میترا امامی

Deforestation and forest degradation have led to the formation of poor landscapes all over the world. Although in the past conservation strategies have emphasized intact natural systems, today the strategies have focused on the conservation and restoration of degraded ecosystems. The forest landscape restoration approach (FLR) is considered an important approach for the restoration of ecological and socio-economic services of forest ecosystems in landscape scales. Identification and prioritization of efficient and effective criteria and indicators in the process of prioritizing areas to restore the forest landscape are a necessity that has not been done in Iran so far. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to introduce effective criteria and indicators for prioritizing appropriate areas for forest landscape restoration in the selected area. In this study, a total of 26 criteria and 68 indicators from ecological and socio-economic points of view were identified with an emphasis on directing restoration efforts towards areas that guarantee maximum profits from two perspectives of necessity (the need for restoration) and opportunity (feasibility of a restoration) and then, they were prioritized using the Delphi method. The results showed that in the section on the need for restoration, the process of landscape degradation from ecological criteria and poverty from socio-economic criteria were the first priorities. Besides, the ecological criteria of destruction and natural regeneration potential with equal priority and socio-economic criterion of the budget in terms of feasibility of reconstruction were the first priority. The results of this study, in addition to helping decision-makers and planners dealing with protecting nature protection and its use, can lead to the attraction of active participation of stakeholders in the forest landscape restoration programs with a balanced attention to both aspects of the necessity and the opportunity of restoration.

In projects related to linear infrastructure such as Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines, to reduce damage to the environmental resources and the sustainable development goals, considering the environmental characters in is vital. However, in the traditional methods, the technological and engineering aspects of the area were considered more than the environmental characteristics. Nowadays, Geographic Information System is recognized as an effective and efficient tool to help experts to make a better and easier decision in any linear infrastructures project. One of the most useful applications of GIS is to determine the least cost and effect way to connect two different points in the process of designing a linear infrastructure. In the present study, a linear infrastructure project was examined using Least Cost Path Analysis method on a combination of multiple criteria using Multi-Criteria Evaluation. According to 12 criteria out of total 20 criteria (factors and restriction) examined in this research, the proposed route provided by the LCPA method is more suitable than the rout proposed by the experts using the traditional method. In addition, the routes are the same in four other criteria. The method used in this research applied more environmental criteria therefore, more attention to the environmental aspects of the area can be seen. It could be concluded that applying the result of this study could reduce more negative environmental impacts of the project and could also reduce project costs. The results of this method can be used as the basic framework in linear infrastructures routing for designers and managers.

New cities are established in order to meet needs such as absorbing population overflow, home provision and many other factors. New cities are planned settlements which have been established in order to solve population and economic problems of metropolises and countries since the beginning of the twentieth century. Orientation to establishing new cities unofficially began from 1985 in assemblies related to city planning of Iran and finally in 1989 it was officially approved shod in Parliament (Majlis). Too many various factors have been involved in successful and unsuccessful condition of such cities from that date on. Choosing place of a new city is one of the most complex space decision-makings which is in domain of decision-making models so called ground compatibility analysis or optimum lands location. Appropriate location studies will have social, cultural and economic consequences in the construction site, moreover laving economic effect on performance of unit that is under construction. It also maintains environmental properties as key factors in determining a place in location problems. In this paper, we will review on the literature of new cities, the process of theirs formation, the importance of locating new cities and indicators of locating new cities.

Using anti-inflammatory medicine injection such as dexamethasone acetate (DXA) is a common treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Iontophoresis and phonophoresis of DXA are two other ways which may help to introduce DXA locally to inflammated tissues. This study has been deigned to compare the effect of iontophoresis and phonophoresis of DXA on the CTS treatment. 35 mild or moderate CTS patients (51 affected hands) were randomly assigned in one of the two experimental: iontophoresis (25 affected hands) and phonophoresis (26 affected hands) groups. Subjects in iontophoresis group received 10 sessions of iontophoresis of %0.4 DXA solution (DC, 0.2 mA/cm2, 20 min) over the wrist of the affected hands while the other group received 10 sessions of phonophoresis of %0.4 DXA jell with pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz, 1 W.cm-2, 5 min). The strength of hand and thumb grips, paresthesia, pain, motor and sensory distal latency and evoked potential of median nerve were measured before and after intervention and after 4 weeks follow-up. Comparisons of the mean changes showed more increase in hand grip (P=0.006) and thumb grip (P=0.0002), less pain perception (P=0.001), shorter sensory (P=0.0001) and motor (P=0.0008) distal latency and higher sensory and motor (P=0.0001) action potential in the phonophoresis in compared with the iontophoresis group. Our results show that using phonophoresis of DXA is more effective for CTS treatment, than the iontophoresis method. More studies are needed to investigate the role of different parameters used during phonophoresis of DXA in the CTS treatment.

Epithelial is an important tissue in our body. The human epithelium forms a barrier between the external and internal environment. Natural process of wound healing e.g. ischemia, necrotic tissues and infection is a concept that has been in practice for a long time. Large full thickness wounds don’t heal spontaneously and are life treating. The closure of large wounds, when there is limited availability of autologous split skin grafts, has been a significant challenge to burns surgeons over the last century. Rat keratinocytes were isolated from pups 1 DIV and cultured according to the to the protocol already described by Dulgos et al. Keratinocytes Isolated and were cultured in flask 75cm for 7 days, then different concentrations of PDGF or GH were added daily for 6 days. Finally MTT test were done for all of wells(Case and Control). Results were analyzed by Excel & SPSS. Results of current study showed that keratinocytes culture were successfully established. There were two kinds of cells after 7 days in vitro. Both of the factors could stimulate cells reproduction. Count of cells between concentrations of 10 – 200 ng of PDGF was significant (P<0.000). The concentration of 10ng of GH had the maximum effect in cells number and was significant (p<0.000). In comparison between two factors, the concentration of 100ng of PDGF was the best concentration for cells reproduction. These findings indicated that the extrinsic factors such as PDGF & GH could increase reproduction of keratinocyte cells in vitro