فهرست مطالب میثم حبیبی کیان

It is necessary to study the socio-political life of the Arab tribes and their reaction to Islam to know the early history of Islam. One of the most powerful tribes in the north of the Arabian Peninsula was Bani Kalb b. Wabara, resisted the acceptance of Islam until the last years of the Prophet's life, relying on geopolitical interests.The attribution to Yemen, the vast geography, the leadership of the judiciary, and the religion were the cause of the solidarity of the kalbis who sought to preserve it. Therefore, the leading research tries to answer with an analytical-descriptive method of how this tribe treats Islam and studies the effective geopolitical factors in it, as a result of which the strategy of the Prophet has also been studied. The results of the research show that the people of the Kalb tribe, depending on their political geography, confronted the Muslims as much as possible, and it was only after the actions of the Prophet in reforming their interests that they converted to Islam.

Obtaining full knowledge of the Islamic history is not possible without knowing the relevant tribes. The Qoda′a and Kalb tribes were influential in the Arab history and controlled a wide area of ​​the Arabian Peninsula. This study describes the historical propositions of the “tribe” and the archeological findings using historical description and explanation in order to answer its main question, which is to determine the origin of the Qoda′a and Kalb, the causes of migration and their settlement periods in different regions. The results of the research show that members of Qoda′a tribe migrated from Yemen, then settled in the center of the Arabian Peninsula. Hence, they came to the attention of governments and established political, economic, and family relations with them. After the conquest of their gathering center in Duma al-Jandal by the Muslims, they went to Syria, and as a result, the familial relationships between them and Umayyads caused them to become the main political ally of the Umayyads.

The Umayyads were rulers with Arab inclinations. During this period, the Arab tribes played an important role in governmental and military affairs, especially in the conquests. The relations of the Arab tribes with the the Umayyads were not on the same level. The tribe of Kalb, the tribe descended from the Al-Ḳuḍa’a, was one that had close relations with the Umayyad rulers, especially the Sufyānī branch. Kalb tribe had a long history of living in the deserts of Syria and a large population, which led to Mu’āwīyah marrying a Kalbi woman in order to gain the support of this tribe. The mother of Yazīd, Muāwīyah's successor, was a Kalbi woman, which led to the rise of the Kalb's political position. This article seeks to look at the role of the Kalb tribe in the period of Instability and crises that occurred after the death of Muāwīyah II, until the end of the rule of ‘Abd al-Malik by focusing on the Baḥdal and Abū-Umāmah families of the Banu Hāritha bin Janāb clan of the Kalb tribe. The results obtained show that these two families reached the highest levels of military administration during the period of Yazīd bin Muāwīyah and in the period of crisis, and despite the fall of four of the five region (Jund) in Syria in the hands of the forces belonging to al-Zubayr, they were able to manage the situation and lead the forces loyal to the Umayyads and bring them back to power. At this point, the Kalb tribe and its leaders from the Banu Hāritha bin Janāb clan, particularly the Baḥdal family, played a crucial role. During the reign of ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān (685-705), this tribe also played an influential role in suppressing various uprisings in the Syria, Jazira, Irāq and Persia. During this period, the Baḥdal family's role gradually diminished, but the Abu-Umāma family had the upper hand in stabilizing the government leading Shāmi forces.

The Arab socio-political system depended on the tribe through which the Umayyads formed the Umayyad rule. Thus, the Kalb tribe by claiming the supremacy of the Yemeni tribes, the vast population and territory became the most loyal fanatical tribe of the Umayyads, and with their presence in the political arena and sacrifice in the Battle of Siffin, they became the basis for inheriting this dynasty. In addition, their military and cultural assistance to Yazid I marked the expansion of the Umayyad rule. Therefore, the present study tries to describe and analyze the Kalb tribe's reaction in the face of the ideological insurrections and political-economic challenges of the Umayyad government and the role this tribe played in suppressing the anti-Umayyad movements. The research findings show that the most important field of role-playing of the Kalbiyya was the military performance influenced by their ideological support, traditions and tribal interests because they were part of the Umayyad armies. The suppression of ideological as well as political-economic movements, conflicts with followers of religions, rival tribes and political groups opposed to the Umayyads within the Islamic Caliphate were the special features of the Kalb tribe during this period, so that they had an effective presence in military campaigns outside the Levant and in the most remote areas. The culmination of their participation can be considered a believable struggle with the economic protests of the Dhimmis in Egypt and far from the center of the caliphate, the revolt of the followers of Zayd ibn Ali, the uprising of the people of Medina and the rebellions of the Kharijites and Zubayres throughout the Umayyad Empire.

Hillah is an influential city in the Shiite world, founded by the rulers of Bani Mazid. Some features of this city can be applied to the definitions of a stable Islamic city and its components. Therefore, by classifying the components of a sustainable Islamic city into materialistic and spiritual aspects, we will examine them in Hillah. In this study, it has been tried to examine the spiritual factors to create integration between the residents and materialistic factors at a lower level, for sustenance and security. The sustainability of a city depends on the existence of these components together; otherwise it will lose its prosperity as what has happened in Hillah in the ninth century (AH). Therefore, in the construction of the city of Hillah, we come to the conclusion that Bani Mazids, by using the maximum of the factors influencing the sustainability of the city, were able to display a special function of the Islamic civilization.