فهرست مطالب میثم شعبانی نیا

The purpose of this research is the learning process of physical education lessons in education through virtual education. In terms of purpose, the current research is applicable, and of a descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the present study includes 14 teachers and specialists in the field of physical education in schools, and the purposeful sampling method was used. In order to analyze the effective factors in the virtual education of physical education in Iran, the quantitative approach of interpretive structural modeling was used, and the MICMAC diagram was used for effectiveness and influence. The results obtained from the analysis showed that the educational limitation of movements and practical lessons, the lack of supervision and concentration in virtual education, the weak communication interaction between the teacher and students, the coverage of virtual classes, economic issues, the weakness of software and hardware technology and infrastructure, use of information technology in virtual education, insufficient knowledge of the space and capabilities of virtual education, lack of supervision and limitations on physical ability, and implementation of courses and capabilities of virtual education were categorized. Finally, by using the final access matrix, by using the structural-interpretive method, the leveling of the sub-themes of the design of the physical education course in Iran was carried out, in which the coverage of virtual classes is at the highest level, and virtual learning capabilities of teaching at the lowest level. It should be noticed that there is less effectiveness at the high level factors.

Abstract
The aim of the current research is to design a virtual training model for physical education in Iran. The research method was qualitative and based on theme analysis. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. Data analysis was done by Glazer (1992) method. The participants of the research include 14 experts, members of the student sports federation, high-ranking university professors, and people with organizational positions such as the vice president of physical education and health of the Ministry of Education; and the sampling continued until reaching theoretical saturation. After step-by-step coding, the total number of registered codes is equal to 32, and the total number of agreements between codes is equal to 12. Theme analysis was used to analyze the data in the qualitative stage. The results of the research showed that the design of the virtual training model of physical education in Iran includes the problems of conducting physical education lessons in virtual space, the lack of supervision and concentration in virtual education, the lack of proper communication between professors and students, the coverage of virtual classes, economic issues, technological weakness of software and hardware, internet and its infrastructure problems, benefits of information technology in virtual education, superior characteristics of virtual education, weakness in establishing friendship and communication, insufficient knowledge of the space and capabilities of virtual education, problems of virtual education in physical education, weakness in network communication and infrastructural obstacles, the use of new educational technologies, the learning problems of online education, the capabilities of virtual education and the reasons for the importance and excellence of virtual education.
Extended abstract
Due to the rapid growth of online resources and technological tools, the need for new methods of education has increased significantly in recent years, which has created vast opportunities for the generation and sharing of information across numerous regions. Increasing the quality of education has helped to increase the value of GDP in different regions (Eisenchlas, Schalley, & Guillemin, 2013). On the other hand, the arrival of modern media and communication tools and the conditions that have arisen in the current era due to the Corona epidemic have affected the non-attendance education of students and have provided various methods of virtual education on the Internet for learners (Parapi, Maesaroh, Basuki, & Masykuri, 2013). Today, electronic education is gradually evolving and as an inevitable component of the educational process, it has entered the educational institutions of advanced countries. Many analysts firmly believe in the further expansion of this segment of the educational services market (Brown, 2018). In the meantime, the non-attendance teaching of the physical education course, which has special conditions and includes practical and movement skills, faces the challenges; matching the set goals of the academic courses based on the fundamental transformation document with selected methods of non-attendance education such as messengers, online education, television school, and educational packages, is one of the most important specific goals of these trainings; which of course should not be only theoretical and knowledge, but should provide conditions so that the learner is obliged to follow virtual trainings and practical exercises at the same time in order to further deepen the neural connections of the brain and improve his performance and learning (Qingtao, 2020).
As a result, the upcoming research seeks to answer the following question: How is the design of the model of the effective factors of virtual education in physical education in Iran?
Theoretical Framework
Knowledge transfer methods such as lecturing in class can lead to passiveness of learners. On the other hand, trying to include or integrate valid and meaningful learning contexts may seem difficult for logistical reasons. Therefore, in dealing with these issues, today, educators are given the opportunity to present the best things in their education program through technology and virtual education (Abd Majid, & Shamsudin, 2019).
Virtual education, not only because of its convenience and flexibility, but also because it can expand the educational coverage, has become one of the tools widely used by students at all levels of education. (Escobar-Grisales, Vásquez-Correa, Vargas-Bonilla, & Orozco-Arroyave, 2020).
The success of the electronic learning system also depends on the willingness and acceptance of students to use this system (Vershitskaya et al, 2020). Not using the e-learning system makes it difficult to realize the benefits, and this leads to the unsuccessful implementation of the system and wastes the costs incurred in schools (Almaiah, Al-Khasawneh, & Althunibat, m 2020).
Kim et al, (2021) conducted a research titled Understanding Student Acceptance of Online Learning Systems in Higher Education: Application of Social Psychology Theories Considering Innovative Users. The research results showed that perceived ease of use affects perceived usefulness, perceived usefulness affects attitude, while perceived ease does not directly affect attitude. Also, attitude and subjective norms positively affect behavioral intention, while perceived behavioral control has no effect on behavioral intention. Finally, user innovation plays a moderating role in the relationship between mental norms and behavioral intention.
Gelineau-Morel & Dilts (2021) conducted a study on virtual education during COVID-19 and beyond. Results show that our curriculum increased learner satisfaction, engagement, and communication compared to our pre-COVID curriculum. While our curriculum promotes the exchange of ideas between all types of learners and fosters interaction and communication. In the future, we plan to continue our virtual education curriculum and further expand our topics and professors to address our diverse audience.
 
Research The method of the present research is exploratory in nature and qualitative approach, which is a theme analysis strategy. The statistical population of this research includes professors and specialists in the field of physical education in schools; which includes 14 experts who are members of the student sports federation, high-ranking university professors and people with organizational positions such as the vice president of physical education and health of the Ministry of Education. The sampling method in the qualitative part includes the purposeful sampling method and it is based on the selection of sample cases by the researcher according to personal judgment and the objectives of the study and the nature of the research, and using the snowball technique until reaching theoretical saturation.
Research Theme analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that the design of the virtual training model of physical education in Iran includes the problems of conducting physical education lessons in virtual space, the lack of supervision and concentration in virtual education, the lack of proper communication between professors and students, the coverage of virtual classes, economic issues, weakness of software and hardware technology, Internet and its infrastructure problems, benefits of information technology in virtual education, superior characteristics of virtual education, weakness in establishing friendship and communication, insufficient knowledge of the space and capabilities of virtual education, problems of virtual education of physical education lesson, weakness in network communication and infrastructural barriers, use of new educational technologies, problems of virtual learning, capabilities of virtual learning, and the reasons for the importance and superiority of virtual learning.
 
The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing a virtual training model for physical education in Iran. The results of this research corresponds with the results of research of Kim et al, (2021), Gelineau-Morel & Dilts (2021), Heynojoleysana et al, (2020), Elmaya et al, (2020), Abdollahi et al, (2021), Mohammadi et al, (2023), and Rezapour & Moharramzadeh (2021). Mohammadi et al, (2023) showed that the professional boundaries in the relationship between professor and student include emotional boundaries (avoiding emotional relationships and maintaining respectful behavior), communication boundaries (transparency in communication and privacy), and power boundaries (transparency in the boundaries of power and discretion and avoiding discrimination). In general, based on the results of this research, it can be said that in the academic context, effective communication and interactions between professors and students are considered as one of the effective factors in student progress and improving the teaching and learning process. Therefore, careful monitoring of communication and encouragement to create the right relationship between professor and student within the framework of professional boundaries makes sense. According to the results of the research, and because physical education lessons are very important for the physical and mental health of students; it is suggested that Special attention should be paid to physical education in the virtual educational program of schools. For planning virtual education in physical education, the Education Office needs an efficient model and program so that it can determine plans, goals, infrastructures, supports, teaching topics, etc. Also, physical education teachers need a suitable model and guide for the coherence and effectiveness of virtual teaching.

Physical activity is defined as a variety of purposeful activities and includes all types of body muscle movements that cause energy consumption and can be done with different goals, such as gaining physical fitness and health, or with other goals, for example, activities Everyday life is done (1). It is important to perform physical activity for the purpose of physical fitness; because it acknowledges the purposeful nature of exercise, which differentiates it from physical activity. It is difficult for researchers to measure the stages of exercise objectively, and they use the gross measurement of physical activity as an indirect indicator of exercise (1, 2). However, the increasing prevalence of sedentary lifestyles among children and youth is an international concern, responsible for increasing the risk of childhood overweight and obesity, hypertension, and mortality (3). In general, cross-sectional and interventional researches have shown that an active lifestyle and interventions based on different types of sports exercises have positive effects on health in healthy and sick people of all ages (1, 6-11). Performing physical activities such as basic activities in the form of games and sports plays an effective role in promoting physical fitness and health as well as appropriate growth of children (3, 12). Intrinsic physical literacy is a reliable factor that, despite it, the skills, knowledge and attitude of children and teenagers develop in various activities, and it causes balance and self-confidence in them to perform their activities (13). Physical activity plays a big role in the development of physical, physiological, educational, social and psychological functions in children and adolescents (14, 15). Active and regular participation in physical activity and sports during childhood and adolescence leads to an active lifestyle in the future and prevents the occurrence of diseases. In addition, children who have little physical activity often suffer from lack of movement (14). Descriptive research shows the low level of physical activity in Iranian students (16, 17); which can cause health related problems in these children. At the present time, the spread of the corona virus has caused the sports activities of students to decrease a lot, and since the life of living in the city and living in an apartment is also the reason; It can be predicted that in the future, if the current trend exists, there will be problems for students, at least in terms of physical health. And one of the important reasons is the lack of physical literacy and physical activity among students. Therefore, there may be such viruses in the future as well, and the existence of a pattern can be a way to avoid a crisis in similar situations and to be able to react appropriately in such situations, so not having a pattern can be similar to become another crisis and provide the ground for inactivity and diseases related to it. According to the mentioned materials, the aim of the present research was to compare and explain the contextual model of physical literacy during the outbreak of the Corona virus in rich and poor cities of the country.

This research was a qualitative-quantitative mixed type. The statistical population of this study was faculty members in the fields of sports management, development and motor learning and psychology. Sampling was done purposefully and was obtained with 14 theoretical saturation interviews. In a small part, the statistical population was sports teachers, whose criterion for entering the research was having a master's degree and work experience of at least five years, which were divided into two independent groups (rich cities and low-income cities). Therefore, the cities of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan as rich cities and the cities of Zahedan, Yasuj and Birjand as low rich cities were studied. According to the Cochran's formula, a questionnaire of 305 people in a society with a population and 234 people in a low-income society were examined.

The results of qualitative coding were 27 open codes, 8 central codes and 3 selective codes. The result of the hierarchical analysis showed that the cognitive capacity component was the most important factor and the age component was the least important factor for the development of physical literacy. Also, the independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between all components in rich and poor cities, except for the component of hereditary factors.

The results of this research showed that the most important component of physical literacy as one of the factors affecting children's health was cognitive capacity. It can be said that the eight existing components can improve or decrease physical literacy in students. The model in this research was obtained based on the opinions of elites during the outbreak of the Corona virus. Despite the fact that the spread of the Covid-19 virus has been contained to a great extent, but considering that contagious diseases may always exist, this research helps to use the results of this research in such situations. In general, it can be said that the contextual indicators related to physical literacy in developed cities have a more favorable situation than in less privileged cities, which indicates the role of the facilities and the level of development of the city on the development of physical literacy in students. It can affect the health level of children and teenagers. It seems that in case of lack of care and proper planning to promote physical literacy, the damage caused by the change in lifestyle caused by Covid-19 will be more in less privileged cities. According to the results, it is suggested that in order to promote physical literacy, especially in low-income cities, an educational program to promote physical literacy, as well as the tendency of students to perform physical activity and the necessary facilities for children's physical activities, in the view of officials and related organizations from the sentence of the Department of Sports and Education should be considered.

The purpose of this research was to develop a model for the development of weightlifting in Asia. According to the purpose of the present study, this research was a qualitative research and applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research was all Asian weightlifting experts. The condition of expertise in this research was to have at least 10 years of work experience in the field of weightlifting and at least a master's degree. Sampling was a combination of two methods, purposeful and snowball, and the sample size was determined based on the time to reach information saturation. The interviews started with 2 targeted interviews and after conducting 17 interviews, the findings were repeated, but for more certainty, the interviews continued until the 20th interview and finally the qualitative part was concluded by conducting 20 interviews. Open, central and selective coding was used with the Strauss and Corbin approach. The results of qualitative analysis and open, central and selective coding showed that the management transformation in weightlifting in Asia, the development of a local model of talent management in weightlifting in Asia, the improvement of the position of weightlifting in the sport of the member countries of the Asian Confederation, the development of training and empowerment of human resources, the improvement of economic and marketing processes Weightlifting federations, development of venues and sports equipment related to weightlifting, branding and development of the Asian weightlifting brand, structural development and legal environment are among the most important strategies for the development of weightlifting in Asia. Paying attention to the factors obtained in this research will make the development of weightlifting in Asia smoother.

 Intrinsic physical literacy is a reliable factor that, despite it, the skills, knowledge and attitude of children and teenagers develop in various activities and it causes balance and self-confidence in them to perform their activities (1). The term physical literacy refers to "motivation, confidence, physical strength, level of knowledge and perception that people seek to develop throughout their lives, in order to maintain physical activity at an appropriate level (2). Studies have shown that physical literacy is a part of human capacity that affects all stages of life and plays a significant role in perception, self-confidence and motivation (7). Quality physical education programs for the development of students' physical literacy are for them to be able to make active and healthy choices for the present and throughout their lives. However, due to the spread of the Covid-19 virus, the physical and movement activities of students have decreased in the current period. As mentioned earlier, physical literacy plays a significant role in perception, self-confidence, and motivation, and on the other hand, the spread of the corona virus can also affect people's confidence and mood (8). Therefore, apart from the other existing problems, in addition to the car life and the spread of apartment living, and as a result, the reduction of sports activities in the society, the Covid-19 virus has also affected the physical activity of the people in the society, especially the students, and these cases can cause irreparable damage. To import to the country in the future. Therefore, it is impossible not to consider the corona virus in the examination of physical literacy that is related to physical activity, in this particular age where there is a strong fear about sports activities (9). The Covid-19 virus has caused many problems in the field of sports (11); One of these cases can be seen as a decrease in motor activity and, as a result, physical literacy in students (12). According to the mentioned contents, the aim of the current research was to identify the indicators of physical literacy during the outbreak of the corona virus and to investigate the development of physical literacy of students.

The purpose of this research is fundamental and it is a type of qualitative and quantitative (mixed) research that is used in the qualitative part of foundational data theory (which is also known as data-driven theory, contextual theory, and fundamental theory) and the method Strauss and Corbin (1990) were used. Therefore, the researcher decided to extract the causal factors of the physical literacy development of students during the outbreak of the corona virus and provide a suggested model with a qualitative research. Considering the executive nature of the work, in order to conduct the interview, the researcher interviewed experts and experts in the field of sports management, movement behavior and sports psychology, which was considered in the qualitative part of the sampling method in a targeted manner. Finally, theoretical saturation was achieved with 14 interviews. In order to accurately measure each of the obtained indicators, it was necessary to prepare a tool to measure the obtained indicators and determine the amount of each of the indicators, so the questionnaire as a quantitative tool in this research was used. In fact, the indicators discovered from the interviews were considered in the form of central codes as dimensions of the questionnaire and open codes as items, and finally they were converted into a questionnaire in a preliminary study with 110 samples. Therefore, the sample should also be considered in the quantitative section. In fact, the purpose of measuring indicators is to compare the level of development of physical literacy in the centers of different provinces of the country. Due to the fact that the development is different in different provinces of the country, therefore, in this study, the provinces were divided into two categories, rich and poor (14), and therefore, the cities of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan as rich cities and Zahedan, Yasouj and Birjand were investigated as less privileged cities and physical education teachers were considered as the community. Therefore, in this research, in the quantitative part, two societies are considered. A wealthy society and a poor society with infrastructural facilities. The criterion for entering the research in the quantitative section was having at least five years of work experience and having a master's degree in physical education.
Therefore, the questionnaire was prepared and distributed online. All steps of the present research have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University (IR.IAU.AHVAZ.REC.1401.075). A sample size of 539 people was considered and descriptive methods of structural equations and hierarchical analysis were used in the quantitative part. SPSS version 26 software was used in this research.

The findings of the interview in order to identify the causal factors for the development of students' physical literacy during the outbreak of the corona virus are presented in Table No. 1. All the interviewees were faculty members in sports management, growth and movement learning, and sports psychology with experience between 5 and 20 years. As you can see, 38 signs or open codes are placed in the form of 6 core codes and 3 selective codes. In this part, the questionnaire's standardization indicators are presented, and in the next stage, a comparison is made between privileged and non-privileged cities. The result shows that 68.53% of the physical literacy development causal indicators questionnaire is explained by six factors, and considering that the model is implemented in SPSS software and does not present an error, it can be stated that the determinants of the matrix coefficients The anticorrelation is zero and therefore this assumption is also met. Also, the KMO indices and Bartlett's sphericity test were in the optimal range (Table 2).

The results of our research showed that the most important component was the environmental component. The environmental component overseeing culture building was the role of the media in the development of physical literacy, increasing the awareness of families and society. Also, the structural component was the second most important. Also, the hierarchical analysis showed that the software component is in the third rank and the management component is in the fourth rank. In the fifth category of hierarchical analysis, hardware facilities and in the sixth category were individual factors. These results show that an important step can be taken in maintaining the health of students by identifying the indicators of physical literacy during the outbreak of the Corona virus, and this requires comprehensive cooperation between the family, school and authorities, and with rational management and Allocating targeted programs can promote physical literacy and thus health-related goals in children and prevent the side effects of Covid-19 to some extent.

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in terms of blood pressure is impaired and it seems that exercise training can improve it. The present study intended to compare flow-mediated dilation in patients with hypertension and normotensive people and examine the effect of exercise on it.
In this semi-experimental study, 12 normotensive and 24 hypertensive middle-aged men (age: 49.66 ± 2.80 years, height: 174.16 ± 4.66 cm, weight: 81.08 ± 12.65 kg) were selected using convenience sampling method. Patients were randomly divided to equal groups; 12 for control (age: 52.08 ± 2.53 years, height: 173.75 ± 5.81 cm, weight: 80.08 ± 8.26 kg) and 12 for interval aerobic training (age: 50.50 ± 2.91 years, height: 173.4 ± 4.69 cm, weight: 85.2 ± 13.6 kg). The training included 12 weeks of treadmill interval aerobic running with 50 and 80% heart rate reserve for 2 and 1 minute, respectively, three times a week for totally 12 minutes each session. Each week, 3 minutes to 6th week and then, every two weeks, 3 minutes added to the training time. So that, training in the last two weeks was 36 minutes. Blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation were taken before and after the training period. The distribution normality of data was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk test.
Findings: Independent t-test showed that flow-mediated dilation was lower in patients than in normotensive subjects (t = 4.469, P It seems that, flow-mediated dilation in patients with hypertension is impaired and these patients can do aerobic interval training to relieve pressure and improve endothelial function.

Endothelial function has an effect on blood pressure and meanwhile, the ratio of L-Arginine/Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (L-Arg/ ADMA) is important. In addition, the effect of exercise training on blood pressure has been established. The present study intends to examine LArg / ADMA ratio in patients with hypertensive middle-aged men and the effect of aerobic training on it.
Subjects and In this quasi-experimental study, 12 normo-tensive and 24 hypertensive middle-aged men (age: 49.66  2.8 y, height: 174.16  4.66 cm, weight: 81.08  12.65 Kg) were selected. The hypertensive subjects were further sub-divided into two groups. 12 for control (age: 52.08  2.53 y, height: 173.75  5.81 cm, weight: 80.08  8.26 Kg) and 12 for aerobic training (age: 50.54  3.01 y, height: 177.01  5.98 cm, weight: 86.09  13.15 Kg). The training included 12 wks treadmill aerobic running with 60 % heart rate reserve, three times-a-week for 12 min each session. each week up to the 6th week 3 min and then every two weeks 3 min were added to the training time. So that training in the last two weeks was 36 min. Blood pressure and samples for the measurement of L-Arg/ADMA ratio were taken before and after the training period. Blood variables were measured by ELISA method. Normality of distribution of data was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test and between subjects differences was assessed with independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Results showed that the L-Arg/ADMA ratio is more in patients than in healthy subjects (t=5.099, P=0.0001) and sub maximal aerobic training significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (F=8.698, P=0.008) and increased L-Arg /ADMA (F=10.741, P=0.004).
It seems that endothelial function in patients with hypertension is impaired and these patients can do aerobic training to relieve pressure and improve endothelial function.

Optimization of training results and improvement of response requires selecting appropriate stimulus and are goals of any training program. It seems that ischemic-reperfusion preconditioning (IRPC) can be a suitable stimulus to increase submaximal contractile responses. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effect of ischemic-reperfusion preconditioning and remote preconditioning (IRRPC) on submaximal static and dynamic forces of young men. To this end, 20 young male students at Shahid Rajai University of Tehran were randomly selected and divided into two groups: control group (mean age of 20±1.42 years, height of 174.34±5.66 cm, weight of 71.1±6.12 kg) and experimental group (mean age of 20.5±1.33 years, height of 176.2±4.88 cm, weight of 74.45±7.09 kg). Participants performed single arm dumbbell preacher curl (weight of 8 kg) with most repetitions for dynamic movement and longest holding time of contraction at 90̊ for static movement. Pretest and posttest records were collected for both hands. In the experimental group, before the posttest, the dominant hand was under partial blood flow restriction (BFR) for 3 minutes and then the motion was carried out after one minute of reperfusion. To examine the differences between the two groups, one-way ANOVA was used. Normal data distribution was specified by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the level of statistical significance was P≤0.05. The results indicated that IRPC significantly increased static record (P=0.001, F=14.071) but IRRPC had no significant effects. This increase can be due to partial precompensation of temporary ischemia induced by static contractions. However, IRPC and IRRPC made no significant differences in dynamic contractile responses. Therefore, it is suggested that IRPC should be used to increase force and delay fatigue in submaximal static contractions.

This study aimed at investigating the variations of blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen consumption and their relationship with body lipid profile in active and inactive students. 10 active students (mean age 21 yr, weight 68.1 kg and height 174.1 cm) and 10 inactive students (mean age 21.5 yr, weight 73.07 kg and height 177 cm) from Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University who volunteered to participate in the study were randomly selected. The participants performed Canningham Faulkner submaximal treadmill test until exhaustion (slope: 20%, speed: 12.9 km/hr). Firstly, sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP), sitting heart rate (HR), double product (DP), blood lipid, visceral fat, body fat ratio and body mass index were measured before the test. Then sitting BP and HR and DP were measured immediately after the test and after 3 minutes. The analysis of variance and covariance with repeated measures were used for data analysis. The results showed that recovery of HR (P=0.006, F=6.012), SBP (P=0.02, F=4.353) and DP (P=0.004, F=6.38) occurred more in active students. Modification of results with overweight and blood lipids showed the relationship between some of these indices and poor recovery in inactive students. So it can be stated that fitness and physical activity had positive effects on better recovery of hemodynamic indices after exercise even though no differences were observed in resting and exercise values. Overweight and dyslipidemia can partially explain some of these differences between active and inactive.

Increase of harmful blood lipid levels such as low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and reduction in the amount of beneficial lipids such as high density lipoprotein is one the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an exhausting session of intense exercise on blood lipid profiles in active and inactive individuals. The present semi-experimental study was done on physical education and non-physical male students of Tehran Shahid Raja’ei Teacher Training University and 20 persons were selected by purposive sampling and based on medical information. The subjects were divided into active and inactive male students. Physical activity questionnaire consisted of 16 questions to assess the level of physical activity and exercise test as Cunningham & Faulkner was intense and exhausting. Physical activity questionnaire consisted of 16 questions was used to assess the level of physical activity and Cunningham & Faulkner test was used as intense exercise and exhausting. All blood samples collected from finger capillary in the sitting position. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent T, correlated T, covariance analysis and repeated measures variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient tests. A significant difference was observed in weight (p=0.031), and BMI (p=0.05), BF (p=0.28) and VF (p=0.01) between active and inactive persons. There was a significant correlation between anthropometric indices and all blood lipid indices (p<0.05), which was inversely correlated regarding HDL-C. A single-session severe exhausting exercise can increase the LDL-C, TG, TC and LDL-C/HDL-C, while it has no effect on HDL-C level.

The aim of this study was to compare and validate the selected methods for estimating fat percentage. For this purpose، 30 inactive female students of Shahid Rajaei University (Age=20. 93±1. 91; Height=164. 73±4. 57cm; Weight=56. 65±8. 02 Kg) were selected voluntarily. They were randomly placed in one of the four different conditions (Digital، Harpenden، Plastic Calipers and Electrical Bioimpedance) on 4 separate days، in a crossover design for estimating fat percentage. Measurements were performed from 3 points (the triceps، iliac and femoral). The Results of repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test indicated that there were significant difference between harpenden and plastic calipers (P=0. 045) and between digital and plastic calipers (P=0. 003). The results of Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that There was a high correlation between digital and harpenden calipers as well (R=0. 898، P= 0. 000). Also the most Regression coefficient was allocated to digital caliper (β=0. 817) and electrical bioimpedance (β=0. 244) respectively and plastic caliper had the lowest place (β=0. 14). It is worth noting that the overlap of predictive variable of harpenden caliper was R2 = 0. 839 According to these results، it is recommended to use harpenden caliper for estimating fat percentage first. If there is no access to this caliper، you can use digital caliper and electrical bioimpedance respectively. Moreover، plastic caliper must be used with caution.