نبات نقشبندی

 Curcumin, the biologically active ingredient of turmeric (Curcuma longa), affects pain processing at different levels. Local mechanisms of action of curcumin are somewhat known, but the central effects at the spinal and supraspinal levels have been less investigated. In this study, the effect of oral administration of curcumin on the formalin-induced muscle pain was investigated. In addition, naloxone (a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist) and AM251 (a cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist) were used to clarify the possible central mechanism of action of curcumin. 

 For intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections, one stainless steel guide cannula was implanted into in the left lateral ventricle of the brain in anaesthetized rats. Muscle pain was induced by intramuscular (IM) injection of formalin (2.5%, 50 µl) in the right gastrocnemius muscle, and the number of paw flinches and the time spent licking and biting of the injected paw were recorded at 5-min blocks for 1 h.

 A marked biphasic pain response was observed due to formalin injection. Oral administration of curcumin at doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) decreased both phases of muscle pain. Pain intensity was not influenced by alone ICV injection of naloxone and AM251 (p > 0.05), whereas the suppressive effect of 100 mg/kg curcumin was inhibited by ICV administration of 2 µg naloxone and 2 µg AM251 (p < 0.001). All the above-mentioned treatments did not alter locomotor activity.

 These results showed that curcumin produced an antinociceptive effect in muscle pain. Central opioid and cannabinoid receptors might be involved in the antinociception induced by curcumin.

Phytoplankton and algae are as the first level of the food chain and food producers for other organisms in the aquatic environment. These organisms acquire their nutrients in the process of photosynthesis (N and P) from the aquatic environment. In this study, the amount of purified fish wastewaters was studied by microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) in a period of 18 days. The present study was conducted in a laboratory system and on the wastewater outlet of fish farms. For this purpose, a 5-liter semi-industrial reactor was designed with a mixer blade, a porous plate, and a compressor. The required algae stock on the basis of density was cultured in the laboratory environment and then was injected into the bioreactor compartment containing fish wastewater. The averages of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and ammonium, TDS, TSS and BOD were 1.94, 2.22, 0.39, 4.11, 2.2, 1.94, 2.39 mg L-1, respectively. Also, PH and electrical conductivity were 7.52 and 1315 µ mho cm-1. The results showed that algae films efficiently reduced the amount of contaminants in the reactor space. This decreasing trend has increased over the course of the encounter. At the end of the exposure period, all parameters except phosphate have been reduced by almost half. The algal reactor can effectively reduce the organic loading of fish farms, which will partially prevent environmental contamination.

Agricultural pesticides are important chemical pollutants which are extensively used worldwide. In this study, the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos were investigated on haematological parameters of Grass Carp. In the present experiments, first the lethal concentration (LC50) of Chlorpyrifos was calculated, then the effects of different concentration of LC50 (10, 20 and 30 %) were studied on cortisol, glucose, RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC and some other blood factors of Grass carp (C. idella) during 14 days. Blood sampling was performed at 12hr, 24hr, 96hr, 7d and 14d and blood factors were measured using standard methods. Result showed that with the increase in pesticide concentration, a significant increase was observed in the concentrations of glucose, cortisol, RBC, Ht, Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC at 12hr and 24 hr, and then the mentioned parameters decreased at the end of the experiment period. In addition, WBC, lymphocyte and eosinophil significantly increased at high concentrations of pesticide, and monocyte and basophil decreased. According to the results, Chlorpyrifos have shown the intensive effects on physiological and immunological characteristics of the carp. Additionally, blood factors, especially the amount of RBC and WBC, can be introduced as health bio-indicator of Grass carp and aquatic environment.

Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of phylum Rotifera, live in a diverse range of aquatic habitats. They are important in ecology of freshwater ecosystems by recycling nutrients and can alter trophic dynamic of planktonic communities. These features have also been used to infer environmental conditions in an aquatic habitat. Because of the important roles of this group of animals in the trophic chains of aquatic environments and the need for discovering their biodiversity, this study was planned to analyze the patterns of rotifer community structure in response to temporal fluctuations in environmental variables in two water bodies in northwest Iran. Samples were collected seasonally between October 2014 and November 2015. Temperature, pH, DO, conductivity, salinity and rotifer abundance were measured. In total, 28 rotifer species belong to 10 families of phylum Rotifera were identified. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to estimate the relationship between environmental variables and biodiversity of rotifer taxa. The clusters showed strong correlation with dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity for shaping the rotifer assemblages in both reservoirs.

Glyphosate is a non-selective, systemic herbicide that can control most plants, but it has harmful effects on organisms, especially aquatic animals. Static bioassays were made to determine acute toxicity of glyphosate and its effects on haematological parameters and behavior changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Common carp were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) and a control group for 96 h. After that, blood and plasma factors were measured in blood samples. Mortality rate and fish behavioral were recorded during the experiments. LC50, LOEC, NOEC and MATC were calculated by Probit software according to mortality rate in any treatment.
In the early period of the experiment, fish in toxic media were jumping in water and showed high movements. Then after, the behavior such as breathing in surface, loss of balance, weakness and finally death were observed in the different treatments. LC50 value and 95% confidence limit of glyphosate in 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 36.09, 30.46, 21.78 and 20.05 mg/L for common carp, respectively. The LOEC, NOEC and MATC were calculated as 6.66, 4.73 and 2.005 mg/L. The Significant changes that were observed in blood factors included RBC, WBC, Hct, Hb and plasma factors such as total protein, glucose, cortisol and other factors when the pesticide concentration was increased (P Results showed that glyphosate had a high effect on common carp and it its physiology and immune system. Haematological parameters may be used as an environmental health diagnostic test and stress indicator for agriculture pesticides in aquatic ecosystems.

Chlorpyrifos is one of the strong organophosphate pesticides that use very much and lead poisoning, disruptor in immune and physiology systems and live activities of aquatic organisms. Therefore, its effects can use as the biological indicator in a determination of pollutants. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Chlorpyrifos (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) were investigated on thyroid hormones of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during 14 days. Blood sampling performed in 12, 24 and 96h and also 7 and 14 days after the exposure. The concentrations of serum thyroid hormone were determined using Radioimmunoassay method. Results showed the significant decrement in the serum T3 and increment of the serum T4 in the treated fishes in comparison to the control groups. In addition, the decrement in ratio T3/T4 was observed (P

Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of phylum Rotifera, which live in a diverse range of aquatic habitats. They are important in ecology of freshwater ecosystems by recycling nutrients and can alter trophic dynamic of planktonic communities. These features have also been used as indicators of the environmental conditions in aquatic habitats. Considering the important roles of this group of animals in the trophic chains of aquatic environments and the need to explore their biodiversity, this study was planned with the aim of analyzing patterns of rotifer community structure in Kani-Brazan and Bohlul-Kendi water bodies located in northwest Iran. Samples were collected seasonally between October 2007 and November 2008. Temperature, pH, DO, conductivity, salinity and rotifer abundance were measured. In total, 28 rotifer species were identified from the two studied sites. In each site, rotifer species diversity differed seasonally. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to estimate the relationship between environmental variables and abundance of rotifer taxa. The clusters showed strong correlation with dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity for shaping the rotifer assemblages in both Kani-Brazan and Bohlul-Kendi reservoirs.

milk and its products, especially the cheese, provide the large part o f the food's needs for human. This product provides good condition for transferring of disease to human. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of E.coli and/or coliform contamination of Tabriz lighvan inMaraghe.

in this descriptive cross sectional study, during six months, 100 samples of Tabriz lighvan cheese were in vestigated in Maraghe food and cosmetics laboratory.the samples were in vestigated for contamination with E.coli and Coliform according to Iranian standard guideline. The isolated bacteria were further identified by conventional bacteriologic tests.

of the 100 samples, 98% were contaminated with coliform , 50% contaminated with E.coli , in 44% the intensity of pollution was very high, so the numbers of Pergenes in its Pelits were innumerable,also.66% of the samples have the PH higher than limit standard in Iran.

Result of this study showed that frequency of traditional cheese lighvan which were contaminated with E.coli and coliform was significantly higher than other surveys. Key wor