فهرست مطالب مژگان فاطمی

Adolescence is referred to as a dynamic and active period of each person's life, and the major part of a person's personality is formed in this period. Undoubtedly, the importance of the adolescent developmental period cannot be denied. Thus, during adolescence, a person may encounter problems in various areas of individual, family, psychological, emotional, social, and health. Although the prevailing view among researchers is that most people go through the developmental stage of adolescence and the unstable psychological and emotional states of that stage in good health, recent research suggests that the number of adolescents with symptoms of behavioral disorders or who express emotion is increasing. According to this, the present study was conducted to test the model of the relationship between social anxiety and parental psychological control and social support with the mediation of cognitive distortions in students.
 
The research method was descriptive-correlational and Structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all first and second high school male and female students who were studying in the academic year 2019-20. The statistical sample included 400 adolescents who were selected through a clustered random sampling method. After collecting the questionnaires and removing the distorted and incomplete questionnaires, 373 students remained in the research (198 female students and 175 male students). The applied questionnaires included Social Anxiety Scale (CAS) (LaGreca, 1998), Parental Psychological Control Questionnaire (PPCQ) (Soenens, Vansteenkiste, Luyten, 2010), Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDQ) (Hamamci, Büyüköztürk, 2004), and Peer Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ) (Procidano, Heller, 1983). The data analysis was conducted through way analysis. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos 23 software.
 
The results showed that parental psychological control, peer social support, and cognitive distortions have a significant relationship with social anxiety (p<0.01). Moreover, parental psychological control and peer social support have a direct significant effect on cognitive distortions and social anxiety (p<0.01). Furthermore, the results of the Bootstrap and Sobel test showed that cognitive distortions have a significant mediation role in the relationship of parental psychological control and peer social support with social anxiety in male and female students (p<0.01). Finally, the model had an appropriate goodness of fit.
 
Taking the significant mediation role of cognitive distortions into account, clinical therapists must decrease the student's cognitive distortions by applying cognitive techniques. Reducing cognitive distortions allows adolescents to have more efficient cognitive processing. This process also reduces the incidence of cognitive errors.

Background & Aims :

One of the areas that need attention in the nursing profession, which can affect various fields of work, professional, care, etc., are temperament and character. Various factors can affect the temperament and character. One of these factors is the circadian rhythms in which most nurses experience disturbances. Considering the importance of examining and evaluating temperament and character in nurses and the effects of circadian rhythm disturbances on them, and given that less attention has been paid to it, this study aims to determine the relationship between circadian rhythm and temperament/character of nurses working in selected teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran.

Materials & Methods :

This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. The study samples were 200 eligible nurses who were selected randomly (by lottery method) from different departments of four hospitals. A demographic form, the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), and Cloninger’s temperament and character inventory (TCI) were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16.

Results:

 Most of the participants (64%) were neither-type nurses in terms of circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm in overall had a negative significant correlation with persistence (P=0.039) and self-transcendence (P=0.047). Also, circadian rhythm had a significant relationship with age (P<0.001), sex (P=0.044), employment status (P=0.003), and work experience P<0.001). The dimensions of TCI, including novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, had a statistically significant relationship with the demographic characteristics of nurses.

Conclusion :

The circadian rhythm of nurses has a significant negative correlation with some components of TCI. Considering the impact of circadian rhythm on the quality of nursing care, the officials and hospital managers should gain sufficient knowledge of circadian rhythms, identify evening-type nurses, provide training, facilities, and special privileges to nurses, and determine their work shifts according to their circadian rhythms, so that they can improve the quality of patient care and increase patient satisfaction.

This research was conducted to develop a model for predicting social anxiety in male and female adolescents based on perfectionism, social self-efficacy, and cognitive distortions. The research was applied and descriptive-correlational and way analysis was the research method. The statistical population of the present survey consisted of all first- and second-year male and female high school students in 2019-2020. 373 adolescents were selected through clustered random sampling for the statistical sample. Social Anxiety Scale (CAS) (LaGreca, 1998), Perfectionism Scale (PS) (Najjarian, Attari, Zargar, 1999), Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDQ) (Hamamci, Büyüköztürk, 2004), and social Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) (Gaudiano, Herbert, 2003) were the questionnaires utilized. Path analysis was used to conduct the data analysis. Perfectionism, social self-efficacy, and cognitive distortions were found to have a significant relationship with social anxiety (p0.01). In addition, perfectionism and social self-efficacy have a direct significant impact on cognitive distortions associated with social anxiety (p<0.01). In addition, the results of the Bootstrap and Sobel tests indicated that cognitive distortions play an important mediating role in the relationship between perfectionism and social self-efficacy and social anxiety in male and female adolescents (p<0.01). Ultimately, the model's goodness of fit was satisfactory. Considering the significant mediating role of cognitive distortions, it is necessary for clinical clinicians to use cognitive techniques to reduce adolescents’ cognitive distortions.