هدی رضایی روشن

Human resources are the main factors of development in every organization. Those are more important in education system, because this institution trains skilled human resources for other organizations. Therefore, education needs interested people to be more effective in the education system. If a society wants to achieve industry and technology development it should pay attention to different occupational groups of the society, especially teachers. Hence the purpose of this study is to reconstruct female teachers’ semantic understanding of their jobs in Babol. Grounded theory was used to conduct the study. The participants in the research were female teachers in Babol (Mazandaran, Iran) in 2021. Through purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people, which continued until the saturation of data. The theoretical implementation and coding of the text of the interviews led to the extraction of eight categories: interest, preservation of human dignity, satisfaction, lack of respect for rights, appropriate feedback, structural problems, values, unchangeable educational system, high social values, low material values. Contrary to popular belief, teachers considered their jobs to be respectable and of high social value, and at the same time dissatisfied with financial issues and lack of facilities and equipment. Accordingly, the core category was “contentious job satisfaction and burnout due to anomic structure”. Due to the emergence of the core category, it is necessary for education managers to implement programs to promote and improve job motivation and a sense of self-efficacy.

Most people who commit suicide suffer from psychiatric disorders, especially depression and substance-related disorders. However, major psychiatric disorders are not the sole risk factor for suicide, and other reasons, such as physical illness, may also be considered as an important factor for suicide ideation. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and its relationship with depression and the general health status of patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 689 patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Yazd, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, East Azarbaijan, and Kermanshah Provinces who were undergoing maintenance treatment with methadone in 2017. In this multicenter study, the subjects were selected by two-stage sampling; in the first stage, seven provinces (clusters) were randomly selected, and in the second stage, the patients from the selected provinces were enrolled via convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study included the General Health Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Suicide Idea Scale.

Of 689 patients, 218 (31.6%) had suicidal ideation. 21.91% (151 cases) of subjects had history of attempted to suicide. There was a significant relationship between suicidal ideation, depression, and general health status and its dimensions including physical symptoms, anxiety and sleep disorders, social functioning, and depression (P<0.05).

Suicidal ideation is present in one-third of the people who refer to addiction treatment centers in Iran. Depression and poor general health are major contributors to suicidal ideation.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of economic and social factors on the publication of scientific documents. The amount of publication of scientific documents can increase or decrease; Because the publication of scientific documents is influenced by many economic, sociological, cultural and political factors. In this way, the upcoming research examines the influence of socio-economic factors on the publication of scientific documents in middle-income countries. Statistics related to publication of scientific documents, access to information and communication, equal access to quality education, quality universities, government spending on education, share of added value of the industry sector, GDP per capita and control variables including life expectancy and population in 56 The country is derived from Scimago institutions, the social progress index and the World Bank during the years 2011 to 2021. In order to investigate the effect of the mentioned variables on the publication of scientific documents, the panel data method has been used and analyzed with Eviews12 software. The results of panel data estimation in the years under review showed that the influence of social factors (access to information and communication, equal access to quality education, quality universities); And economic factors (government expenses for each education, contribution of the added value of the industry sector, GDP per capita) on the publication of scientific documents in middle-income countries are incremental and significant. Likewise, social factors have a greater impact on the publication of scientific documents than economic factors; And among the social and economic factors, equal access to quality education has a greater impact on the publication of scientific documents. Therefore, since the publication of scientific documents is influenced by socio-economic factors, it is necessary to pay attention to social and economic factors for the continuation and growth of science. In order to grow these factors, researchers, sociologists and economists must plan together.

attention to social progress and human development for the creation and sustainability of the economy, especially in developing countries, is of particular importance and highlights the need to examine the impact of social progress on GDP of these countries.The statistics on the Human Development Index, the Human Development Index through the Social Progress Index, Capital and Employment Index, as well as GDP per capita in 104 countries are taken from the United Nations Development Program, the Social Development Index and the World Bank from 2014 to 2018, respectively.In order to investigate the effect of these variables on GDP, panel data method has been analyzed using Eviews10 software.The results of estimating panel data in the studied years showed that the impact of human development on GDP in two groups of middle to high income countries and high income countries is increasing and significant;Social progress in the transfer of the effect of human development to GDP in all four groups of countries has an increasing and significant effect;Finally, capital and employment have a significant increase in GDP per capita in high-income countries.

The present paper intends to test the impact of these two variables of social progress and economic freedom on economic growth. Statistics related to the social progress, economic freedom and per capita gross domestic product in 128 countries are based on the Social Development Index, the Heritage Foundation and the World Bank in 2017, and are used the methods of decision tree and multiple regression. The results of the decision tree method show that there are significant differences in the rate of social progress and economic freedom between countries with different revenues. Also, the results of multiple regression estimations in the study year show that the variables of social progress and economic freedom in these countries have been effective and have a positive and significant effect on GDP per capita. Thus, with the effectiveness of these indicators, society will come toward development and economic and social well-being, and this society will be an ideal society.

The goal of development is accessing the different types of freedom. Any deprivation and constraint somehow disturbs freedom, so the field of production as the acting of development and progress will be lost. Actually, achieving the economic freedom and consequently, social progress can be so important and they can also affect GDP in every country. The relationship between freedom and achievement to social progress is beyond a structural relationship, and it has a high level of importance. What is positively gained by people is affected by economic freedom and opportunities, social powers, healthcare, primary education, and encouragement of innovations. Institutional orders for such opportunities are affected by freedoms that result from their free participation in social selection and free decision making for improving the opportunities.

In this research, data of 144 countries of the world has been used. According to the classification of the World Bank, countries are divided into four groups including countries with low income, countries with lower than average income, countries with higher than average income, and countries with high income. Regarding the theoretical and experimental foundations, three variables have been used in this research: GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) as a dependent variable of research, and independent variables were economic freedom index and social progress indicator. The Economic Freedom Index (EFI) combines the factors of the rule of law (property rights, judicial effectiveness, and government integrity), government size (tax burden, government spending, and fiscal health), legal efficiency (business freedom, labor freedom, and monetary freedom), market openness (trade freedom, investment freedom, and financial freedom); the social progress indicator is a combination of the factors of the basic human needs (nutrition and basic medical care, water and sanitation, shelter, and personal safety), foundations of wellbeing (access to basic knowledge, access to information and communication, health and well-being, and environmental quality) and opportunity (personal rights, personal freedom and choice, tolerance and inclusion, and access to advanced education). Economic Freedom Index is derived from the data banks of Heritage Institution and social progress is derived from Social Progress Index website, and the data of GDP per capita is derived from the World Bank. Data collection required for the test was extracted and analyzed based on the maximum available information over the years 2014-2018. Eviews10 software package was used for data processing and model estimation. In order to estimate the effect of social progress index and economic freedom index on GDP per capita in the four groups of countries, an equation was estimated for each of the groups. In this equation, the effect of social progress and economic freedom on GDP per capita is estimated. By estimating this equation one can say that how many percentage of GDP per capita of each group is explained by social progress and economic freedom.

Having the GDP per capita as the dependant variable and social progress index and economic freedom as independent variables, for estimating the model, first reliability of the research variables was checked by Hardi Unit Root Test. The results of these indicators in the mentioned test and comparison with the critical value at the level of 5%, the null hypothesis considering the existence of a unit root for all the variables is reliable and it was observed that static variables were of zero degree I(0), and there was no need for differentiation. Also, the results of likelihood ratio test, F Limer and Hausman test showed that in likelihood ratio test, the likelihood value is less than 0.05 in all the four groups. So, ordinary least squares cannot be used for estimating the model. As a result, estimators of weighted least squares or generalized least squares were used for assessing the model in order to prevent bias of estimation. The results of F Limer in all the four groups indicated that the value of this statistics was more than the critical point. Therefore, the null hypothesis suggesting using Pool was rejected. Therefore, panel data was used for estimating the model. The results of Hausman test were also observed in all groups. As regards the test statistics is more than the critical point and p-value was obtained less than 0.05, as result, the null hypothesis based on being identical of intercepts was rejected. Accordingly, constant effect method was used for estimating the model. Finally, the results of constant effect of variables for the four income groups of the studied countries showed that social progress index has an increasing and significant effect on GDP per capita in the countries with low income, countries with lower than average income, countries with higher than average income, and countries with high income. The effect of economic freedom index on GDP per capita is increasing and significant in low income countries; insignificant in countries with lower than average income; insignificant in countries with higher than average income; increasing and significant in countries with high income. At last, the share of social progress increases by income enhances in the countries, but the share of economic freedom does not increase.

The important point to be taken into account is that the share of social progress increases with the income boost in countries. Based on the coefficients obtained from the estimation, it should be considered that the effect of social progress index on GDP per capita has a direct relationship with the income increase in countries, and this effect is stronger in high income counties than that of the other three groups of countries. Thus, it can be claimed that a part of the income gap between and among the four groups of countries can be explained by the gap between their social progress levels. Also, the share of economic freedom decreases by income increase in low income and below average income countries. It can be due to environmental and political challenges that are created by increased income of countries and will not lead to economic freedom of countries. Therefore, according to North’s theory of institutions, existence of a stable institutional structure that is the requisite of human interactions provides the opportunity of social progress. However, this condition requires an environment in which free economic management is realized, and it will be achieved through economic freedom. In this regard, paying attention to the effect of institutions on GDP is necessary. Also, acording to the Solow, Lucas, and Barro models, the reason for the differences in countries’ GDP per capita is that wealthy countries have invested more in raising social and economic freedom, creating human and physical capital, and developing education and research and technology.Ethical ConsiderationsAuthors’ contributionsAll authors contributed in producing of the research.FundingIn the present study, all expenses were borne by the author and he did not have any sponsors.Conflicts of interestThe authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsIn this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully listed.

Economic development that is the most fundamental issue in the world has attracted the attention of developing countries. Economic development requires changes in the society that can also cause deep and lasting growth and prosperity of nations. Economic development depends on the participation of all members of society, both men and women. Thus, the affecting factors on women’s participation have been analyzed among selected countries in the Middle East. The findings based on panel data econometrics in 13 countries of the Middle East from 2005 to 2014 show that the variables of ratio of female employment to population, life expectancy for women in these countries is effective and have a positive and significant effect on ratio of female to male force participation rate. However, per capita GDP growth variable in changes explaining of ratio of female to male force participation rate variables among these countries had a significant and negative effect.