مژگان دستوری

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of prisoners’ demographic features in 7 provinces of Iran with their crime type and level.
This descriptive study was performed in all 2200 newcomer prisoners of 7 great prisons of Iran (Zahedan¡ Urmia¡ Kermanshah¡ Karaj¡ Bandar Abbas¡ Yazd and Gorgan) during January and February 2009. The analysis of personal properties (age¡ level of education¡ unemployment¡ poverty and place of residence) of prisoners was done in the framework of structuralism and functionalism using SPSS 19 software.
Increasing the age and level of education of prisoners was inversely related to crimes¡ especially theft¡ which was the most frequent among the crimes¡ and only a direct relation to fraud was observed. The amount of crime and its re-engagement with the level of education and income was inversely related and was directly related to urbanization and intercourse. Traffic accidents and accidents with urbanization had a direct relationship with the reverse and fraudulent and drug trafficking¡ as well as the history of their repetition with urbanization.
Demographic factors such as age¡ education¡ and low income play a significant role in committing crimes¡ especially robbery. Also¡ the location agent is also linked to crime types¡ so that drug addiction¡ drug trafficking and fraud and repeat offenders are more likely to occur in the city¡ and driving accidents and accidents and repeat offenses in villagers.

Throughout the history the religious gatherings have taken various forms as a center for achieving and manifesting the ritual aspect of religion in connection with cultural, social, and economical background of the believer society. This paper is aimed to indicate the manifestation of Iran socio-cultural changes that had occurred until the late 1980s in the women's ritual rites in Tehran, according to the type of gatherings. This is done based on functionalist theories and by using the documentary method, field study, direct observation, and semi-structured interview. The findings show that in addition to the traditional and conventional forms of women's threnodies that have been commonly held since Qajar era in a very simple way and in eulogist/speaker structure by giving a very emotional speech full of advice, preaches, and un-translated prayer for the old local illiterate or low-literate audience, two other forms of " popular" and "cognition-oriented" gatherings have got prevailing among the modern urban cultured women since 1970s.The popular gatherings are held in a very luxurious and glamorized way and in eulogist/musician structure. As for the content, it is very informal and understandable for all, which is addressed to usually younger, unemployed audience with various social status and average education. In contrast, cognition-oriented" gatherings are held in a splendid luxurious style with more formalities, with eulogist/speaker and eulogist/ speaker/ musician structures. The content is more rational, argumentative, and cognitive. The audience is young and highly educated from high social class and professions. The findings manifest the women's new and various cultural demands in connection with the cultural context of society.

Religious groups as the most prominent centre to exhibit rituals of bewailing are intertwined with social, cultural, and moral life of the believers.It always joins spiritual conditions and the lifestyle of Shia followers to its concordant worldview and ethics.By the Islamic Revolution of Iran, women’s participation in social activities has increased and it led to their more serious cooperation in religious ceremony and bewailing political, social, and economical changes. After revolution, the war and also growth of modernism transformed the beliefs and religious attitude of people, especially women. It also made a change in women’s understanding of religious and bewailing rituals structures that in its own caused to a transformation in such rituals as far as it concerned to the content and performance. By the late AP1370s(AD 1991–2000), new religious groups and reciting ways of eulogies emerged whose identical elements and structures differed from traditional one. In this research, we study these changes, qualities, and the related reasons of such changes.

Parties, as civil institutions distribute political power among individuals in society, and play an important role in preventing the monopoly of power by a particular group. They are also significant in modifying the governmental construction and administration of society. As a framework, this study has utilized theories of Bacharch and Bartez regarding the mode of exercising political power and authority by subjects of power on the objects of power. According to these theories, some political organizations exercise power latently through arrangement of stage by subjects of power (men) rather than the objects of power (women). Thereby subjects of power ignore the benefit of objects of power and their demands are excluded from political system. Since women's demands have no importance, they are excluded from privileged levels of a party.The research method used in this study is descriptive – documental and information is gathered through study of documentary Resources. According to this study, women's participation in high ranking positions of parties is slight and they mainly act as staff members.

One of the discussions about knowledge and interpretation of religious texts is the effect of hidden factors on understanding and thought. These factors include an individual's subsistence level such as ethos and mentality – translator’s or interpreter’s age, gender, intelligence, as well as his/her native and ethnic culture.This study aims to investigate the effect of gender on discourses of two contemporary translations of certain Quranic verses. The translations of two contemporary translators, ‘Tahereh Saffarzadeh’ and ‘Mohammad Mahdi Foladvand’, are therefore analyzed. Using discourse analysis, the research seeks to answer the question of what kind of meaning is created by a patriarchal system and what kind of changes has this system undergone over the period of time. For the purposes of this study, a patriarchal system is considered as a discourse with an ideological function that, on the one hand, consists of various sub-discourses, and on the other hand, acts as a barrier which prevents cultural, social, and even biological facts from being neutrally reflected.The analysis of the effect of gender on the two aforementioned discourses shows major contrast between two semantic systems: one reproduces the patriarchal discourse, whereas the other tries to challenge the order of patriarchal discourse and to build new meanings to reinforce the signifiers of a discourse of equality and thus reveal the prominence of human identity over gender identity. In fact, by using various techniques, each translator tries to distinguish their favorite discourse signifiers and to deconstruct and marginalize the signifiers of the other discourse.