فهرست مطالب نرگس کارگری

Energy, especially electricity, is one of the most important infrastructures of modern life. Electricity generation is a necessary and inevitable activity. However, it is associated with environmental impacts. Among different types of power plants, thermal power plants have significant environmental impacts due to the use of fossil fuels.

Among thermal power plants, combined cycle power plants, which are the dominant method of generating electricity in Iran, have lesser environmental impact. So far, different methods have been used to study and evaluate the environmental impact of combined-cycle power plants. However, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method is an appropriate, complete, and new way to quantify the impacts. This method can quantify and assess the impacts in different categories, including health impacts (impacts on human health). This method is based on the ISO 14040 standard. According to the object (health impacts), three methods have been selected to characterize and assess the impacts, including Impact 2002, EPS, EDIP, and for this purpose, SimaPro software has been applied.

Among the characterization methods, only the EDIP method has a normalization coefficient and provides the possibility of comparing the classes of effects. Based on the EDIP method, the normalized quantity of air pollution toxicity, water pollution toxicity, and soil pollution toxicity are equal to 3-E8/3, 3-E8-27, and 6-E9-24, respectively.

Based on the results obtained for the combined cycle power plant studied in this search (Shahid Rajaei power plant), the most health impacts are caused by air pollutants, after that, soil pollutants, which are mainly due to the entry of treated effluent of the power plant, have the largest share in health impacts, and finally water pollutants are the next priority in creating health impacts. The identified health impacts of the Shahid Rajaei combined cycle power plant include respiratory problems, lost years of life, malnutrition and reduced work capacity, exacerbation of angina pectoris, and exacerbation of asthma.

Safety training programs play an important role in the success of organizations and reducing occupational injuries. The effectiveness of such programs not only provides employees with new opportunities to improve their safety skills, but also can be leading to greater productivity and improvement of safety culture. Therefore, this study was conducted to prioritize the factors affecting the effectiveness of safety training for employees of Fardis Fire Protection Organization using multi-criteria decision-making model.

 In the current study, the criteria (including the quality and quantity of education and development policies and measures) and sub-criteria were identified from the similar studies and their screened using the Delphi technique. Then the criteria and sub-criteria of each criterion were subjected to pair wise comparisons and weighting. The internal relationships between the criteria were determined using DEMATEL technique; also, the final prioritization and weighting of the results were done using ANP and DEMATEL via the Super Decisions software. In so doing, 10 experts of Fardis Fire Protection Organization were selected in a non-probabilistic way to respond.

Based on the results obtained, "quality of education" criterion with a final weight of 0.515 had the first priority among the other criteria. Also, the "development policies and measures" criterion had the most effectiveness. Besides, "quantity of education" criterion had the highest level of influence and interaction. Meanwhile, "continuous presence of selected learners and teachers in the courses" sub-criterion with a final weight of 0.104 had the first priority among the others.

In conclusion, it can be argued that don't continuously and adequately paid attention to the employee's training could be leading to reduced effectiveness of safety training. Therefore, in order to maintain the effectiveness of the training programs, it is recommended to design the safety training courses in line with the organization policies.

Wheat and maize are important and strategic crops in Iran. These crops are widely grown in the Dez catchment area. Therefore, due to climate change, recent droughts, water bankruptcy in the country, low water consumption efficiency in agriculture, and the excessive consumption of input which pose a serious threat to agriculture and food security, it is necessary to achieve a correct understanding of the sustainable production of crops in the region. Improper use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fossil fuels, machinery causes irreversible damage to the environment. To reduce these adverse environmental effects of methods the idea of sustainable agriculture and the transformation of agriculture from high-input to low-input consumption is very important. The footprint index determines the amount of pressure on nature caused by man or other man-made systems. The carbon uptake criterion is used as a basis for assessing the ecological footprint. Ecological footprint estimates the amount of productive land needed to compensate for the environmental impacts of a particular activity by calculating resource consumption and carbon dioxide production. According to studies, each hectare of land can absorb 1.8 tons of carbon. The carbon uptake criterion is used as a basis for assessing the ecological footprint.

The method of the present study has a practical approach because it is in line with achieving sustainable agricultural development. This research was carried out in the cropping year of 2019-2020 at the Dez catchment. To determine the environmental sustainability of agriculture we used the modified ecological footprint method presented by Kissinger and Gottlieb (2012) and Guzman et al (2013). In this study, the ecological footprint was determined based on a place-oriented approach by obtaining energy consumption of the inputs, and the amount of crop and land energy. All the variables were collected in the form of a questionnaire and through interviews with 400 farmers of wheat and maize in the study area. Equivalent factors were also selected from similar studies. Independent samples t-test was performed between the two crops to determine whether there are differences in evaluation of EF.

The results of evaluating the ecological footprint method of wheat and maize cultivation in the study area at the level of one hectare were 3.50 and 4.66 global hectares, respectively. The results of the ecological footprint assessment for wheat and maize showed that both cropping systems are in an unsustainable state in terms of the environment. These systems produce 1.7 tons and 2.86 tons of excess carbon to produce wheat and maize, respectively which are more than the ecological capacity of one hectare to absorb environmental pollution. For both wheat and maize crops, nitrate fertilizer with 40.85% and 49.36%, diesel fuel with 18.57% and 17.60%, and water consumption with 14.57% and 16.31%, respectively, had the greatest impact on environmental instability in the study area. Mean comparison of the ecological footprint between the two crops showed that there was no significant difference between wheat and maize. The high ecological footprint of traditional agriculture was consistent with previous studies (Naderi Mahdei et al, 2015; Kissinger and Gottlieb, 2012; Bevec et al, 2011). Also, the important role of nitrate fertilizer and fossil fuels in increasing environmental hazards and ecological unsustainability was consistent with Fallahpour et al, (2012). It should be noted that No study was found to contradict the findings of the current study.

Both wheat and maize cropping systems were not environmentally sustainable and the total consumption inputs for both crops; chemical fertilizers, especially nitrate fertilizer and then diesel fuel have had the greatest impact on environmental instability in the study area. As a final result, the ecosystem of irrigated wheat production is more desirable than grain maize in terms of environmental sustainability, therefore, the production of both crops, especially maize, must be done with the highest accuracy and consider environmental considerations in the region.

Cereal production systems in Iran are often associated with high costs and low productivity, improper use of inputs causes irreversible damage to the environment. Efficient farm management is one of the most important issues in achieving sustainable performance. This study aimed to determine and compare the ecological sustainability of two production ecosystems of irrigated wheat and grain maize using emergy analysis.

This research was carried out in the cropping year of 2019-2020 in Dez catchment. Interviews were conducted with 400 farmers of wheat and maize based on a questionnaire to collect data on production processes in farms. In this study, the emergy analysis method was selected to measure the sustainability of the desired agricultural products. Finally, the sustainability of the systems was evaluated using the value of emergy indicators.

The total emergy inputs for the irrigated wheat and maize production ecosystems were 1.60347E+16 and 2.54883E+16 sej ha-1 per year, respectively. The results indicated the production of both crops is in an environmentally unsustainable condition, and of all consumption inputs; chemical fertilizers, especially nitrate and phosphate, and then diesel have the most impact on environmental unsustainability in the study area.

As a final result, the ecosystem of irrigated wheat production is more desirable than grain maize in terms of yield, renewability, and environmental sustainability, and wheat production in the region is the superior system for achieving sustainability compared to maize production.