فهرست مطالب نرگس احمدوند

One of the goals of the government is to achieve to economic balances for eliminate fluctuations and improve the social welfare of citizens.The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of government expenditures in economic affairs and related chapters on the Amartya Sen social welfare index during business cycles in Iran’s economy. In this regard, the nonlinear autoregressive model with distributed lag (NARDL) has been used during the time period of 1973-2019. The results show that the positive shocks of government expenditures in economic affairs and chapters of agricultural, water resources, industry and mining, trade and cooperation, energy, housing and development, environment, and the negative shocks of government expenditures in economic affairs, the chapters of water resources, information technology, trade and cooperation, transportation and energy during business cycles have caused increasing social welfare significantly. Also, in the positive shock of government expenditures in information technology chapter during periods of boom and transportation chapter during periods of boom have caused increasing and decreasing social welfare respectively, significantly. Also, in the negative shock of government expenditures in the housing, development and industry and mining chapters increase social welfare during periods of recession and boom, respectively. In the negative shock of government expenditures in the chapter of environmental during boom periods has reduced social welfare, significantly.

Government expenditures in the fields of defense, order and security play a central and effective role in maintaining territorial integrity and creating stability in societies; Therefore, how to allocate the government's budget in these areas with the goals of creating stability and increasing social welfare in societies effectively depends on a correct understanding of the country's economic situation. The aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of the total government expenditure and the effect of the government expenditure on defense affairs and its related seasons, including order, security and defense, on the social welfare index (Amartiasen) during business cycles in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, the non-linear self-explanatory model with wide intervals has been used for the evaluation and analysis of information during the period of 1352-1398.   The results of the research show that the positive shocks of the government spending in defense affairs and the defense season in periods of recession, as well as in the season of order and security in periods of prosperity, have led to an increase in social well-being. This is despite the fact that the negative shocks of the government's expenditures in defense affairs and the seasons of defense and order and security in periods of prosperity and also in the season of defense in periods of recession have also increased social welfare; in addition, the shocks Positive and negative total government spending during commercial periods has caused a decrease and an increase in social welfare, respectively; Therefore, it can be claimed that the mentioned results imply that the effects of government spending components on social welfare are asymmetric.

The government expenditure in economic affairs can act as a tool for creating and sustaining development by improving income distribution. Therefore, prioritization and optimal allocation of economic expenditures of governments will be so important. In this regard, the present study has investigated the impact of government expenditure on economic sector and related sub-sectors (agriculture, industry and mining, trade, information technology, energy, housing, transportation, environment, cooperatives affairs, and water resources) on income distribution in Iran's economy during business cycles. In this study, Markov Switching Auto Regressive model (MSAR) has been used to estimate time-series data during the time period between 1973 to 2019. The result of the study indicates that economic sector and agricultural, water resources and transportation subsectors during business cycles, “housing, trade, and cooperative affairs” subsectors during the boom periods, and the environment subsector during the recession periods have reduced income inequality significantly. Also, the government expenditure in industrial, mining, and energy subsectors during business cycles and information technology subsector during the boom periods have increased income inequality significantly. Finally, the subsectors of agricultural, water, industry and mining, commerce and cooperation, transportation have been more stable in the recession regime. Meanwhile, the economic sector and subsectors of information technology, housing and development, environment and energy have been more stable in the boom regime. Therefore, the components of government expenditure on income distribution have asymmetric behavior.

The government tasks in regard to justice and increase social welfare is offering services and public finance, maintain order through enforce laws and good governance in the regulation of relations between governmental and public relations together with the help of the judicial system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of government spending on public affairs and related chapters, including: legislation, public services, judiciary, financial services and science development on the Amartya Sen social welfare index during business cycles in the Iranian economy. In this regard, the nonlinear self-explanatory model with wide intervals (NARDL) has been used to estimate time series data during the period of 1973-2019. The results show that in Iran, the positive shock of government spending in the science, legislative and public development chapters during business cycles has increased social welfare and in the judicial season decreased social welfare. The negative shock of government expenditures in public affairs and legislative, public and financial services chapters during business cycles and judicial chapter in recesion periods have significantly increased social welfare, significantly. Also, the negative shock of government expenditures in the science development chapter during recesion and boom, respectively, has increased and decreased Social welfare significantly. Thus, government Expenditure on public affairs and related sub-chapters during business cycles has had asymmetric effects on social welfare.

Increasing the level of social welfare and providing the poor with discipline, security, education, health services, social security, increases the capacity of the economy in the areas of agriculture, water and electricity supply, industries and mines, business, energy, transportation, information technology. Meanwhile, the extent of government presence in how public policies are implemented plays a significant role in achieving inclusive social development.

The purpose of this study is to obtain the optimal share of government expenditures in economic, social and cultural, public, defense and security, and areas related to each of the matters with the aim of maximizing Social Welfare Index. In this regard, the threshold model and Simplex linear programming algorithm were used to estimate time series data during the period of 1971-2019.

The results showed that in order to achieve a higher level of social welfare, the share of government spending in GDP should be equal to 21.07%. Also, the share of public, defense, social, and economic affairs in GDP should reach the levels of 0.83, 2.7, 6.47, and 11.07 percent, respectively. Also, among the chapters, the share of education, information technology and energy with the highest priority should respectively be 4.05, 3.6 and 3.2% of GDP. Other chapters also have different effects in terms of sign and size on social welfare.

In the budgeting system of the country, the priority of allocating resources should be first in economic affairs with the emphasis on information technology and energy chapters and then in social affairs with emphasis on education chapter. Allocating the largest share to these matters and areas is due to their importance in the process of development, reducing poverty, and increasing social welfare.

Government expense is an important financial tool for empowering the poor. In such a way that the government provides a suitable environment for the business of people by investing in the fields of defense, judiciary, legislation, order and security. In addition, by providing social services such as education, health, social security, and transportation, communication, energy and infrastructure, the government causes an increase in human capacity for earning more money leading to the reduction of poverty and inequality. The purpose of this study is to estimate the optimal amount of government expenses in economic, social and cultural, defense and security, public affairs. Related chapters aim at minimizing income inequality. In this regard, the threshold regression model and the simplex linear programming algorithm are used for estimating the time series data during the period 1971-2019. The results reveal that the optimal amount of government expenditure total should be equal to 19.2% of GDP to reduce the income inequality. Also, for reducing the income inequality, the optimal amount of public, defense, social and economic expenses in GDP should reach 1.1, 2.35, 10.2 and 5.5 percent, respectively. Moreover, among the chapters, the optimal amount of education, health and defense chapters with the highest priority should be 6.5, 2.25, 1.79% of GDP, respectively. Furthermore, other chapters have different effects on income inequality.

Sexual discrimination is not defined as the equalization of facilities and opportunities among men and women. One of the dimensions of gender inequality can be expressed in terms of the inequality of employment opportunities, types of jobs, and the level of payment for equal work between men and women.By looking at the results of the workforce surveys of 1395, it can be said that about 11 percent of the active population of the country is unemployed and the unemployment rate among women is higher than that of men. Iran’s ranking in the gender inequality index was 118 in 2015, with the participation rate of 16.2% for women and 72.2%. for men
There is some evidence that the relationship between women›s employment and GDP as a criterion for economic development is in the form of a non-uniform curve. In such a way that the impact of economic development on gender equality in employment follows the effects of wages from the U-shaped model.
Some economists have found a vague link between education and women›s participation through the outcome of the both effects of income and replacement.
Democracy in countries is recognized as a factor in promoting the status of women. While in conservative and authoritarian regimes, the presence of the patriarchal system, the reproduction of the traditional role of women in society, the low level of empowerment of women and their dependence on the state as vulnerable segments of society are still common.
International trade and direct foreign investment (FDI) can create job opportunities for women.
Political globalization with a role in organizations and international conventions is a key variable in promoting gender equality.
Economic growth, both as a factor in increasing the independent income of women, is an increase in their scope for the participation and accumulation of human capital, and as a factor in undermining gender equality.
Government spending as a macroeconomic variable such as economic growth can have different effects on women›s employment in the labor force market.
Domestic investment is one of the components of overall demand and influences on gender equality. This variable is the main source of employment, creating wealth and innovation.
Demographic variables can be regarded as other factors affecting gender equality in employment.
An increase in the level of ICT infrastructure improves gender equality in the level of work activity.
The presence of oil and the resource curse  has led to a reduction in women’s labor force participation in the Middle East compared to other parts of the world. If the growth of a country is dependent on oil and mineral resources, with the oil sector booming, commodity trade will decline, and women will be more likely to face wage cuts as more women work in the commercial sector.
There is a vague connection between the unemployment rate and the employment of women.
It can be said that in Islamic countries, active participation of women has been accepted, and they can keep their roles as women and mothers at the same time taking care of their children, and this matter seems to «have no real opposition to women›s professional practice». Based on theoretical foundations, gender equality is largely a function of the following factors:GE= f (GDP, Eqprimeduc, Eqseceduc, Domec, Open, FDI, Polglob, Ecgth, Govexp, Inv, Urban, Popg, Fempopshare, Internet, Mobile, Ythunemp, Natural Resources, Christian, Muslim(
As can be seen, based on theoretical foundations, the Bayesian data panel model is used.
Table 2: The Significance Test
Condition    Cases    Successes    Probability
model2.moslem > 0    20000    19796    0.9898
model2.oil < 0    20000    14846    0.7423
model2.christian > 0    20000    19861    0.99305
model2._youth_unemployment_rate > 0    20000    18768    0.9384
model2.population_growth < 0    20000    20000    1
model2._female_population < 0    20000    18913    0.94565
model2.Urban_population < 0    20000    18740    0.937
model2.domestic_investment < 0    20000    19926    0.9963
model2.goverment_expenditure < 0    20000    19160    0.958
model2.economic_growth > 0    20000    16547    0.82735
model2.Political_globalization_index < 0    20000    11401    0.57005
model2.FDI < 0    20000    19859    0.99295
model2.Trade_open > 0    20000    10205    0.51025
model2.Democracy < 0    20000    16362    0.8181
model2.GDP_per_capita < 0    20000    11217    0.56085
model2.internet > 0    20000    11734    0.5867
model2.mobile < 0    20000    18595    0.92975
model2.Gendereq_in_secondary_edu > 0    20000    18859    0.94295
model2.Gendereq_in_primary_educa < 0    20000    16862    0.8431

Table 3
The Results of the Convergence Test for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Each of the Estimated Parameters.   
Mean    Spectral
density at 0    MCMC
sd. error    Relative
Numer. Eff.    Inefficiency
factor                   
moslem    2.17439    12.6057    0.06293    0.010978    91.0885
oil    -0.06541    0.697603    0.014804    0.002264    441.604
christian    2.38052    13.4004    0.064884    0.010752    93.0085
_youth_unemplo+    0.001157    2.16E-06    2.61E-05    0.041358    24.1791
population_gro+    -0.05694    0.000555    0.000417    0.038508    25.9685
_female_popula+    -0.02976    0.004676    0.001212    0.011641    85.9053
Urban_populati+    -0.00198    1.52E-05    6.91E-05    0.017974    55.6368
domestic_inves+    -0.00212    8.86E-07    1.67E-05    0.110971    9.0114
goverment_expe+    -0.00283    5.06E-06    3.99E-05    0.083217    12.0168
economic_growth    0.000808    2.88E-07    9.51E-06    0.405174    2.46807
Political_glob+    -7.63E-05    3.21E-07    1.00E-05    0.091255    10.9583
FDI    -0.00157    9.34E-08    5.42E-06    0.684832    1.46021
Trade_open    3.76E-06    4.49E-07    1.19E-05    0.054602    18.3144
Democracy    -0.00227    1.34E-05    6.50E-05    0.075739    13.2033
GDP_per_capita    -4.13E-07    1.32E-11    6.44E-08    0.094679    10.562
internet    8.76E-05    1.67E-07    7.25E-06    0.162687    6.14677
mobile    -0.0003    7.48E-08    4.85E-06    0.090343    11.0689
Gendereq_in_se+    0.111469    0.017214    0.002325    0.047011    21.2715
Gendereq_in_pr+    -0.02392    0.000206    0.000255    0.434065    2.3038
tau    444.66    278.889    0.295999    0.733929    1.36253
omega    40.8264    348.491    0.33088    0.101962    9.8076
sigma_e    0.047539    8.08E-07    1.59E-05    0.732259    1.36564
sigma_alpha    0.164679    0.002182    0.000828    0.072843    13.7281

The results show that population growth, domestic investment, Christianity, and direct foreign investment are the most important determinants of gender equality, respectively. As expected, if population growth is to be allocated to women with lower educational, health and other priorities, domestic investment and direct foreign investment due to inefficiencies and corruption in countries in developing countries, they will lead to an increase in gender equality. On the other hand, Christian countries have more gender equality than Islamic countries in the labor force market. Government spending, secondary education, women›s share of the population, youth unemployment rate, urban population share, mobile users, gender equality in elementary education, economic growth and democracy, with a high probability (82-98%), on the gender equality model are effective in developing countries. While other model variables include oil exporting countries, internet users, the index of globalization, GDP, and open trade, they can have an uncertain probability (about 50%) in the pattern. As a result, it can be stated that demographic variables, internal and external capital, religion, and gender equality in education provide the best explanation for the employment gap between men and women in developing countries. Therefore, maintaining a balance in population growth, preventing domestic investment in inefficient projects, creating a suitable platform for women›s higher education, preventing them from directing to less paid jobs, using the Internet to update women›s skills, trading in goods, limiting the dependence on the oil sector as a male component, and ultimately, increasing economic growth in developing countries including Iran could provide suggestions for reducing gender inequality in the labor market.  
In the present study, did not have any sponsors
All authors contributed in designing, running, and writing all parts of the research.
This article does not conflict with other articles of my.
This article follows the principles of ethics and research and is endorsed by the Bu-Ali Sina University in this regard

In the process of economic globalization, one of the important factors is transfer and technology overflow from the channel of trade. Absorbing foreign technology by the channel of imports of industrial products and using the latent technology in those products creates export development, increase the quality and quantity of manufactured goods with low costs, and modify management, technology improvements and production of goods with high added valu that this makes optimal allocation of resources, efficiency and economic growth in various economic sectors. Therefore, in developing countries, after passing through the agricultural sector, the technology has been absorbed into the low-tech industries to reach a stage of development and to create the appropriate substrates for producing higher value added industries. On the other hand, export of these industries is important by creating competitive advantage, improving management practices, making cost savings and valuing. In this study, using Romer’s endogenous growth model, the impact of import and export of low technology industries have been studied on economic growth of Iran for the period 2002-2012. In this regard, seasonal data were used in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between variables. The separation of low technology industries has been made according to the OECD classification. The results showed a positive and significant impact of import and export of low technology industries on Iran’s economic growth. Also other variables i.e. capital stock, employment and research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effects on Iran economic growth.

Effort to attract foreign capitals is not necessarely an economic weakness. But it is to say that it is a way to stimulate and to promote the production flow of a country, a main chanel of the growth of international trade, technology transfer, job creation, and consequently a way to increase the living standards of any society. This study aims to analyze the effects of foreign investment (direct and indirect) as cash capital absorption and industrial goods importation (high, medium and low -tech industries) as non – cash capital absorption on Iranian economic growth for period of 2001-2012. In this regard, seasonal data have used in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between variables. Results showed a significant negative impact of industrial import and a significant positive impact of foreign investment on Iranian economic growth. Also other variables i.e. capital stock, employment, research and development expenditure and export have had significant positive impact on Iranian economic growth.