میر ستار صدرموسوی

On the verge of entering the third millennium, very fast evolutions have been occurred in human societies which apart from profits accompanied with serious damages too. Available documents and evidence indicated that the main driver for these evolutions has been industrial revolution and its resulted effects as fallowing to apply machine in human societies and using electronic devices resulted from this revolution we were witness of accelerating resource consumption from one hand and on the other hand with development of medical science and applying technology in manufacturing medical devices, deaths have been decreased and subsequently population has increased. With high rate of fertility and immigration from rural to city areas, especially cities of developing countries in recent decades have been expanded dramatically. At civil levels, with economic, social and cultural evolution of 19th and 20th centuries affected from modernism is caused genesis of metropolises and generated fundamental changes in the their structure and spatial-physical organization. Looking at this situation, a new approach for sustainable development has been proposed at international level that controlling development and determining restrictions are among its objectives align with human society welfare and controlling damages to the environment. Given to the course of the evolutions in the theoretical and practical   domain of the cities under the influence of new paradigm, meeting needs is a requisite for life environment in addition personal welfare and high quality of life are required and necessary too. Considering to sustainable development theory, some emphasize confidently that environment, society and economical subjects should be considered for the unpredictable future of the environment.

The current study is descriptive- analytical which has been conducted using  effective indicators in sustainability of residential environment using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and entropy Model. Available methods and models for selection and evaluation are categorized in two general groups: 1- flat models 2- hierarchical models. One of the models in this regard is fuzzy analytic hierarchy model. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy approach is an expanded AHP approach.Table No. (1): Expert weighting of indicators and criteria In this study various data from different aspects of the sustainable (environmental, economic, social and physical) development has been collected. In scientific studies one of the well-known methods that is widely used to solve multi criteria decision making problems is fuzzy AHP. Accordingly, if fuzzy values were triangular numbers which are shown as (mi, li, ui) then it can be calculated using below equation.Entropy in data theory is a measure of unreliability which is specified with probability distribution (p < sub>i) and measuring this unreliability () by Shanon has been stated as below in which the greater dispersion in the values of an indicator, the more important that indicator is. 

Due to the importance of sustainability in development and sustainable development in recent years, so many investigations have been done in various domains and in dimensions such as economical, environmental and physical ones.  According to the results obtained from this study, physical criterion which includes (construct, accessibility and vicinity) is the main criterion considered by experts with numerical weight of 0.544.  Social, economic and environmental dimensions are respectively at next level of priority. For the same reason physical dimension is emphasized as the main influential factor in Tabriz sustainable development in this study. At the next step dimensions of sustainable development were analyzed and the role that each dimension plays on civil areas was studied and below conclusions were obtained: Of 66 indices for analysing sustainable development dimensions in Tabriz city, 7 indices belonged to economic dimension, 14 to social dimension, 8 to environmental dimensions and remaining are applied for physical dimension that the obtained results are summarized as below:  At economic dimension districts 4, 1 and 2 with scores of 6.14, 5.46 and 4.95 scores obtained first, second and third scores of indicators and district 10 gained the lowest score.

Sustainable development is the dominant paradigm in the third millennium. This theory has been expanded in proposed period of time with a glance to environmental discussion and with the aim of preventing environmental deterioration and has been drawn to different discussions after passing a short time. Sustainable development encounters with inappropriate production, distribution and nature destructive pattern that its final purpose is to control environmental damages and increasing the quality of life. This study has been conducted with the aim of prioritizing sustainable development dimensions at the first stage and weighting civil districts based on the same dimensions. The results obtained from this study indicated that physical dimension is at the first priority among other dimensions.

Reduction of inequality and poverty has always been one of the topics discussed by scholars and has been considered as part of the main aims of rural development. It has increasingly become one of the important topics in development literature.   Different strategies to reduce poverty by different scholars such as; funding micro-credit and increasing the quality of life and empowerment of women, small-scale agricultural development as an essential component of food security, strengthening social capital in the form of local organizations, global economic integration and globalization, increasing public participation and creating grassroots organizations including rural cooperatives, diversification of economic activities, etc.,  has been proposed. However, due to the dependence of the villagers on the agricultural sector, not compatibility with the culture of the villagers, none of these solutions has not completely succeeded in reducing poverty and eradicating it from rural communities. Similarly, in Miandoab County, the agricultural sector, due to limited water resources, reduced productivity, job creation, mechanization, etc., has undergone a declining trend and is not able to attract the available labor. Furthermore, given that the study area has been severely affected by the Lake Urmia drying up in recent years, leading to a decrease in income, employment, investment, labor productivity and agricultural land, and hence, an increase in the number of underprivileged people in rural areas and migration of youth and depopulation of a number of villages in the area. Therefore, seeking solutions to reduce rural poverty are crucial such as, reviving the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors according to the strengths and obstacles of the region, increasing labor productivity in all economic sectors and enhancing rural population sustainability and stability, employment, income and food security.  The main issue of the present study is to investigate rural poverty reduction strategies, emphasizing the rural economic diversification approach and the effects of economic diversification in reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County.

The purpose of this study is to investigate poverty reduction strategies with an emphasis on rural economic diversification in Miandoab County. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method.  Field and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. This study includes two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the qualitative part, theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting 24 semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, 120 local informants, rural managers and staff of Miandoab County were selected as a sample. The reliability level of the research questionnaire was obtained using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha method of 0.701.  Purposeful sampling (snowball and sequential method) was used.  Grounded theory, regression, path analysis and influence diagram were used to analyze the information.

The most important strategies identified to reduce rural poverty in Miandoab are: Funding micro-credit to villagers and farmers, crops insurance and government support, economic diversification in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (changing the pattern of cultivation with water-resistant species such as saffron, Damask rose, pistachio, livestock development, developing industries), construction product processing factories, industrial town establishment, handicraft, tourism development and expansion, creation small businesses, creation of local markets and services, etc., enhancing educational quality of villagers, using indigenous knowledge, increasing social capacities, improving infrastructure, increase research, change government support policies, reform rural management and belief system.  Among these, one of the most important strategies to reduce rural poverty in this area according to the study is to pay attention to the "rural economic diversification" approach. Accordingly, the diversification of the rural economy has positive effects on increasing income, employment, production, investment and hence reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County.  The index of non-agricultural (non-agricultural) diversification and the creation of jobs that require less water, such as development of rural industries (manufacturing units for processing livestock, agricultural, horticultural products, etc., handicrafts, carpet weaving units, metal industries, wood industries, food industries, etc.), development of service sector in most villages and expansion of rural tourism (religious, sport, nomadic) is of great importance in reducing rural poverty in the study area. Thus, long-term diversification alters the income opportunities for rural households and reduces their income vulnerability to economic and environmental changes. In general, diversification of jobs can be considered as an indirect insurance for the security of income of villagers who have low productivity or have been damaged due to unexpected natural disasters.

Problem Statement:

 Paradigmatic changes in urban transportation are based on changing the approaches and basics of planning, decision making and policy making from the vehicle-driven model to the human-centered model. Hence, it can be said that the human is at the core of the discourse of a new paradigm.

Analysis of the paradigm shift of Tabriz metropolitan transportation policies to achieve sustainable urban transportation is the main objective of the research.

The present research is based on the pragmatism paradigm. Quantitative data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire from experts (360 individuals). For analyzing quantitative data, one-sample t-test, Friedman and linear regression were used. Qualitative research data were collected through exploratory interviews and semi-structured interviews with 30 managers and experts and the analysis was done using Grand Theory method.

Paradigm Model of qualitative findings showed that the economic structure, the level of socioeconomic development, the process urbanization of the country as a dominant platform have led to the slow shift in the paradigm of transportation policies in Tabriz metropolis. Thus, the technical infrastructure overcomes other policies. Also, the quantitative findings, while confirming the qualitative results, showed that among the various sustainable transportation policies, ‘planning for public transportation practices’, ‘traffic management measures’, and ‘speed constraints’ policies have a significant impact on the Tabriz metropolitan transportation, so that the standardized coefficients (β) of these policies were respectively 0.726, 0.583 and 0.508, which were significant at the error level of less than 0.01.

Innovation: 

The use of the Analytical Framework (ASI) Model and the mixed method methodology are innovations of this study.

Nowadays, one of the concerns of urban planning is achieving urban sustainability in all dimensions, including social sustainability. According to the New Urbanism approach, a very important physical-spatial factor affecting social sustainability is the walkability. According to the followers of this approach, walkability can help to create a healthy and sustainable community. This paper has investigated the relationship between the walkability and the components of social sustainability in the city of Sabzevar by a survey research. The sample size is 400 people selected randomly and according to the population share of each neighborhood of the total population of the city. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the research show the positive effect of walkability on place attachment, residential satisfaction and social equity in access to services, but walkability does not have a significant effect on the sense of security and social capital. In general, there is a significant relationship between walkability and social sustainability in neighborhoods. Therefore, it can be said that increasing the walkability in urban areas can help social stability.

Evaluation is one of the important stages of development planning and structural critique and evaluation of the country's rural development programs are one of the well-known scientific methods to show the idea, method, and management of sustainable rural development planning in the process of programs. Rural development has a different place in economic, social, and cultural development programs, and therefore rural communities are often affected by the same five-year plans, and Varzeqan county is no exception, and therefore, the rural community of the study area, often It is affected by planning damage. It seems that the lack of a local intellectual basis due to lack of proper management and the non-participation of stakeholders in the first stage of planning continues all stages of planning to the detriment of the rural community and causes serious problems in the rural community. Accordingly, because of the issues and issues raised, the present study aims to analyze the barriers to intervention in the effectiveness of rural development planning in Varzeqan city to the pathology of rural development programs.

The present research is philosophically based on the pragmatism approach, in terms of purpose it is related to applied research and in terms of nature and method, it is of descriptive-analytical type (mixed method). Library and field studies have been used to collect data and information.The realm of research space is Varzeqan county. In the quantitative method, the data were collected from local experts by a researcher-made questionnaire and 150 questionnaires were distributed, which were coded by deducting the returned and distorted questionnaires and 132 questionnaires for analysis and analysis in the SPSS software. Responsible local experts include knowledgeable individuals with relevant disciplines and specializations in the development, rural, planning, and sociology of rural development.Using LISREL graphic software to perform structural equations to structurally evaluate the barriers to the effectiveness of rural development programs. In the qualitative method, grounded theory has been used to achieve the desired result.

In the results of the structural equation model, the fitness table shows the fitness of the drawn model and shows that the results of this study can be generalized to other statistical communities; Covariance analysis of independent variables shows that all independent variables concerning each other with the standard error of 0.5 have significance and interaction. The lisrel output interpretation shows that all the variables extracted from theoretical foundations with different impact coefficients are effective factors in development programs. All the various latent variables are effective in generating damage to development programs in the development, compilation, content, and implementation of development programs, which are ranked higher than the other variables:- "Weak information structure, statistical and inappropriate information system", "rapid change of discourse and dominant slogans in society" and "severe dependence of the economy on oil revenues" in the requirements of the development plan; - "Non-participation of stakeholders in development programs", "inflexibility and instability" and "Lack of attention to real and executive constraints" in the development of development programs; - "The generality and interpretation of some materials and the extreme detail of some", "the lack of a clear pattern and causal relationship between the components of the program" and "the imbalance between cost and achievement of goals" in the content of the development program; And - "Ambiguities in the way reports are presented", "weak government administrative capabilities to implement extensive programs" and "low motivation of executives to enforce the law" in the implementation of the development program. At the same time, using a quantitative method, the theory of At the same time, using a quantitative method, the theory of fundamental theory has been used to investigate and create a deeper understanding of the subject of research. Using basic theory, information was collected, concepts and categories, and the main category were created. Due to the repetition of the category "program damage" in the information, this category was selected as the main phenomenon and a paradigm model was created. Grounded Theory has been used to investigate and create a deeper understanding of the subject of research. Using basic theory, information was collected, concepts and categories, and the main category were created. Due to the repetition of the category "program damage" in the information, this category was selected as the main phenomenon and a paradigm model was created.

The quantitative results show "weak information structure, statistical system and inappropriate information" in the requirements of the development plan; "Non-participation of stakeholders in development programs" in the development of development programs; "The generality and interpretation of the vector of some materials and the extreme detail of some" in the content of the development program; And "ambiguities in how reports are presented" in the implementation of the development plan are among the most important obstacles to the effectiveness of development programs in the study area; Qualitative results also show: decrease and increase in prices, lack of coordination between agencies, different decisions of governments, ignoring the capacities of the region, weak administrative system, ignoring knowledge, information and experience and especially the interests of stakeholders, not paying attention to sustainable rural development, lack of Attention to small-scale agriculture, use of regional facilities for the benefit of central regions, destruction of resources and mines in the region in favor of upstream and lack of attention to the future of the region and more attention to the city, insufficient attention to deprived villages and remote areas, different role of MPs Together with the government and the use of non-indigenous forces in civil works are some of the causal conditions: Strategies for villagers to participate in determining their own destiny, defining the right thinking about the village, defining a specific strategy for rural development, defining rural unit management and adopting a downward trend. Demands. Comparing the results of both quantitative and qualitative methods shows the common quantitative and qualitative results from local experts and local informed people.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors causing the spreading out the poverty in rural areas of thcounty of Miyandoab. knowledge of the extent of poverty affecting the community and the factors affecting it are important issues in the formulation of poverty reduction programs.

The current research is exploratory and descriptive-analytical and follows a hybrid approach. However, the present research adopts a quantitative approach in (Q) and a qualitative approach, and in the process of factor analysis. The philosophical framework is a kind of interpretive paradigm-positivism, and is a field research the community of discourse includes rural managers (governors, heads of government departments, County Department, rural directors and Dehyars), experts and local experts in the County of Miyandoab. The discourse community was identified through targeted sampling (snowball) and the (Q) collection (41 items) was arranged by 28 members of the statistical community. For data and information analysis, Stephenson's factor analysis was used based on an individual basis.

Findings of the research showed that the Spreading out of rural poverty are: 1) Low economic power And inappropriate macro policies of the state, 2) Social barriers, insufficient service and investment insufficiency, 3) Environmental hazards and the level of education and awareness, 4) The weak sources of sustainable earnings and marketing mechanisms, (5) Natural sources of inappropriate production and limited spatial flows, and (6) Vulnerability of income sources and the weakness of support institutions (insurance, etc.). Among them, the first factor with a specific amount of 7.17 and a %25.64 variance was identified as the most important factor affecting rural poverty in Miyandoab County.

The most important Constraints of this research were the lack of cooperation of the authorities in the process of completing the questionnaire, and the lack of accurate statistics on rural poverty.

The most important ways that can improve the growing situation of the poor in the study area include diversification into rural economies, improvement of economic infrastructure and change in government policies in the field of creating new and small rural businesses.

Few studies have been conducted in this area. Therefore, consideration of the phenomenon of rural poverty and the factors influencing its expansion with the Q method is essential for accurate and logical planning by planning organizations such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Deputy Rural and Nomad Committee, and academic researchers.

Space has been involved mind thinkers and scientists from post time until now in the civilization of main the world. Heidegger believes that “reality is spatial and   cannot consider separately human and spatial”. Discussion starts form where that space and local of live sustainable must is goal of every development. Debates refer on the sustainable development roots to in 1950s. Frist serious and base was raised discussion in sustainable 1957 Stockholm conference on the environment protection. Before form 1970s Schumacher used sustainable to concept economic structures, renewable, resources, products and services. As for to is considered attractive in given the importance of sustainable development in the urban contemporary must not separate from development goals, debate sustainable is consideration an important dimension of development. Following have been the rapid changes by develop of the last century caused to seek rapid growth of urbanization disintegration hierarchy between urban and inter-urban that create  in human communities broad inequalities, social, economic as well as environment damage. In this research is studied that Tabriz city from spatial structure and stability that much data gathered from filed survey, statistics, agencies, offices and the statistical center of Iran and……..In many aspects of analyzed environment, economic, social and physical. The results in this survey that to application fuzzy Topsis technique has been investigation in the area 6 and 3 respectively 0.49 and 0.45 preferences points higher levels sustainability of the criteria. The regional 10 and 8 have shown respectively to 0.19 and 0.23 at the in bottom these preferences. City analyzed show that situation perspective from view point stable and uneatable residential environment in the city regional too fault of northern city is one of the most important factors the difference. The next step there  are  steep and very steep in some of terrain in this city that  is not suitable in human residential as well as congestion, crowded, noisy, congestion traffic, marginal, and worn textures  are from  factors of min this different  in areas of the city and results this research .

This research aims at the pathology of the consequences of development plans in the rural areas of Varzaqan city. The research was conducted through a mixed method. In terms of purpose, it is functional, and, in nature, it is a descriptive-analytical study. In terms of data collection, it is a mixed type, and it is philosophically based on a pragmatist approach. The statistical population consisted of 132 local experts who participated in a quantitative section by responding to a researcher-made questionnaire and 51 experts who took part in two stages of qualitative semi-structured interviews and observations. Lack of suitable employment opportunities for young people, lack of productive activities, unsuccessful establishment of industries connected with the existing mines in the region, unsuccessful industries and small workshops of agricultural employment, and increasing poverty and social deprivation were the most important findings of the qualitative analysis by the Grounded theory. The results of the goodness-fit assessment obtained from the PLS structural model showed that the proposed model was compatible with the experimental data at an optimal level. Also, in the study area, there was a unified relationship among social, economic, physical and comprehensive consequences. The economic and social consequences of developmental plans were found to have led to certain spatial and comprehensive situations. The analysis of the spatial outcomes with comprehensive implications showed the weakening of rural and agricultural status in national development attempts and the mismatch of measures with the foundations of sustainable development. These two parameters were among the most important variables with high impact coefficients.

  Expansion and growth of urban - rural settlements have Different effects on each other in physical, social and economic aspects, as social and economic progress in urban areas, could have positive or negative effect on jobs, markets, rural livelihoods and environment, particularly surrounding villages, also opposite of subject is true. Accordingly, Urban Sprawl and Integration of rural within cities brought different outcomes in physical, social, economic and cultural aspects for rural settlements. Therefore purpose of this study is Socio-economic effects of Urban Sprawl process in integrated rural and Effective factors on rural integration. The process of urbanization historically has been associated with other important economic and social transformations, which have brought greater geographic mobility, lower fertility, longer life expectancy and population ageing. As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture Change to the manufacturing and services sector. Along with the structural transformation of countries, usually emerging urbanization, this means that spatial evolution occurs with people movement from rural to urban areas. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before the Industrial Revolution, People mainly lived in rural areas or small villages. Even though cities have existed thousands of years ago and were partly planned action, but until Industrial Revolution only a small part of the world population lived in urban areas. However Technological change in late 1700 encouraged more people to living in urban areas, so farm work was replaced with factory work. Expansion and growth of urban- rural settlements have mutual influence on each other in physical, social and economic aspects, as social and economic progress in urban areas, could have positive or negative effect on jobs, markets, rural livelihoods and environment, particularly surrounding villages, also opposite of subject is true. Accordingly, Urban Sprawl and Integration of rural within cities brought different outcomes in physical, social, economic and cultural aspects for rural settlements. Therefore purpose of this study is Socio-economic effects of Urban Sprawl process in integrated rural and Effective factors on rural integration. This research is an applied study conducted with an analytical – description strategy and for information and data Collection Used of desk and Field method (Semi - structured interviews (Collaborative meetings), Observation and questionnaire). Research domain is integrated Qejelu village in Miyandoab city. Statistical Society of present study consisted of 30 university professors and employees of various government agencies as well as 187 heads of households of the village Qejelu based on the revised Cochran formula as the sample for research to answer the research questions, designed questionnaire on Effective factors in integration of Qejelu village and integration Effects and questionnaire was distributed within sample and collected. Also for data analysis used quantitative method (Exploratory factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis) and qualitative method (participatory and effect diagram). Results of factor analysis shows, most important factor from perspective of Qejelu village people that Cause integration of Qejelu within Miyandoab city, is social and economic Factors with 3/48 special value and Factors such as population growth and need more space, thirst private ownership of land, get more credibility, creating a diverse and sustainable revenues on the edge of town has most important role in sprawl of Miyandoab city. Economic - political factors with 1/79 Score has been Least impact in this issue. Therefore, with expansion of Miyandoab city and Qejelu village annexation in it and Municipal supervision in the affairs of the village, Gradually more funds dedicated to the people of this village and Diversified and sustainable earnings generated by this integration. Also There''s growth and development capacity of Qejelu village One of the factors that led to integration Qejelu village in physical structure of Miandoab City. study social and economic effects of Qejelu village integration in Miandoab city Using multiple regression analyzes stepwise Show that between 8 Index of employment, income, land prices, benefit from resource production, consumption and production patterns, lifestyle changes, changes in migration and retention incentives and social cohesion, beta Standardized coefficient relating to employment index is calculated 0/482 that Compared to other indices is highest value. So we can say that Qejelu Integration in Miandoab city in the first phase increased employment in the service and industrial jobs and the next step cause is lifestyle change. Study results showed that most important factor Qejelu integration in the Miyandoab city is social- economic factor. sprawl of Miyandoab city in recent decades, especially from 1991s and integration of Qejelu village in it, has brought Effects such as; municipal supervision in rural affairs, funds attract, creation diversified and sustainable revenue, enhance quality of construction and monitor them and Strengthening urban culture and urbanism in rural areas. study Economic and social effects of integration shows that with integration of Qejelu village Service jobs such as (Cafe, supermarket, bakery, Tailors, agricultural and non-agricultural machinery repair shop, Sales tools, business machines, passenger terminal of Miyandoab to Tabriz, Islamic Azad university, Phone Agency and etc) created in this village and and subsequently increased revenue, and life pattern has shifted from rural to urban life. These changes and employment and income increase, Has an important role in reducing rural migration and increase of population durability motivation and As a result, Cause is Increase Public participation in affairs Related to Urban and rural and cooperation with Municipality.
In general, the results showed, Social and economic factors, physical and investment were the main factors in the Miyandoab city sprawl to suburbs and the political factor in this area has been minimal role. Also in the process of urban sprawl, Qejelu village integrated in Physical Structure of Miyandoab city and most importanteffects of this integration isIncrease of employment in the industrial and service fields and as well as people lifestyle changes from Pastoralism to Urbanization

The Present research is an attempt to realize the status of informal economic section in the sustainability of Tabriz megalopolis. The Tabriz megalopolis is a sample of urban development models which is wholly changed due to variation of urban planning in recent decades and involves porous and ill appearance. This investigation attempts to evaluate the economic roots of the problem based on urban sustainability views to provide a proper context for better realizing and judging them when they are applied in urban planning and development fields. This research which is of application – development kind, involves descriptive, analytic and case study methods and documentary -library and field techniques and is used in providing that. Data gathering tools, questionnaires, observation, interview, statistic documents of Iran statistics center, information acquired from analytic maps provided in GIS circumstance, documents existing in local city halls and Tabriz urban development all are employed in this research. The method of research is of descriptive- analytic model, so the quantitative models and techniques like test and V crammer and geographical information system GIS, ArcView and SPSS software have been used. For justifiable and stable inspection of this research, we have used formal – justifiable and contextual and questionnaire retest method, and its final factor amounted to 82 percent. The data of this research have been analyzed by the use of descriptive and inferential statistics methods and SPSS software.
The data of this research shows a great variety in the activities of informal section. Geographic distribution of these activities in the various areas of Tabriz city is not uniform. The most significant reason which causes the people to take part in this section is the fact that, they could not be employed in the formal economic section, and has not enough capital, proficiency and education (qualification). The most important occupational problems of this group are the inadequacy of capital and lack of fixed and appropriate place of activity. Most of the people occupied in informal economic section, do not pay tax. The rate of occupation in informal section among emigrant people is more than the other groups of people. There is a relationship among informal habitation and informal activity in informal section and urban sustainability. 1. Most of the businessmen in informal economic section of Tabriz megalopolis are men (72.3 percent) and married people (82.3 percent).
2. The activities of informal economic section in Tabriz megalopolis are very widespread and various, and most of them are clothes sellers (11.5 percent), fruit sellers (10.8 percent), building workers (8.5 percent) carpet knitters (5.4 percent).
3. The most important kinds of occupations in informal section of this city are:Salesmanship, domestic service giving people (in or out of house), scientific, educational, artistic services, transportation and agriculture.
4. The businessmen in informal section of Tabriz mostly have high slod (25.1 percent) and elementary school (25.1 percent) and unqualified people (19.7 percent).
5. Average age of these people is 42 and their average family personel is 4, which are in average limit.
6. Geographical distribution of informal economic section in Tabriz megalopolis is not uniform. The one and four areas of Tabriz city hall is the focous center of businessmen of informal economic section of Tabriz megalopolis.
7. Most of the people working in this section are rural – urban emigrants and their inhabitants are mostly in margines of Tabriz city.
8. The most important reason for the people to enter to this informal section is the fact that entering in formal economic section is impossible for them, and also the lack of enough capital and speciality and qualication.
9. The location of these businessmen are mostly Abrasan (5.9 percent) Seilab (4.6 percent), Maralan (4.6 percent) and Abbasi (4.4 percent) areas.
10. The most important occupational problems of this group is the inadequacy of capital, lack of speciality and qualification, and lack of fixed location for performing economic activities.
11. Most of the working people in this section (31.4 percent) have revenues between 400 to 600 thousands Tomans, which shows these people are below poverty line and are affected by intensive poverty.
12. The occupational variety in informal economic section in Tabriz megalopolis is more intensive for men than Women.
Importance and specific location of that (informal economic section) in urban economy is so intensive that could never be ignored.
The informal economic section have attracted numerous people of Tabriz magalopolis and plays an important role in the economy of that. Conventional approaches to urban development generally are of one-way model and are dependent on political conditions and economic purposes. Nevertheless, since the late decade of twentieth century this subject has taken systematic and multifacial condition to itself.
The Tabriz megalopolis is a sample of urban development models which is wholly changed due to variation of urban planning in recent decades and involves porous and ill appearance. This investigation attempts to evaluate the economic roots of this problem based on urban sustainability vews to provide a proper context for better realizing and judging them when they are applied in urban planning and development fields. This research which is of application – development kind, involves descriptive, navigative and case study methods and documentary -library and field techniqes and is used in providing that
Data gathering tools, questionaires, observation, interview, statistic documents of Iran statistics center, information acquired from analytic maps provided in GIS circumstance, documents existing in local city halls and Tabriz urband development all are employed in this research. The method of research is of descriptive- analytic model, so the quantitative models and techniques like test and V cramer and geographical information system GIS, Arcwiev and SPSS softwares have been used. The statistic sample people of this research involves the people working in informal economic section of Tabriz megalopolis and the volume of 390 samples (including 282 men and 108 women), and the sampling method is accidential. The present investigation data are analysed by the use of descriptive, inferential statistic methods and also by the use of SPSS software

Significant development of information and communication technologies and Internet deployment on the one hand and the urban management needs to new ideas in the cities guidance and the necessity to promote citizens' participation on the other hand, has placed us in front of the gates of the electronic cities. With a view to developing countries in the world, we find that e - government to which extent is able to reduce public spending and maximise of efficiency and effectiveness of the control and management of social systems, tax, health, public health and social welfare. With regard to the importance of e-city objective of this study was to measure the realization of the feasibility of the city of electronics and in the metropolis of Tabriz. Research methodology is of application type and the nature and data collection documents and field (survey). Statistical research community managers and urban metropolis of Tabriz experts is that the volume of the sample simple random sampling method 182 people is obtained. Research findings show that most realization indicate is in the mechanization of variables municipal affairs, local network and the Internet network (fiber optics, wireless and DSL, etc.), respectively, with an average rating Friedman 20.19, 18.46 and 17.52. As well as the lowest feasibility study related to security, the integrity of the existing systems and financial development budget preparation (IT) and that the average rating Friedman, 4.06, 4.23 and 4.62. T-test results also showed that 18, 7 variable has a critical situation and the lack of proper accountability realisation that the value of t-test them less than the value of the test (i. e., 3).

understanding the Impacts of environmental potentials power on the pattern of rural settlements is the first step in understanding the spatial organization and management of spatial relations in the rural settlements . This knowledge can, in turn, prevent reactionary backwardness, population escape and the destruction of rural settlements as well as cause the underlying integrity of the place - Space and sustainable development of rural areas. Therefore, to study the effects of the powers of the natural environment, on the pattern of rural settlements is essential. The purpose of this study will be investigating the role of natural factors in the location of rural settlements in Sahneh. This research is applied in nature, and descriptive-analytic in method. Data collecting was conducted using the library and field and for data analysis as well as implementation and understanding of the problem results the geographical information system software, as well as integration and combination of the layers of information to the field was used. The results showed that the dominant pattern of distribution of rural settlements in Sahneh city, is a liner and a total of 189 villages in the city, have been located often in the range of 1500 to 1250 meters altitude, type in water and plain lands. On the other hand, one of the most important criteria for rural settlements to locate Sahneh city, extent and quality of the land is for agricultural purposes that this, has been followed compression of space and activities and excessive exploitation of the natural environment. Finally, regression fit model showed that water resources, soil resources, climatic conditions, topography, elevation, slope, vegetation and land use have the greatest effect on the geographical distribution of settlements. So you have to protect environmental resources and the selection of suitable sites for production and stable employment for residents of settlements, to provide field survival and sustainable development of rural areas.

One of the most important goals of any society is social justice and social welfare and the equal distribution of resources, which include poverty reduction as an important dimension. To achieve the above objectives at any level in any society it needs to recognize the rate of social equality and poverty and inequality rate among different regions. This study is kind of applied-developed research where its analytical methods and the assessment of poverty in the province of West Azerbaijan was performed by using 17 indicators. Analyzing findings using TOPSIS model and Coefficient of dispersion model and hypotheses research was conducted in accordance with Spss software requirements as well. The weight of indicators were determined by a panel of 20 relevant experts. Accordingly, each of the urban areas of the province in terms of indicators was rated and classified. The study showed significant differences between cities in terms of development. Orumyieh was ranked as one of the lowest poverty rates in urban development and Chaypareh as the rank of the highest urban poverty.

In recent decades, cities have grown without any program and urban areas became several times larger than their original size in a short time or their development occurred in separated parts without planning. This problem is known as urban land spread pattern and along with this pattern of urban development, agricultural land use changed. Hadishahr city is one of the cities of East Azarbaijan province, located in central city julfa, link other cities during the last decade, had an imbalanced and spread development, and this growth caused adverse environmental effects such as loss of good agricultural land. The purpose of this research is primarily, understand the pattern of development and physical development of the city and after that; explain the environmental consequences of physical development. To achieve this study used spatial statistical tools in Hot Spot Analysis, to analyze hadishahr`s physical expansion and then understand the environmental consequences of physical development on the type and extent of change and in continue, to understand the environmental consequence of physical separation and also the changes types and extend of changes in the usage of agricultural lands and green spaces. Due to physical spread of the city, we used two- image analyzer, OLI and TM, of Landsat satellite 5 and 8 during the year 1998- 2009.The results suggest that the pattern of physical development of the city has been sprawl over 15 years. In this pattern of scattered development, agriculture lands and gardens have the greatest change about 62% which about 48% of that changed in to urban usage and 14.5% converted into wasteland. Due to adverse consequences of the development of distributed spread and achieve stable development and urban form, the compact city model is proposed as a model for future development.

Human development is about creating an environment where people can flourish their talents and potential and productive lives based on their needs and interests to build, argues. This study descriptive approach - analytical subsequently to the Human Development Index, the index of gender inequality and multidimensional poverty index in developing countries to determine and compare them. The results suggest that selected countries in terms of Human Development Index we in good condition, because only two of Pakistan and Egypt respectively 0/537 and 0/689 respectively, the index of human development in low and medium human development countries and other countries such as Turkey, Mexico, Iran and Brazil, with a Human Development Index values 0/759, 0/756, 0/749, 0/744 in countries with high human development are. In terms of gender inequality index Egypt ranked 128 index of 0/580 in the world and is located at the lowest level in selected countries. Turkey also ranks first with the 0/360 in terms of this indicator in selected countries and is ranked 69 in the world.

The rapid urban growth of recent decades in Iran has resulted in extensive changes in urban fringe land-use patterns.It has also had considerable environmental and socio-economic impacts on these areas.Assessing changes of the past land-use patterns and simulation of their future changes are of vital importance inpolicy making and planning processes. Combination of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) may producea suitable tool for gathering and analyzingdata regarding land use changes. This articleuses the CA-Markov model to assess and simulate changes in land use patterns in Miandoab city.In the first stage, by using the multi-temporal satellite imagery for the years 1984, 1997 and 2010, the urban and urban fringe cover/land-use maps was created and changes was evaluated. Results indicate thatin the period of 27 years, urban and urban fringe land area increased to 1013 hectares and farm land-use area decreased to 1114 hectares. Then, by using Markov model, matrix of transition area of land-uses for the period of 1984-2010was calculated. In the next stage, the suitability maps of land-uses by using of mulicriteria evaluation methods were created. Finally, for forecasting the future changes of land-uses until the 2025 year, we used the CA-Markov model. Simulation results, indicatethat thedecline trend in farm lands and the trend increase in urban lands will continue. Therefore, if the current trend of changes continues without a sustainable development policy, it will have to a serious downfall in environmental and socio– economic conditions.

City or polis, as a dynamic system, is continuously varying and changing. In some ages of history some events, as inflexion point, have caused sudden, immediate and unexpected transitions in form and spatial construction of cities. In the meantime, the land reform had the basic role in the immediate progression of cities, and caused unplanned migration of rural people to cities. This article evaluates the economic roots of this problem on the basis of urban sustainability views to provide a proper context for better realizing and judging when they are applied in urban planning fields. This research is of application – development kind, and its method of study is descriptive – analytic. The method applied here is also based on field operation (direct observation, filling various questionnaires) and the use of available documents. The statistic community of the research involves (n) hundred thousand people and according to the formula of Kokran, the estimated number of sample volume (N) was 390 people. The method of sampling is of accidental – bunching and multistage kind from ten areas of Tabriz. For ensuring the validity and reliability of the study of this research, the validity and contental and questionnaire reexamination method have been used, and its reliability coefficient obtained equal to 82 percent. The data of this research have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods and SPSS software. The data obtained from the research shows the lack of enough capital and appropriate education have caused the number of the occupied people in the informal economic section to be increased, and the migration of rural people to the city (Tabriz) has significant role in creation and development of this section of economy. The habitats of most of the people occupied in informal section of Tabriz city are in the marginal areas and poor districts of the city.

1. Land as habitat and place of having the highest importance in human life and the source of all human needs is. Any planning requires having information about the phenomena on the land, trappings and paraphernalia land. This information collected is an issue that eventually will lead to the management of land information in one system. Organization and operation of information and access to it will be a need for a comprehensive and integrated land information system known in the world, respectively. Arable Land in the world during the time of political powers and peasant revolution changes that lead to an increase in some of them the size of farm units and in some reduction in the distribution of lands and been, so do land reform in developing countries Caused by big owners of lands that culture group MyShdnd to farmers who lost Occupied and then taking possession of land to sell and transfer the action. This disseminate the agricultural lands of farmers in several parts of the village is.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Subject of studies Land use, how various phenomena and methods of exploitation of its land. Land use change is one of the drivers of environmental change at the global level for numerous and therefore sustainable development should be considered. The traditional analysis of land use and understand the process and the preferred approach, the decision notified to advanced civilian applications, probable and gives support to environmental objectives in the future. Agriculture, land identified on the basis of segmentation, Identification of agricultural territory, dry land and irrigated crops and pasture for The by responsible organizations such as the Organization of Agriculture and Water, the Real Estate Registration and Department of Natural Resources conducted in the province. Maps could be the comprehensive information provided on the property and the type of agricultural products that could be in economic planning and identification of resources Survey carried out revealed that the years-in (1990-1929) real estate registration law is established on 95% of the territory, which means it is an open list of the phosphating land in Macedonia FhrstHay plasticizers use is made of land use and the remaining 5% there is no recorded data.
3. In this research to develop cadastral maps years studied (1998-2011) Aerial Photographs of 1: 10,000 of the area and after the conversion and digitizing Aerial Photographs to map Ground operation in order to remove the attribute information related to cadastral maps were. Ground for the cadastral maps were finally in GIS data base (GIS) was created. And analysis of existing maps, in Medias, AUTO DESKMAP, ARC GIS, IDRISI, took place. For quantitative data analysis of Software Hay like EXCELL, SPSS and to assess any changes occur, such as changes in the statistical method of evaluation methods used Crosstab.
4. The analyzes conducted on cadastral maps of the study area show. The total number of piece parts from 1304 in 1998 to 1658 in 2011 increased by piece the highest number of land parcels in both periods was related to agriculture and the minimum number of pieces of land use is made. were related to agriculture from 18/79 percent to 47/61 percent of the land in 1998 that the change was in 2011, a downward trend during the period According to the view of the study carried out shows that another user had an increasing trend during this period. The increase Land Use made to other uses that the main reason for its higher-buying and selling of land by investors in the region with the purchase of high-cost rural lands increases the number of factories; industries have been in the area. Surveys showed that the decline in the study area mainly due to the conversion of agricultural Land Use users such as factories made clear the grass, pasta, flour, and livestock industry, etc. There is the main reason these changes are more raw materials to industries and high potential to produce like grapes, it is an agricultural land of the village that creates added value in the sale and export of raisins to other countries in the region is. Increase there in the number of components in the study area showed that the dam construction and water shortages Channeling agriculture among farmers and gardeners somewhat reduced and increased the price of land in the region and to that is why some farmers of their lands divided into smaller pieces and sold to another person.
5. According to the results of 1304 the total number of piece parts in 1998 to 1658, the highest number of land parcels segment in 2011 increased in both periods related to agriculture and the lowest number of pieces of land due moderate and severe asthma made Its main change is to reduce the problem of water shortage caused by farmers and gardeners and duct-concrete dam between agriculture and an increase in speculative land area respectively. Comparing the land use map by Cross tab in the region during the period (1998-2011) approximately 04.21% of the total land (614/216 hectares) during the period studied, repurposed with a 76/23% of the parts (394 pieces) contain the most variation Tremblay in the area of communication has occurred. The survey conducted showed that the highest use changes related to changes in agricultural Land Use vineyard lots that 9.9% of the total area Land (3/98 hectare) and 171 pieces of parts account that these changes primarily related to a decrease in dam construction and irrigation water shortages by land area and second by concrete and Water to be channeled Land area by concrete and this harvest and increase product processing industries in the region, respectively.

Today, with the development of paradigms such as the compact city, smart growth and new urbanism, mixed land use-as one of principles of this paradigm- has been expanded in urban planning of developing countries and various researchers tried to develop literature and assessment methods of land use based on the concept of mixture of land use.
The concept of urban land use mix implies that nearby land uses or activities have an influence over each other across a limited spatial range.One of the interests of researchers in field of land use studies is appropriate assessing of land use mix and therefore some researchers have tried to measure mixture of land use in different parts of a city using specific indicators. Given the importance of the subject, this paper tried to measure mixture of land use in neighborhoods of Sabzevar City using defined indicators (entropy, accessibility , focal statistics). The results indicate that the values obtained from these indicators is closely together. Final index was calculated by combining these3 indices that It was determined the significant difference between different neighborhoods. The results show a negative correlation between the distance of neighborhood from the city center and mixture of land use ,So with distance from the downtown, land use mix is reduced. Moran statistics also show that there is spatial autocorrelation between different neighborhoods in terms of land use.

Urban sprawl and land use changes are one of the fundamental challenges facing urban planning in recent years. Therefore, modeling these changes is considered as an important tool by planners, economists, ecologists and environmentalists. This paper is an attempt to apply the Land Transformation Model (LTM) for urban land use changes in Tabriz based on artificial neural network and a geographical information system for the in prediction of Tabriz future development. Methodology in this paper is descriptive-analytic and the data are produced from satellite images, urban land use maps and approved plans for Tabriz. For preparation of data and analysis, ERDAS imaging and ArcGIS software, and for training test, simulation and the probable prediction map, LTM software are used. Results in training process, from 1989 to 2005 shows that 21469 cells (50*50 m) were expanded in 16 years period which is according to the real developed area in the same period and this result shows optimum training network. For prediction of probability map, we used Tabriz population and land use per capita was estimated in regional plan of Tabriz, and results illustrate 22484 cells changing until 2021 for future development. The results of the model, have predicted the most developed areas in the northwestern, east and south-east aspects and continuing this process would destroy green spaces, agricultural lands surrounding the city and threaten the environment. Thus, with this expansion, 8437 ha of green spaces and periphery areas will go on the built area. Continued sprawl development not only will destroy urban environment in periphery areas, but it also will disrupt spaces in Tabriz and there by will increase urban development costs such as infrastructure services.

The worn out texture is a type that has been formed, developed and faced functioned problems through years and does not meet today needs. Therefore it is very important to pay attention and plan to improve the current situation of the worn out textures to avoid it from worsening over time. There are 1313.2 acres of worn out texture which include three types firstly, historical worn out texture, secondly, middle worn out texture, and third, marginal worn out texture; each has its own specifications pushing different results according to their areas. This paper has tried to evaluate organizing policies, identify of important criteria, analyze current challenges in timeworn textures and finally prioritize different worn out textures by using network analyze process. This article has used ANP model in housing and timeworn texture sector.

Extended abstract 1- Introduction One of the most well-known strategies for rural development, tourism and related opportunities are in the field of entrepreneurship. Identification of opportunity is one of the key factors in the survival and development Villages Like’s cities are full of new and undetected opportunities that not discover and exploit these opportunities and creating new businesses and competitiveness basis; it cans be Significant economic benefits for the villagers. Dimensions in order to identify environmental, social and economic potential context in each area, are an important issue to be considered in any assessment that has significant effect on the success of planning. Therefore adopt a systematic approach to social issues, economic and environmental planning will be critical. In this alienated explaining the current situation of rural in terms of population, infrastructure attractions a presence of ranging from natural and artificial are of special importance. Scientific studies on a list of indicators of social, economic, environmental and ecological potential of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector in rural areas in line with the pillars of entrepreneurship development. Most, research efforts in this regard, it has been a significant impact on the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism sector with the use of the else studies in this filed and also voting of specialists and experts through the Delphi technique method to provide rural tourism sector. 2 - Research Methodology With regard to the subject goals the research method is descriptive and casual analysis foundation in the library studies and record subject to review study based on indicators related obtain relevant in the indicators of impact in creating of entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism sector of the study and written document from Delphi technique was used in the area. The software then uses factor analysis and classification was reduced variable R factors obtain in this way since they were not homogeneous therefore confirmatory factor analysis was used and the structural equation model using the Lisrel software to measure and verify its validity was assessed and approved. 3 - Discussion To obtain the effective indices in the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism sector of the study this questionnaire was designed this work in which the question was posed with this title: What in your view the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism sector are effective? Experts were asked their opinions freely the comments in the 2nd questionnaire after which the categories were summed and again for the professional consensus in this area was it should be noted that in the first stage 120 questionnaires form post e-mail (E-mail) and 40 questionnaires were manually placed at the disposal of specialists and experts from the 56 questionnaires were completed and expert and scholar of geography, tourism, entrepreneurship, management, economics, sociology, declared their own opinions.In the present study for the summary indices of R-type factor analysis with Principal component method is used 48 indicators used to 9 operating through varimax rotation has been reduced. So Eigenvalue greater than 1 and 9 so that the operating pebbles figure confirmed these nine factors. One of the main steps in factor analysis is the name given to the opinions of different experts are of There was some heterogeneity in the operating variables, so named factors was not possible to resolve the problem of structural equations was used This study examined variables in the six operating principles and the study was summarized by After developing a conceptual model for validation of structural equation models by entering data into the desired end, the model was examined Using indicators such as root mean square residual goodness of fit index, comparative fitness. .. and fit was evaluated. after identifying the variables they validate, the linear regression to determine the ci contribution of each of the factors influencing entrepreneurial opportunities were used to perform this operation, the coefficient Ci expert opinions through techniques Tapsis was calculated, then the coefficient indices to the numerical factor was obtained After this number was calculated for all factors, then all the factors together and total number of factors were obtained for all The calculated data were transferred to SPSS software, The total number of factors as the dependent variable and each of the socioeconomic factors, cultural, educational and. .. Were considered as independent variables, And thereby share any of the factors identified in the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities. With regard to the statistics that Sig <0.05 for test assuming equal factor in the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities is achieved because the number was estimated less than 5% of the factors considered to influence significant differences with each other and 95 percent could be concluded that the compared to the same factors of influence are different. The standardized coefficients show that the political factor is the highest since 0.321 percent per unit change in this variable will change in the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities. On the basis of political factors - legal, operating infrastructure, operating environment, operating convention attractions, economic factors - social and cultural factors in creating opportunities for entrepreneurship education in order to be effective. 4– Conclusion Identify affecting factors in creating entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism sector on tourism development in rural areas would have different effects. Including identification and evaluation of various aspects of tourism can be a new way forward, researchers, planners, politicians and decision makers will be development and progress of less developed areas and poor basic steps to take. Considering the factors affecting the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities with Iranian scholars and experts in various fields has been extracted These factors can be tested in rural areas that have tourist attraction that is the status of entrepreneurship in these areas revealed It could be that entrepreneurs in the field of entrepreneurship in rural areas to help the tourism sector.

The hospital is an important element of the new public health. The health of a population requires access to medical and hospital services as well as preventive care and a healthy environment. Site selection of urban public facilities is one of the most important goals of urban planning. Planners help increase the welfare of citizens by means of allocation of urban lands to various necessary urban land uses and facilities, by reducing unnecessary commuting and providing a healthy environment. The main objective of this study is the evaluation of site selection models of hospitals in Tabriz city considering quantitative and qualitative criteria in 3 levels of compatibility, desirability and capacity matrixes. Employing 13 indices and using the ArcGIS 9.2, Idrisi Andes, Index Overlay and AHP implications, site selection of hospitals in Tabriz city has been reexamined. The existing sites and spatial patterns of hospitals have been analyzed. Findings reveal that there has been insufficiency in the number of hospitals and hospital beds in some cases.