فهرست مطالب ناصر مرادی

Critical discourse analysis is one of the approaches of modern linguistic studies. Critical discourse is based on social constructivism and analyzes structures and meanings that have an ideological burden. The Dutch linguist Theon Wendijk (1943) examines the cognitive-social approach in the context of critical discourse analysis and makes connections between textual, cognitive and social structures. Ideology plays a fundamental role in the model of critical and individual discourse and creates schemas of the existing relationships between ideology, society, cognition and discourse, and this social interaction is crystallized in the form of text or discourse. Tahir Watar, a prominent Algerian novelist (1936), has written the novel Al-Laz, examining the political, social and cultural currents of Algeria and depicting the colonized Algerian society. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been tried to first take a brief look at the novel "Allaz" and the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and then to examine the discourse of this novel based on the method of critical discourse and Vandik. The critical discourse approach is the most specific linguistic tool for telling the story of Ellaz.

Rotator cuff muscles tears are among the most common problems of shoulder joint. This disorder is diagnosed most commonly by imaging methods especially ultrasound and MRI. According to previous studies، both of these methods have high diagnostic value. Because of small sample sizes and inappropriate gold standards in these studies and also lack of enough studies in our country we decided to conduct this study to compare ultrasound and MRI for diagnosis of rotator cuff muscles tears. We performed shoulder ultrasonography and MRI for 100 patients before shoulder surgery in this descriptive analytical study. The results of ultrasonography and MRI were reported separately by 2 radiologists. Using SPSS 19 software، data were analyzed by McNamara’s test. 27 of 100 patients that underwent surgery had tears in rotator cuff muscles (20 with complete tear and 7 with partial tear). Sensitivity، specificity، positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92. 6%، 95. 9%، 89. 3% and 97. 2% for ultrasonography، and 96. 3%، 97. 3%، 95. 9% and 98. 6% respectively for MRI. There was no significant difference between the two methods (P>0. 05). According to the results of this study both of these methods have high accuracy in the diagnosis of rotator cuff muscles tears and can be used for patient evaluation.

There are strong temptation for admission of mothers in latent phase that its goals are reducing motherۥs pain and fear. Attention to admission time of women for labor can prevent from many of maternal and neonatal complications. This study was done to compare the maternal outcomes in women admitted in latent and active phase of labor.

This descriptive and comparative study was conducted on 500 pregnant women who were admitted for labor in Taleghani hospital of Tabriz، Iran in 2012. Samples were divided into two groups. First group was admitted in latent phase of labor (250 samples) and second group in active phase (250 samples). Data was collected with observation of labor process، interview with mothers and study of patient’s records. Collecting data tool was a questionnaire included samples characteristics and evaluation of maternal outcomes during 1، 2، 3 and 4th stages of labor، before discharge and 10 days after delivery. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 13، t-test، chi-square and regression logistic tests. P<0. 05 was considered as the significant level. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant.

Rate of oxytocin use for induction and augmentation of labor، amniotomy and prescription of Ampicillin، Hyoscine، Pethidine and Promethazine had significant differences between two groups (p<0. 05). In study of maternal outcomes during the second، third and fourth stage of labor، use of uterus compression during delivery، complications of fourth stage of labor and abdominal massage of uterus had significant differences between two groups (p<0. 05). Study of maternal outcomes before discharge and 10 days after delivery showed that there were significant differences between two groups in terms of post partum hemorrhage (p=0. 017)، hemoglobin (p=0. 007) and hematocrit (p=0. 008) and duration of stay in postpartum ward (p=0. 04).

Admitted in latent phase increase maternal complications، causes maternal invasive interventions and increases time of hospitalization. Therefore، it is recommended that physicians and midwives do not admit mothers in latent phase if there is no indication of admission.