فهرست مطالب هادی کرندی

This study aims to investigate the effect of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of combined training on the expression of some genes that are involved in the calcium flow in the plantaris muscle of male Wistar rats. 

A total of 16 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the control-SNL (n=8) and combined training-SNL (n=8). The animals in the training group participated in a training program for 6 weeks. After this period, the protocol of spinal SNL was performed on the research groups for 4 weeks. Finally, the rats were dissected and the plantaris muscle was removed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of STIM1, ORAI1, and MG29 genes. 

In the combined training-SNL group, an increase in the expression of STIM1 (P=0.01), ORAI1 (P=0.002), and MG29 (P=0.02) was observed when compared to the control-SNL group. 

The results of the present study showed that SNL reduces the expression of STIM1, ORAI1, and MG29 in the plantaris muscle. Meanwhile, combined training before SNL has a compensatory effect in this regard.

Due to the role of TRPC1/3 in muscle atrophy, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) after a period of endurance training on TRPC1/3 gene expression in the plantaris muscle of male Wistar rats.

Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight each (Control, Control-CCI, Training-CCI, and Training). Finally, the rats were anesthetized, and their plantaris muscle was extracted. Gene expression was measured using Real-Time-PCR. 

The findings showed a significant decrease in plantaris muscle weight in the CCI-control group compared to the training groups (Training-CCI and Training) (p=0.001). Additionally, a significant increase in TRPC1 expression was observed in the Training group compared to the control groups (Control and Control-CCI) (p=0.001). Moreover, there was a significant increase in TRPC1 expression in the Training-CCI group compared to the control groups (Control and Control-CCI) (p=0.006). Furthermore, a significant increase in TRPC3 expression was observed in the Training group compared to the other groups (p=0.001), and a significant increase in TRPC3 expression was observed in the Training-CCI group compared to the Control-CCI group (p=0.008).

The results demonstrated a significant difference in the weight of the plantaris muscle, as well as a significant increase in TRPC1/3 expression as a result of endurance training. CCI leads to muscle atrophy and TRPC1/3 dysregulation. Therefore, the history of endurance training can modulate the expression of TRPC1/3 and prevent CCI-induced muscle atrophy.

Obesity is associated with increase the risk of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, aerobic exercise training can play a positive role in preventing metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training on plasma nesfatin-1, insulin, and glucose and insulin-resistance in obese women.

The present study was a Semi-experimental-study. Twenty-tow obese women (age 25 ± 2 years and body mass index 30 ± 3.1) were randomly selected from obese women referred to Kerman clubs and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 11) and control (n = 11) groups. Aerobic exercise was including 30 minutes of running based on 50-70% of target heart rate for 8 weeks and 3 days a week performed by the experimental group. The desired variables were measured before and after the exercise protocol. The ANCOVA test was used to analyze the data.

A non-significant-difference was observed in the weight and BMI at the end of the research. Also this study showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in Nesfatin-1. The levels of insulin, glucose and insulin-resistance were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control. In addition, aerobic exercise decreased body fat percentage and increased Vo2max in the experimental group compared to the control.

According to the results, it is suggested that obese women use aerobic exercises in order to improve their body fat percentage, aerobic capacity and indicators related to diabetes.

Reduction of muscle mass occurs in some models of muscle atrophy during mechanical unloading status and MST1 and MAFbx genes are believed to have a role. In the present study, the effect of reduced physical activity in the form of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of endurance training (ET) on the expression of MST1 and MAFbx genes were examined in the rat plantaris muscle.

In this experimental study, 16 rats were randomly divided into two groups: control-spinal nerve ligation (Sham+SNL) and endurance training-spinal nerve ligation (ET+SNL). Training program continued for six weeks, four sessions a week with moderate intensity (70-60% of VO2max). To create the SNL model, the rats were first anesthetized with pentobarbitol sodium and then their fifth lumbar spinal nerve was tightly tied. The duration of the SNL protocol was four weeks. After the last day of ligation, the plantaris muscle was extracted. Real-Time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of the MST1 and MAFbx.

The expression of MST1 gene showed no significant increase in ET+SNL group compared with Sham+SNL group (P>0.05). But, significant increase was seen in MAFbx gene expression in ET+SNL group compared with Sham+SNL group (P<0.05).

The study showed that reduced activity in the form of SNL after endurance training can lead to destructive effects on the muscular system and symptoms of muscle atrophy could be seen.

There is little research on the effect of glutamine supplement in combination with carbohydrates on athletes' various blood factors. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of glutamine-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on oxidative stress, plasma cortisol and insulin after a high intensity interval training session. 20 eligible athlete students were randomly assigned to two supplement groups (each group 7 subjects) and one control group (n=6).  Experimental groups performed one session of high intensity interval training, and they received dietary supplement. Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 3 hours and 24 hours after the training to evaluate the research variables. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in plasma GSH in 3 and 24 hours after the training, and an increase in plasma TAC 24 hours after the training in the carbohydrate-glutamine group compared with the carbohydrate group. Also, there was a significant decrease in cortisol immediately and 3 hours after the training in the carbohydrate-glutamine group compared with the carbohydrate group. Regarding these findings, it seems that supplementation of glutamine in combination with carbohydrates compared with carbohydrate supplementation after a HIIT session has been able to increase the antioxidant capacity and also reduce cortisol and catabolic conditions.

Different training programs have different effects on the level of hormonal response. Resistance training with blood flow restriction is one of the exercise method that leads to increase in muscle strength and performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on the serum levels of IGF-1, testosterone and myonectin in young men. The research groups consisted of two groups: resistance training with blood flow restriction (10 subjects) and resistance training without blood flow restriction (10 subjects). The resistance training program was conducted for four weeks. In pre/post-test, serum concentration of IGF-1, testosterone and Myonectine was measured by ELISA method. To determine the difference between the variables, one-way covariance analysis was used at the significance level of 0/05. Our results showed that IGF-1 and testosterone levels in the exercise group with blood flow restriction were significantly higher than the exercise group without blood flow restriction (P = 0.001). However, there was a non-significant increase in myonectin levels (P = 0.08). These findings suggest that resistance training with blood flow restriction is very effective in increasing hypertrophy-related factors.

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP4) is known to be an adipocin which associated with insulin resistance. Inhibition of DPP4 leading to increase the body's ability to control the blood glucose and increase fat oxidation. On the other hand, cinnamon stimulates the glucose uptake by activating the insulin receptor. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of High intensity interval training (HIIT) with supplementation of cinnamon on DPP4 concentration, insulin resistance, insulin, blood glucose, body fat percentage, BMI and Vo2max in overweight boys.

The subjects subjects (age range: 18-16 years, height: 162-172 cm, weight: 51-61 kg and BMI: 29-25 kg/m2) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups: Training, training-supplementation, supplementation and control. Training and training-supplementation groups completed HIIT for 6 weeks and 3 day/week. Each training session included 3 HIIT (4 minutes at 90% reserve heart rate) with 2 minutes of rest. Subjects in training-supplementation and supplementation groups consumed 3 capsules daily containing 380 mg of cinnamon. The values of DPP4, insulin resistance, insulin, blood glucose, body fat percentage, BMI and Vo2max were evaluated 48 hours ago and after the training program. Tow-way ANOVA were used for statistical analyzes.

Significant decrease in the levels of DPP4 in training-supplementation (P = 0.001) and training (P = 0.004) groups, insulin resistance in training-supplementation (P = 0.001) and training (P = 0.001) groups, insulin in training-supplementation (P = 0.005) and training (P = 0.004) groups, glucose in training-supplementation (P = 0.001) and training (P = 0.002) groups and BMI values of training-supplementation (P = 0.008) and training (P = 0.001) groups was observed compared to supplementation and control groups. Also significant increase in the amounts of Vo2max was observed in training-supplementation (P = 0.001) and training (P = 0.001) groups compared to supplementation and control groups.

It is recommended that HIIT to be used for decreasing in DPP4, insulin resistance, insulin, blood glucose, and improving the body composition and aerobic performance of overweight boys.

Cytoplasmic transport is a vital process in the CNS that improves neuronal survival. KIF5B and Dynein are motor proteins involved in cytoplasmic transport which play an important role in the anterograde/retrograde transport. However, the effect of training especially high intensity interval training (HIIT) is less clear on the expression of these proteins. The present study examined the effect of HIIT on the gene expression and the amount of KIF5B and Dynein proteins in the hippocampal tissue of Wistar male rats. 14 rats were divided into 2 groups: (1) the training (TG: n=7) and (2) the control (CG: n=7). Training program was carried out on a treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The protein contents of KIF5B and Dynein were determined by the immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, the Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR) procedure was used to measure mRNA expression of the variables. The findings showed that 6 weeks of HIIT significantly decreased the gene expression of KIF5B and Dynein (P=0.001 and P=0.001 or percentage of changes= -0.72 respectively). Also, HIIT significantly decreased KIF5B (P=0.001) and Dynein (P=0.004) protein content after 6 weeks of HIIT. These findings demonstrated that HIIT was associated with the down-regulation of gene expression and protein content of KIF5B and Dynein in the hippocampal tissue although the underlying mechanisms have remained unknown. These changes show that HIIT may have negative effects on anterograde/retrograde cytoplasmic transport because the cytoplasmic transport is mediated by KIF5B and Dynein.

The possibility that childhood obesity is a chronic disease in adulthood becomes enormous. The incidence and spread of obesity has increased substantially over the past two decades. The importance of personal health and quality of life has prompted researchers to study in this field. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of serum levels of leptin, insulin, lipid profile, and body mass index after a period of sprint interval training in obese children. In this study, 30 obese children aged 9 to 11 years were randomly targeted placed in two groups (Training and control group). Sprint interval training was conducted for 8 weeks. Before and after training, measurements of leptin, insulin, lipid profile, and body mass index were measured. Data were analyzed using independent t-test (p<0.05). Data analysis showed that after training, leptin, insulin and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced (p=0.001). Also, a significant decrease in BMI was seen (p=0.01). Sprint interval training on leptin, insulin and cholesterol in obese children has a significant impact and this exercise improve body mass index in these individuals.