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Entrepreneurship is the process of creating new value through a committed effort, taking into account the risks involved. The current research was conducted to model the factors affecting students’ willingness to start a business. The statistical population included the students of the Faculties of Economics and Entrepreneurship (625 people) and the students of the Faculty of Technical Engineering (2156 people) at Razi University. The sample size was estimated at 386 people by Cochran’s formula, who were selected by stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. Data were collected by standard questionnaires and were analyzed by descriptive statistics and path analysis. The findings indicated that the variables of innovation, locus of control, success-seeking, pioneering, and risk-taking directly and the variables of family background, employment history, and participation in entrepreneurship workshops indirectly accounted for a total of 33% of the variance in the students’ desire to start a business. It can be said that a major challenge for students is their effort to gain independence and ensure their job security in the future. So, it is recommended that the officials consider this important factor by developing skills such as innovation and other job skills and provide employment opportunities for young people.

With globalization and rapid changes in the world, regions have chosen the field of competitiveness to benefit from the most benefits and the least losses. To overcome this, it is important to identify competitors and regional and trans-regional potentials. For this purpose, the aim of this study is to explain the competitiveness strategies of Kermanshah province. The type of research present has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The data and information in the two sections were first obtained through library study and then in the field and in the form of a survey of 15 experts in urban and regional planning who have been selected in a targeted manner. Using the Kodas decision-making model, an attempt has been made to determine and examine the competitiveness of Kermanshah province among the provinces of Iran. , And then to identify competitors, to explain regional potentials and regional competitiveness strategies, the hardware software has been used. The results of the Kodas model show that out of 31 provinces in the country, only 15 have been able to compete positively. , So that Tehran, Khuzestan and Bushehr with 3.4, 2.9 and 2.17% are ranked one to three And Kermanshah is ranked 29th with a value of 1.71 And showed the results obtained from the discreet model The most important competitors in the regions of Kermanshah province are the three provinces of Khuzestan, Bushehr and Zanjan. Also, comparing the competitiveness of Kermanshah's potentials with that of Khuzestan, Bushehr and Zanjan shows the greatest success and imitation for metal mines, border crossings, customs and border markets, Kermanshah province's infrastructure facilities. And in contrast to macro-policies, social security, sanctions and relations between countries, the most important obstacles to the competitiveness of Kermanshah province have been identified

Cities are a source of creativity and technology and engines for economic growth. cities are also a source of poverty, inequality and environmental health risks. In this study, the coronavirus environmental crisis that humanity is currently suffering from and challenging, in terms of power relations, intervention, appropriation in the urban environment that is the result of political ecology and its effects on urban space with the structural analysis approach is examined. The present study, in terms of applied purpose, has been carried out in terms of survey method at the exploratory level and based on the future research approach. In this study, the drivers of the impact of political ecology through text-mining in valid domestic and foreign documents and the opinion of a group of experts have been investigated. by holding a joint Delphi meeting of experts, the impact of the identified propulsions on each other has been weighed and discussed. Then the position of each propellant was checked through "Mikomak" software. The results indicate that the drivers of income deficit, income inequality, marginalization and social inequality, have been identified as key effective forces of political ecology by experts that are effective in the future spread of infectious diseases in the city.

Today, security is one of the indicators of the quality of life in the city and plays a crucial role in improving and improving the quality of urban life, living comfortably, and achieving a sustainable city. Knowing about the sense of security of the residents of a community has an influential role in recognizing the challenges and solutions for the development of a community and working to strengthen its infrastructure. Many factors play a role in the formation and emergence of violent behaviors, among the most important of which are defenseless spaces that have various effects on urban spaces and the lives of citizens, which increase crimes and decrease citizens’ sense of security. It has the most impact. Defenseless spaces are dead from the point of view of protection but active and alive from the point of view of anomalous space issues, which become the place of occurrence of all kinds of urban crimes due to neglect, planning, and incorrect and simplistic planning. In this study, the role of defenseless urban spaces in the occurrence of crime has been identified and investigated, emphasizing the 9th district of Tehran.

he research method is based on library, documentary, and field studies and the statistical population of this research is the residents of the 9th district of Tehran municipality. In order to determine the sample size among the residents of the area, using Cochran’s formula, the necessary sample size of 150 people was obtained, which was randomly distributed among the residents of the region. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the designed questionnaires is 0.896 (higher than 0.7), which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire questions and the internal correlation of the questions to measure the research variables. The results of the data obtained through the software ARC GIS, Expert Choice, Super Decisions, Excel, IDRISI, as well as Analytical Hierarchy (AHP), Analytical Network Model (ANP), TOPSIS, VIKOR, are examined, and the analysis is placed.

The research showed that about 56% of the residents have lived in this place for more than ten years, and it is at an average level in terms of physical vulnerability. Industrial and military centers are among the uses that can increase the number of defenseless points during a crisis, so there is an inverse relationship between the number of defenseless points and the distance from these uses. In other words, the greater the distance from these uses, the fewer defenseless points. The criteria of social abnormality, lack of lighting facilities, and pollution have also won the first to third ranks, respectively. Therefore, the effective fields have an effect on creating and strengthening the defenseless urban space in the 9th district of Tehran. According to the results obtained by examining the Vikor method’s conditions, both Vikor conditions have been violated. Therefore, a set of consensus solutions can be used to rank the options. It is common to base the ranking of options on the Vikor index. Thus, according to the VIKOR index, the neighborhood of Ostad Moin has the best situation among other neighborhoods in Region 9. Moreover, based on the findings of the research, the spatial, social, and psychological quality is directly related to the reality of the defenseless urban space in the 9th district of Tehran. The ranking based on the Vicor index showed that the Ostad Moin neighborhood has the best condition among the other neighborhoods of the 9th district. The social anomaly with a beta of 0.398 has had the highest impact on spatial quality compared to inappropriate uses and lack of recreational space. The regression analysis results show that the spatial, social, and psychological quality at the level of (α<0.01) can predict the defenseless urban space of District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The research results indicate the insecurity and undesirability of the 9th district of Tehran in terms of defenseless spaces, which have several indicators. The absence of a specific plan from related organizations for such spaces brings nothing but the escalation of violence, insecurity, increase in crime rates, and the departure of the native population of the neighborhood.

One of the necessary measures to reduce damage and adaptations is the optimal location of users. If urban uses are placed carefully, many costs created for the city, both in terms of health and in terms of time, will be saved. Urban density and urban infrastructure, including water, electricity, gas, telephone, city communication network, etc., play an essential role in the degree of vulnerability of the city. Flexibility in the form of the city, contiguity, and compatibility of uses with each other, proportional distribution of urban density, including residential density, population density, etc., having an efficient and hierarchical communication network, construction of infrastructure facilities and urban infrastructures in a reliable, resistant and capable manner. Restoration is one of the essential factors of urban development. On the one hand, the expansion of communication networks and urban infrastructures, the lack of observance of the most basic safety points in urban constructions, and the unplanned growth and development of the city have created the conditions for causing much damage in times of crisis. The final results of our study show that region 9 is at an average level in terms of physical vulnerability.

The present economic future of the world is intertwined with the knowledge-based economy in the metropolis of the world, as the key places of development, the increasing competition for the absorption and development of knowledge-based activities and the enhancement of its competitive advantage at the macro level. Today's cities are the key to unlocking management difficulties, the vocabulary of knowledge and research. Meanwhile, Tehran's metropolitan area, with its long history of capital in recent decades, has provided a good base for establishing knowledge-based companies in its area, but according to available evidence, these companies have not been planned as planned at city level. Is. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the distribution system of knowledge based companies in 22 regions of Tehran. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Shannon entropy weighting model and Vikor technique were used for data analysis and Moran's spatial correlation method in ARC GIS software environment was used. The results of this study showed that in terms of accumulation and enjoyment of knowledge-based companies, Area 3 with VICOR (0) in the first place and Region 6 with VICOR (0.012) and 2 with Vikor (0.410). It is ranked second and third, respectively. In contrast, areas 13 with Vikor (0.9991), 17 with Vikor (0.9995) and Area 19 with Vikor (1) were ranked 20, 21 and 22, respectively. Other results also show that most companies are concentrated in the city core, and the distribution of knowledge-based firms across regions is based on the pattern of deploying advanced infrastructure and services across the city, in a cluster-oriented manner. It is central to the central and northern regions.

Understanding the theoretical position of the Resilience Economics model to explain its features and applying the experience of other economic development theories to achieve a practical and practical model in Iran seems necessary. The question that arises in this study is what is the relation between the theoretical foundations of the resistive economy model and the mainstream theories of development? The present study uses a comparative method to compare the characteristics of two theories of modernization and dependency with the foundations of the Resistance Economics model and to point out their similarities and differences. The findings of the study show that the Resistance Economics model is actually a synthesis of the findings and theoretical articulation of the modernization and dependency paradigm, and because it is defined in accordance with the economic conditions of Iran, it is an independent entity. None of these theories can be considered.

Iran is among the most important oil-exporting countries in the world which enjoys the revenues of oil sales on providing public funding. The revenue of crude oil export in country constitutes a significant share of public budget. The aim of present study is to examine the effect of asymmetrical shocks of oil income on macroeconomic variables between 1970-2018.To investigate the relationship between Hamilton and Moorak oil shocks on macroeconomic variables auto regressive vector model is used. The results have shown that negative shock from Hamilton oil revenues compared to positive shock caused salient fluctuations on variables, but on positive and negative shocks of moorak, the effects of variables have been asymmetric. If positive and negative shocks to be entered on oil revenues, all the existing variables such as national gross income, national revenues, exports and imports of goods and services, government’s expenditures, inflation and private consumption will have reacted on incoming shocks.