector is increasingly evident. Connecting the WEAP model to MODFLOW allows the values calculated by WEAP to be sent to the MODFLOW for input on groundwater influxes, river levels, groundwater withdrawals (pumping) and surface runoffs. After it, the groundwater level, sub-streams between the aquifers and the flow between surface and underground water are sent to the WEAP as input of the next step of the calculation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of scenarios related to demand and available water resources, integrated water management in the urban sector and sewage system application in Bojnourd region. In this study, with using a water resources simulation model (WEAP) and its connection to groundwater simulation model (MODFLOW), water consumptions for Bojnourd basin was evaluated. Calibration and validation of both models has done under taken data based on 6 (from 2005-06 to 2010-11) and 2 years (from 2011-12 to 2012-13) respectively. Then different management scenarios, including current state water resources scenario, dam's drinking water supply for Bojnord city via transferring water from Shirin Dareh dam, developing sewage systems and finally combination of 2 last scenarios were considered. Under these scenarios, projections for a period of 28 years (from 2013-14 to 2040-41) and its effects on water resources of Bojnord basin were studied.The hydrometric station data of Babaaman at the outlet of the Bojnourd basin, which is the only hydrometric station representing this basin, was used to calibrate the WEAP model. Also, data from four rain-sensing stations, one evaporation station and one synoptic station were obtained from the year 1380 to 1390.Demographic data and Urban water demand and rural demand, population and consumption per person was assessed. Industry sector Water demand is estimated monthly. According to geological studies, the Bojnourd basin has two types of alluvial and limestone aquifers, both of which are defined in the model. Then, sensitive and effective parameters were determined by calculating the sensitivity percentage of the mode. Finally, the results of calibration and validation of the model were done from three indicators of Nash-Sutcliff (Ef), Coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), respectively, and the reliability index were used to evaluate the scenarios. The results showed that Simultaneous applying multiple water management strategies seems to be better than any of its individual states, reducing water withdrawing on various resources. Reliability of water supply in the whole complex scenario, for urban drinking water, rural and industry purposes were estimated around 100, 100 and 65.3 percent respectively. As a result of this scenario, the annual recharge of the aquifer with 5.39 million cubic meters per year can be relative balance between harvesting and recharge. it can be concluded that reliable results will be obtained from simultaneous simulation of drinking and industry water management. Keywords: aquifer, Bojnourd, simulation, water resources management

Irrigation is known as one of the most important factors in the production of grains in dry climate. The present irrigation method used for wheat and alfalfa production is mainly surface irrigation (Basin, Border, and furrow) and this method consumes more water and has less water efficiency than innovative irrigation methods. Using pressurized irrigation systems can both save water and increase water use efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using strip drip irrigation in winter wheat. In order to determine the most suitable distance between irrigation tapes and find out the effect of Alternate Partial Root Drying (APRD) on water use efficiency, yield and components of wheat yield , a factorial experiment with 6 treatments and three replications was conducted in Pelband plain-Khorasan Razavi province- in 2016-2017. Then, water consumed, yield and its component yield were compared in traditional flooding method - conventional flooding. The treatments applied in this research consisted of drip-tape irrigation with distance of 50 cm (I1) and 60 cm (I2) and 70 cm (I3) and three intermittent drip-tape irrigation with spacing of 50 cm (I4) and 60 cm (I5) And 70 cm (I6) and all of them with three repetitions. The results of mean square variance analysis showed significant difference in tape irrigation distance and wheat component on, yield and water use efficiency was significant at 1% level, and irrigation interval on number of pancakes, number of seeds in the cluster, stem height, Yield and water use efficiency were significant at 1% level and significant differences were observed on 1000 grain weight at 5% level. And the interaction effects on 1000 grain weight and grain number per cluster was not significant, but there was a significant difference between the number of pancakes and the level of 1%. Also, stem height and yield and water use efficiency at 5% level were statistically significant Had The highest yield and water use efficiency related to the irrigation bar spacing 50 and fixed irrigation type were 4958 kg / ha and 1. 57 kg / m3, respectively, and the least irrigation bar spacing were 50 with alternating irrigation it is equal to 3005 kg / ha and 95 / kg / m3 respectively. The performance and efficiency of water use in irrigation were measured at 5030 kg / ha and 1.05 kg / m3 respectively. The results of this study showed that irrigation intervals of 50, 60 and 70 cm with irrigation method were recommended for wheat cultivation in the study area. the irrigation bar spacing 50 with fixed type is more better than furrow irrigation in drought years, because of saving water around 1620 cubic meters and less than 500 kilograms decrease performance .

Salinity is a limiting factor in agricultural production that inflicts great damages on agricultural products. In order to decrease or stop salinity stress, numerous methods are proposed by different researchers. One of the methods to reduce the damages of salinity stress is the conjunction use of fresh and seawater. The goal of this study was to investigation the effect of conjunctive irrigation with seawater and fresh water on yield and yield components of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in greenhouse condition. the research was done based on completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2016. In this study, four irrigation regimes existed of (Irrigation with one-fourth of sea water with tap water, Irrigation with half seawater and then one more half with fresh water, Irrigation with three-fourth of sea water with tap water, Irrigation with tap water). The results inducted that the effect of different moderation of irrigation regimes on shoot fresh weight, plant height, branches number and chlorophylls were highly significant (P<0.01), but Leaf number per plant and shoot dry weights were significant at 5 percent levels (P<0.05). The highest amount of shoot fresh weight (10.3 gr), shoot dry weight (1.87 gr) and Leaf number (15) was measured at irrigation by tap water. The result showed that the one-fourth seawater and tap water irrigation regime compared to other regimes after control regimes had the highest of all of them properties. increased one-fourth of seawater has resulted to decreasing of shoot fresh and dry weight 53.9 and 61.0 percent, respectively.

The implementation of different irrigation methods in different areas is influenced by factors such as climatic conditions, water quality, topography, soil characteristics, product type and socio-economic factors, some limitations in each of the above factors In the studied area, changes in the proposed irrigation system. issues and topics related to the choice of proposed irrigation method, can be investigated by quantitative and qualitative indicators, the possibility of using these two simultaneously in the method of hierarchical analysis process, it has turned it into a powerful tool for analyzing issues in this section. Considering the above and the power of the hierarchical analysis process to decide on the appropriate method for irrigation for the region and its strength in combination with GIS, and less use of these two with each other in studies in recent years, in different parts of the country, As well as the northern Khorasan province and the city of Esfarayn, It was studied. This research was carried out in Esfarayne County, North of Khorasan province, and between 57 degrees and 30 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees and 4 minutes north latitude and total area of 5192 square kilometers. In this study, a method was developed and presented for grading the factors influencing the selection of new irrigation systems. The effects of different factors using the correct digits (+3) to (3) investments are rated at seven points. In order to influence more important factors or preventing the same effect of factors with a different degree of importance, The coefficient is considered as the weight of each factor. This index is based on project conditions are determined using analytic hierarchy process. By combining analytic hierarchy process and geographical information system (GIS), multiplied by the weight of the layers entered. The final score, obtained of algebraic summation scores of each factor for each region. This rating is in fact the potential use of each new irrigation systems. Data related to this study, has been prepared the irrigation database under management of Jihad Agriculture in Esfarayen city. In this research locating new methods of irrigation for 77,075 hectares of irrigated lands (agriculture and gardens) Esfarāyen city of North Khorasan province is performed and results are shown as maps with scores of each region of plan area for each new irrigation systems. The results of this research show that: Out of 77,075 hectares of land in the study area is intended, in accordance 58835 hectares (76/5%) were recognized fit to Low Pressure Irrigation, 17105 hectares (22%) suitable for Local Irrigation Systems and 1135 hectares (1/5%) suitable for Sprinkler Irrigation Systems. Low pressure irrigation system in the majority of regions except the northern areas because of unsuitable topography, has achieved the highest score. Therefore, Low Pressure Irrigation for raising irrigation efficiency suggested to the majority of area And in other areas (North), Localized irrigation system has been selected as the best new irrigation systems.

Due to the scarcity of water and the growing demand for water resources, the use of wastewater is necessary. Therefore, there are numerous regional investigations in the field of wastewater use and the effect of irrigation with it is of great importance. In this study, the effect of industrial waste water on the chemical properties of soil under cultivation of barley in Torbat-Heydarieh was studied. For this purpose, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with four replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment. The treatments in this study were three treatments: well water (T1), sugar plant wastewater (T2), water and wastewater (87.5% water and 12.5% wastewater) (T3) combination with two full irrigation levels (L1) and 75% water stress (L2). The results showed that water stress and type of irrigation water had a significant effect on potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen and salinity at 1% probability level and on acidity at 5% probability level. The highest amount of potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, salinity and acidity in T2L2 treatment, the lowest amount of potassium, phosphorus and total nitrogen in T3L1 treatment and the lowest acidity in T2L1 treatment with 7.2 was observed. The overall result of the research is that the irrigation with the sugarcane factory sewage in a water stress condition not only has no adverse effects on the chemical properties of the soils of the studied areas, but because of the positive effects, it is recommended to irrigate the barley grazing area with this water resource.