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This study was performed to evaluate of effect corn and wheat gluten individually and combination on performance and carcass traits broiler chickens. The experiment was performed using 400 broilers Ross 308 with the same initial weight in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications of 20 pieces for mixed sex and in a period of 42 days. The treatments included: 1- Control. 2- Corn gluten (5 %). 3- wheat gluten (4 %). 4- Mixed corn gluten (2/5 %) + wheat gluten (2 %).The measured experimental characteristics were; feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and production index. At the end of experimental period one bird was selected randomly from each replicate and slaughtered and carcass characteristics were measured. Results from compare means by duncan test showed that wheat gluten treatment significantly better performance in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio and production index is compared to other treatments. But in the case of weight gain, there is no significant difference between treatments. Wheat gluten treatment had a better carcass characteristics in terms of percentages of carcass, breast, thighs, wings and parts of the digestive system is compare to other treatments.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Thyme and Garlic powder on the quantity and quality of production, and some blood parameters on 128 hens of Hyline breed, Strains of W36 at 46 weeks of age. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications in 12 weeks and each experimental unit contains 8 laying hens in two cages. Treatments include (1) Blank diet without thyme and garlic, (2) Diet contain of thyme 0.5% with garlic 1%, (3) Diet contain of thyme 1% with garlic 1%, (4) Diet contain of thyme 1.5% with garlic 1%, in diets based on corn and soybean meal. Studying the results of qualitative and performance traits data showed there were not significant differences between treatments (P≥0.05). Numerically the highest daily egg product mean (53.56 g) and the amount of daily feed intake (92.63 g) and egg weight mean (62.67 g) is related to the treatment No.3, while the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.72) and the highest production percentage (85.86) is related to the treatment No.1. The blood characteristics with 1 percentage of mixed thyme and garlic powder was high significant Compared to other treatments and Blank(P>0.01).In general it can be concluded that qualitative and performance traits of egg were not affected by different levels of thyme and garlic powder but unlike Uric acid blood parameters(Total protein and Albumin) showed significant improvements.

This study was considered the effect of bees feeding with mixture of tryptophan and ascorbic acid on some of physiological , behavioral, and productive parameters in Iranian honey bee. The treatments included tryptophan(12 mg/gr) , ascorbic acid (2 mg/gr) combined in 1:1 syrup ( sugar 1 kg per 1 liter of water), and for control treatment only used syrup. Bees were fed once a week.The results showed that feeding bees with syrup contain tryptophan and ascorbic acid had significant effect on malondialdehyde(MDA), melatonin(MEL) and serotonin(SER) levels (P<0.01). The maximum levels of MDA, MEL and SER was observed in worker bees which they fed respectively with tryptophan (31.59± 0.72 pg/ml), combined tryptophan and ascorbic acid (178 ± 5.02 pg/ml) and ascorbic acid treatment (28.31± 5.02 pg/ml). The minimum levels was recorded respectively in ascorbic acid (17.59± 0.35 pg/ml), (74±3.06 pg/ml) and tryptophan(15.2±0.31 pg/ml) treatments. The weight of treated bees was affected statistically (P<0.001). The maximum weight was related to feeding bees with combine tryptophan and ascorbic acid syrup (111.26 ± 3.26 mg) and the minimum was in control group (90.34 ± 1.75 mg). The reaction of bees to the leather ball showed that dietary treatments had no effect on defensive behavior of worker bees. The defined diets had a significant effect on the peace of bees within the colony (P<0.05) and also on the offensive behavior of the bees (P<0.05). All treatments had significant effects on fecundity, larvae and pupae density and honey production in comparison with control (P<0.001).

The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of ascorbic acid and methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) on performance and liver histology of broilers under heat stress conditions. To perform the experiment, 400 one-day-old male chickens of commercial Ross 308 strain were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five iterations (each iteration contained 20 chickens). The experimental treatments included: 1) base diet based on maize-soybean (the control), 2) base diet with 0.2% vitamin C, 3) base diet with 0.46, 0.36, and 0.32% MHA, in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively, and 4) base diet with a mixture of 0.2% vitamin C and 0.46, 0.36, and 0.32% of MHA in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively. During the growth period, feed consumption in the treatment containing MHA had a significant increase compared to the control group (P <0.05). In the final period, feed conversion ratio in treatments using a mixture of vitamin C and MHA had a significant improvement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Hepatocyte diameter and hepatocyte nucleus diameter were significantly reduced in chickens receiving vitamin C and a mixture of vitamin C and MHA compared to the control group (P <0.05). The results of this experiment revealed that the use of a mixture of vitamin C and MHA compared to their separate use in the diet could be effective in reducing the negative effects of heat stress.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of stressors on ewes during pregnancy and the physical characteristics of newborn lambs. To perform the experiment, 144 Zandi ewes with twin embryos were divided into 6 treatments and 6 replications (each replication containing 4 ewes) that were mid-pregnant. Experimental treatments include 1. Control, 2. Injection of cortisol in 10 times, 3. Isolation in 2 times (2 times isolation), 4. Isolation in 10 times (10 times isolation), 5. Simulated wool cut in 10 times and 6. Wool cut in mid-pregnancy. The results showed that the ewes treated with cut wool during lactation had a significant increase in weight compared to the ewes of the group 2 times isolated, 10 times isolated and the simulated cut wool (P <0.05). Sheared wool ewes had greater body condition compared to ewes in the simulated wool cut and cortisol group (P <0.05). Lambs born in the control and wool cut groups had longer body length compared to the lambs in the other groups (P <0.05). The amount of cortisol in ewes that received cortisol and also, wool was cut, there was a significant increase with the control (P <0.05). Lambs born from ewes that had their wool cut had a higher live weight (P <0.05). In general, the results showed that although stresses during pregnancy increase the concentration of glucocorticoids, but their concentration by wool cutting during pregnancy was such that it did not reduce the weight characteristics of ewes and lambs

In order to determine the most economic energy level of broiler diets, an experiment was conducted for 42 days using ROSS 308 broiler chicks. In a completely randomized design arrangement, 400 one-day old broiler chicks  were randomly distributed to 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each replication (one pen) contained 21 birds. Treatments were diets with 5 different metabolizable energy including 2900, 2950, 3000, 3050 and 3100 Kcal/Kg. The performance traits were measured periodically and at the end of the experiment.  Duncan’s mean comparison test showed that there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of weight gain during the starter period, but chicks fed by diets with 3100 Kcal/Kg showed significantly more weight gain than the other treatments in the growing (11- 24 d) and finishing periods (p < 0.05). Despite the feed consumption which were no significant difference between treatments in all of periods in the experiment, the feed conversion ratio of birds fed diets with 3100 Kcal/Kg was significantly less compared with the other treatments (p < 0.05). Results of carcass traits showed birds fed diets with 3100 Kcal/Kg had more breast efficiency than the other treatments.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quantity of egg, and some blood parameters on 128 laying hens at 46 weeks of age in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications in 12 weeks and each experimental unit contains 8 laying hens. Treatments include (1) Control diet without thyme and garlic, (2) Diet contain of thyme 0.5 percent with garlic 1 percent, (3) Diet contain of thyme 1% with garlic 1%, (4) Diet contain of thyme 1.5 percent with garlic 1 percent, in diets based on corn and soybean meal. Evaluated parameters include qualitative traits (egg weight, dense albumen height, shell percentage, and yolk height) and some blood parameters. Results of qualitative treatments showed that there experimental treatments showed significantly better albumen and yolk height than control group (P>0.05).Regarding the blood parameters of the treatments including 1 percent thyme for SOD, HDL there were significantly differences between treatments (P>0.01). There was a significant decrease in MDA between experimental treatments and it showed the lowest amount in the treatments including 1 percent of thyme (P>0.01). Results for egg quality showed there were significantly more albumen and yolk's height of experimental groups  versus control group (P > 0.05) Treatment containing the highest rate of thyme (1.5 percent) per 1 percent garlic had the lowest HDL and had significant superiority compared to other treatments (P>0.05)

The present experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of feeding ewes with two different feeding levels during mid- and late pregnancy on the performance and behavior of ewes and lambs during 24 hours after birth.In order to test 112 ewes of Zandi singleton breed that were pregnant, they were randomly divided into 4 feeding levels in mid and late pregnancy in 4 treatments and 4 replications (7 repetitions per head).Experimental treatments include: 1- Feeding with 4 cm forage in mid-pregnancy and feeding with 4 cm forage in late pregnancy (4-4), 2- Feeding with 4 cm forage in mid-pregnancy and feeding with 2 cm forage in Late pregnancy (4-2), 3- Forage feeding 2 cm in mid-pregnancy and forage feeding 4 cm in late pregnancy (2-4), 4- Forage feeding 2 cm in mid-pregnancy and forage feeding Were 2 cm in late pregnancy (2-2).According to the results, the weight of ewes and the birth weight of their lambs that used 4 cm forage in mid and late pregnancy had a significant increase compared to other groups (p < 0.05).Lambs born from 4-4 group ewes moved less towards their mother to communicate (p < 0.05).In general, the results of the present experiment showed that feeding ewes in late gestation with four cm of forage could have better performance on ewes and lambs born.

An experiment to investigate the effect of vitamin C and E on broiler performance under heat stress in age from 1 day to 41 days of life was gay. Chicks transferred in 4floors cages randomly and were kept in heat stress condition (temperature 32 ° C) for starter, growth and final periods. For this purpose, three types of dietary recommendations based on the needs of the directories in the Ross 308 strain was prepared in 2013. The basal diets with added vitamin C and E, 4 dietary treatments include:1. The basal diet, 2. Basal diet + 0.25 Vitamin E, 3. Basal diet + 0.2% Vitamin C and 4. Basal diet + 0.25% Vitamin E + 0.2% of vitamin C Was obtained. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments and 4 replicates per treatment that generally of 16 cages and each cage of 5 chicks and a total of 80 male chicks were used. Testing was conducted in a completely randomized design. During the day the birds were exposed for 7 hours under heat stress. Traits measured in this experiment included the average feed intake, average weight gain, average feed conversion rate for each period and the period.At 41 days of each experimental unit 2 broilers slaughtered and carcass and its components (including thighs, chest, skull, wings, abdominal fat, heart, gizzard and liver) were examined and also at the age of 32 days per kilogram of body weight in 1 ml SRBC injection and after a week was titrated. The results showed that the differences in feed intake between treatments during the starter, grower, finisher was not statistically significant, but the entire period was significant. In the initial period the mean weight gain was significantly different among treatments, but at other stages of the period was not significant. In regard to the FCR was significant difference between treatments in the initial period, But not significant in the other stages of the period, Effect of different treatments on the mean percentage of carcass and its components such as chest showed no significant difference. In addition, in SRBC titration experiments were observed no significant differences among treatments, But in the experiments of antioxidant enzymes were significant differences between treatments. Based on the results obtained from the use of vitamin E and C in the diet of broilers under heat stress are appropriate and recommended at the level of 0.25 (vitamin E) and 0.2 (vitamin C) percent.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils on performance, carcass characteristics, serum metabolites and immune response in broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 400 male broilers (Ross-308) were divided into 4 treatments with 5 replications of 20 birds per each. Experimental treatments were as follow: Control diet without additive and diets containing 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 % of thyme essential oil. The results showed that supplementation of diet with thyme essential oils had not significant effect on average body weight daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics (P>0.05). Addition of thyme eesential oil to broilers diet not influenced (p>0.05) serum metabolites (gluose, albumin, protein, triglyceride and VLDL), However significantly decreased (P<0.05) serum cholesterol and LDL concentration and significantly increased (P<0.05) HDL concentration. Supplementation of diet with thyme essential oils significantly increased (P<0.05) antibody response versus ND disease and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) in broiler chicks under heat stress. These results suggested that supplementation of diet with thyme essential oil tended to increase growth rate, immune system reinforcement, decreased serum LDL and cholesterol, and these could be consider as a growth promoter immune response amplifier in broilers diet under heat stress.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary methionine on performance, blood parameters and reproductive traits of laying Japanese quail for 9 weeks(8-16 week of age). A total of 140 female Japanese quails were distributed in completely randomized experimental design with five treatments (56 days of age) with 4 replicates(7 birds in each replicate). Treatments including: 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55 % of methionine concentration in the diet. The results of study demonstrated that in first period (8-12 week), second period(13-16 week) and the whole period(8-16 week), methionine levels had a significant effect(P>0/05 (on egg production and egg mass(gr/bird/day) which the highest egg production and egg mass were related to birds fed on diets containing 0.45%, 0.50 % methionine, respectively. The comparison of treatments demonstrated that with increasing the methionine concentration, albumin and uric acid level were decreasing. The results of this study shows that the highest production performance and reproduction indicators in the first period (8-12 week), second period (13-16 week) are related to 0.45%, 0.50 and 0.55 % of methionine in diets and therefore these levels can be considered as requirements of layer Japanese quail in laying phase.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of pigments extracted from Red bell Pepper with the synthetic pigments (Canthaxanthin) on performance and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 64 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens at 75 weeks of age, were randomly divided into four equal groups each with 4 replications. A completely randomized design with 4 treatment and 4 replications in each treatment was conducted to study the effects of 4 treatments including: 1- control diet (without addition of any pigments), 2- control diet 25 mg/kg synthetic red Canthaxanthin pigments, 3- control diet 15 mg/kg extracted pigments from red bell pepper, and 4- control diet 30 mg/kg extracted pigments from red pepper. Extraction of pigments from red pepper was carried out using Hexane solvent and subsequently saponified by KOH. The results showed that egg production and egg quality were not affected by any of the treatments but the index of yolk color was significantly higher in laying hens fed either natural or synthetic pigments compared to control (P

A total of 480 one-day-old male turkey (B.U.T.6) were assigned to eight treatments with six replicates and 10 birds in each replicate in a 4x2 factorial arrangement. Treatment groups were four ideal ratios of digestible Arg to Lys (85, 95, 105, and 115%) and two levels of CreAmino (0 and 0.06%) as a guanidino acetic acid (GAA) source. Body weight gains (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) were measured during two periods of starter (0-21d) and grower (22-49d). At the end of experiment (49 d) two birds per replicate were selected and slanghtered and their carcass traits were measured. The main effect of Arg:Lys on BWG was significant during starter period (P

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of various amounts of organic and mineral selenium supplementation on growth performance (including condition factor (CF), specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain (WG)), heamatological indices and liver histopathology. Nine dietary treatments were prepared and supplemented with selenium at 0 (control group (T0)), 0.15 (T1), 0.3 (T2), 0.45 (T3) and 0.6 g/kg of fish diet (T4). Fish were fed with formulated diet during 60 days of experiment. The average weight gain of the T3 group that was fed with organic selenium (214±18.6 g) was significantly higher (P

A total number of 750 one day old Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated randomly to 5 treatments with 5 replicates using a CRD statistical design. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets content of NSP wheat and wheat bran sources with and without exogenous enzymes on gut microbial population and physiological characteristics of broilers. Treatments were control, wheat, wheat bran, wheat+ enzyme, and wheat bran+ enzyme. Effects of different treatments and supplemented enzymes groups on the intestinal microbial population were significant. The least population of gram negative, coliforms and clostridiums and the highest population of lactic acid and bifidobacteria were existed in control and enzyme supplemented groups.Maximum digesta pH was belonged to wheat and wheat bran groups. The highest and least digesta viscosity was observed in wheat bran and control treatments respectively. Control had the least and highest pancreatic amylase and lipase enzyme activity respectively. Using of wheat diets decreased the villus length but increased the cript depth. However, supplementation of those diets with exogenous enzymes restored the situation.The highest and least villus length at deudenum, jejenum and ilium were belonged to wheat+ enzyme wheat bran groups respectively. In conclusion, using of wheat and wheat bran in broiler had negative effects on productive and physiological characteristics but supplementation of its with exogenous enzymes restored the situation.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with modified soybean powder (HP310) on growth performance and immunity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). So Fishmeal was replaced with HP310 at levels of 0، 25، 50، 75 and 100% in five experimental diets. A diet with 100% fishmeal (0% HP310) was used as control. Diets were fed to four replicate groups of 15 fish with an initial weight of 1. 17±0. 03 g for a period of 60 days. The results showed that diets with 25 and 50% of HP310 increased Feed Intake and thus increased Weight Gain، Specific Growth Rate and reduced Food Conversion Ratio (p<0. 05). But fish growth parameters decreased when 75 and 100% of substitution were used (p<0. 05). Furthermore، the results of blood parameters analysis، indicated that the amounts of Hemoglobin، Hematocrit and Red Blood Cells decreased by increasing the level of HP310 in experimental diets. But the difference between the control and the other treatments were not significant up to 75 percent replacement levels of diet. And only 10% HP310 treated showed a significant decrease compared to the control (P<0. 05). Study of white blood cells showed a significant increase with increasing levels of fish meal replacement diets compared to the control (P<0. 05). The present results indicated that soybean meal (HP310) can be replaced up to 50% of fish meal in rainbow trout’s diet without negative effects on growth performance and blood parameters.

This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of black pepper, garlic and turmeric powders on performance and antibody titer against Newcastle virus of broiler chickens using 448 Cobb 500 one day broiler chickens including male and female with 8 treatments in a factorial arrangement (2×2×2). Experimental treatments consisted of T1 (as control), T2 (black pepper powder), T3 (turmeric powder), T4 (garlic powder), T5 (black pepper and turmeric powders), T6 (black pepper and garlic powders), T7 (turmeric and garlic powders), T8 (black pepper, garlic and turmeric powders). Each treatment had 4 replicates and 14 chickens per replicat. In this experiment, two blood samples were collected from each replicate at 28 day-old birds. One week later the same pieces of chickens were bled when they were 35 days old and the sample was sent to the laboratory in order to measure antibody titer against Newcastle virus. As the mean of Newcastle antibody titer before and after vaccination was compared, a significant difference between treatments was appeared when they feed additives separately. However no significant difference was revealed between treatments when the additives were added simultaneously. At the end of trial, two broiler̛s were slaughtered and spleen of chickens from each treatment were weighed. So, the results showed that there was a meaningful difference among treatments in spleen's relative weight when feeding additives individually. But in the case of feeding with all three additives simultaneously, there was a significant difference between treatment 8 and control group. Evaluation of the results for feeding intake during whole period indicated a meaningful difference between treatment 5 and treatment 7. No significant difference was observed between treatments for weight gain and conversion ratio during whole period of the experiment. So, the use of additives simultaneously can positively affect on both the relative weight of spleen and feed intake, but for Newcastle titer, the additives can improve Newcastle titer only before vaccination. Also consuming black pepper powder and turmeric powder separately after and before vaccination, influenced positively on Newcastle titer, but garlic powder had no effect in this case.