پرستو نامدار

Thalassemia major is a common genetic anemia disorder that causes dental problems such as dental caries and malocclusion. In this study, we investigated the effect of malocclusion severity on quality of life of patients with thalassemia major.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 37 patients with thalassemia major participated. Patients' oral health quality of life was assessed based on orthognathic quality of life questionnaire (OQLQ) and malocclusion severity was measured by index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN). Data was analyzed by Spss26 and One Way Anova with significance level less than 0.05.   

In this study, it was found that quality of life associated with malocclusion was poor in 43.2% of patients with thalassemia major. Regarding the severity of malocclusion, 94.6% of people were in grade 3 to 5 and the highest prevalence was related to grade 3 (45.9%). There was no significant relationship between quality of life and malocclusion severity or gender (P>0.05).

 Approximately half  of patients with thalassemia major had poor quality of life associated with malocclusion, and nearly all patients showed moderate to severe orthodontic treatment need. With increasing severity of malocclusion, no significant change was observed in quality of life. There was also no significant relationship between quality of life and gender and age.

Due to the absence of a conclusive cure for a severely painful mouth ulcer, the creation of a medication to regulate this ailment is greatly advantageous. Folinic acid is a derivative of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid. Unlike folic acid (the synthetic form of folate), folinic acid is a form of folate found naturally in foods. Folinic acid can be converted to other active forms of folate in the body and has the activity of the complete vitamin folic acid. Since folinic acid has wound-healing effects, it may play an important role in accelerating the healing of aphthous wounds. By determining the optimal dose, folinic acid can be suggested as a recommended treatment option for people with oral ulcers such as aphthous wounds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of folinic acid on the growth of gingival fibroblast cells as a treatment for mouth ulcers.

During this experimental study, human gingival fibroblast cell lines were cultured in sterile conditions in a DMEM culture medium of 10% bovine serum and 1% penicillin and tetracycline antibiotics at 37 degrees. These cells were exposed to different concentrations of folinic acid drug (5, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 80, 100 μM). The MTT method was used to evaluate cell viability and determine IC50 (inhibitory concentration). In this experiment, due to the uncertainty of its range of toxicity on cells, the relative toxicity was determined in a pilot phase and with few repetitions. Each concentration was repeated four times and incubated at different times (24, 48, and 72 hours). After the incubation time, the supernatant of each well was discarded and 100 μl of MTT solution was added to each well. After four hours of incubation, the supernatant was discarded and 100 μL of DMSO was added. Then, using an ELISA reader, the optical absorbance of each well was measured at a wavelength of 540-690 nm. Finally, IC50, which indicates the drug concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of cell growth, was calculated using the growth curve, and the results were analyzed using SPSS software version 19.

In this study, the effect of folinic acid cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast cell line (HGF1) in a cell culture medium was investigated three times in different concentrations. The results showed that 70% of the cells were still alive in 24 hours up to a concentration of 100 μM, which can indicate the effective use of this drug for the treatment of pest damage. In 48 hours, IC50= 1.78 μM was obtained, which indicates that in studies with a time limit of 48 hours, up to a dose of 80 μM of folinic acid can be used to use the therapeutic effects of this drug. In 72 hours, IC50 was calculated as 66.7 μM.

These findings provide valuable information about the dose-response relationship and the impact of folic acid on HGF1 cells. It indicates that higher concentrations of folic acid are needed initially to achieve a significant reduction in cell growth, but with longer exposure, lower concentrations can be effective.

Orthodontic appliances are usually in contact with the oral mucosa for a long time due to the length of the long-term treatment and are associated with problems due to the continuous contact and friction created. This study was conducted to investigate the epithelial cells of the mucosa of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

In this cross-sectional study, smears were collected from three separate areas in 150 patients referred to the dental clinic of Mazandaran University: Area A (slide A): oral mucosa exposed to friction caused by orthodontic brackets, area B (slide B): oral mucosa exposed to friction with the tube on the orthodontic tape and Area C (slide C): oral mucosa without friction, i.e., the lower area of the oral cavity (control area). For histomorphometric analysis, each slide was evaluated with Papanicolaou staining using a light microscope, and the nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and the ratio of nuclear area to cytoplasmic area (NA/CA) were recorded in square micrometers.

The mean NA was 65.66±22.11, CA was 717.37±1846.53, and NA/CA was 0.037±0.010 square meters. The difference in NA and CA between slides was significant )p<0.001) (slide A

The findings of the study indicate that fixed orthodontic treatment has a significant impact on the nuclear and cytoplasmic area of affected areas compared to non-affected areas. Only some degree of inflammation may be seen in the areas exposed to the orthodontic appliance.

Background and

A pandemic can negatively affect both mental and social health. The aim of this study was to evaluate stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders experienced by dentists during COVID-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on all dentists in Sari (290 dentists). Corona Disease Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used as questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS V26.

A total of 126 dentists completed the questionnaires. The mean values of stress and anxiety score for general dentists and specialists were 12.4 and 11.5, respectively which were classified as mild level. There was no statistically significant relationship between sex, anxiety, and stress (P=0.09 for general dentists; P=0.13 for specialists). The prevalence of sleep disorders was 78% and 72% for general dentists and specialists, respectively. The mean value of sleep disorders was 6.8 for general dentists and 6.1 for specialists which was considered as low and inappropriate. There was no statistically significant relationship between sleep disorders and sex (P=0.4 for general dentists; P=0.9 for specialists).

The dentists' stress and anxiety level was mild during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prevalence of sleep disorders was high and sleep quality was poor and unsuitable for both general dentists and specialists.

Cleft lip and palate as one of the most common congenital malformations of the oral cavity is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Subsequent aspiration during feeding, aesthetic, speech, or functional problems, and dental malformations are the main problems of neonates born with cleft lip and palate. The management of neonates with cleft lip and palate has been remarkably improved in recent years. The use of modern surgical techniques and its combination with such methods as presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) is on the rise. The efficacy of preoperative casting in repairing deformed nasal cartilage in neonates with cleft lip and palate has been confirmed based on the literature. Here, we present the case of a 20-day-old neonate with bilateral cleft lip and palate who underwent presurgical nasoalveolar molding to facilitate feeding and recover facial appearance. The bony cleft of maxillary segments in the child was molded and repositioned with a combination of extra-oral elastic and intra-oral appliances. Elastic forces caused backward pressure against the protruding pre-maxilla  and careful use of forces on the cleft segments improved their positions and allowed definitive muscles and lip repair. In this technique, a nasal stent was attached to the intra-oral mouth plate and was designed to improve nasolabial anatomy.

Palate and lip cleft are prevalent congenital deformities in children that have a multi-factorial etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. The present study assessed the orthodontic-related quality of life in children with palate and lip cleft.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 83 people with palate and lip cleft attending private dental clinics in Sari, Iran. They were selected via convenience sampling. Orthognathic quality of life questionnaire was completed by patients. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. The quality of life of the participants was determined from different dimensions, including social aspects, dental-facial beauty, oral function, and awareness of dental-facial beauty. One-way analysis of variance, t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.

The study included 41 girls and 42 boys with mean age of 12.46 years (8-18 years of age). The frequency of cleft lip and palate, cleft lip, and cleft palate were 49.4%, 22.9%, and 27.7%, respectively. The study showed no significant difference between patients with different types of cleft lip and palate in terms of the total score for quality of life and its dimensions (P=0.02). We found no significant relationship between age and dimensions of quality of life (P<0.05). Age was found to be weakly correlated with the scores of the awareness domain (r=0.24, P=0.02).

The quality of life was found to be at an average level in the population studied. The quality of life was not different between patients with cleft lip or palate.

Malignant neoplasms that affect the lymphatic system are called lymphoma and include a wide range of diseases that originate from B cells. Lymphoma is the second common neoplasm of the head and neck and includes Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This article reports the case of a primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the oral cavity. He attended Sari Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic because of a gradual growth of a mass in the posterior region of the maxilla. The patient was primarily diagnosed with periodontal abscess but misdiagnosis led to treatment failure and disease progression. After attending our clinic, immunohistochemical examination was performed which revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient underwent surgery and treatment with CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone). The development of lymphoma in the oral cavity is very rare and its symptoms such as pain, swollen gums, and loose teeth are similar to other dental problems and may lead to diagnostic problems. The present report draws attention to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in differential diagnosis of soft and hard tissues of the oral lesions that can lead to appropriate treatment and better prognosis.

This study aimed to investigate the levels of anxiety, stress, and prevalence of sleep disorders in professors and students of Sari Dental School, Sari, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 23 university professors and 115 students of Sari Dental School. The required data were collected through questionnaires, namely the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale to check the level of participants' anxiety and stress, and the PSQI-Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to check the quality of participants' sleep. The questionnaires were sent and completed via Email, WhatsApp, or Telegram. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS 26 software. The prevalence of sleep disorders in professors and students of Sari Dental School during the COVID-19 pandemic was 56.5% and 62.6%, respectively. Anxiety and stress levels of 17 (73.9%) professors and 109 (94.8%) students of Sari Dental School were mild during the COVID-19; however, it was at moderate and severe levels only in 6 (26.1%) professors and 6 (5.2%) students. Stress and anxiety of university professors and students demonstrated a significant relationship with their gender (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the total score of anxiety and stress of professors and students was at a low level. Sleep disorders of professors and students were at an inappropriate and poor level, and if a sleep disorder existed, it was not serious. The components of mental quality of sleep and the component of psychological symptoms in professors and students did not have an ideal level.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the maxilla is a rare malignancy arising from minor salivary glands. The clinical and radiological appearance may be similar to any odontogenic/nonodontogenic pathology. This study aims to report a rare case of primary central ACC of the anterior maxilla.

Case Report: 

A 31-year-old man was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery complaining of swelling and pain in the right anterior maxilla for 3 months. The patient has noticed swelling and pain in this side since about five months before and instead of diagnosing this tumoral lesion, false diagnosis and unsuccessful root canal therapy were considered. A biopsy was performed in the central region and microscopically, the lesion showed tumor cells arranged in sheets in fibrous stroma islands of epithelial cells showing a classical “Swiss cheese” pattern. Based on clinical, radiographic, and CBCT evaluation and positive immunohistochemistry of CD63, and C-Kit confirmed ACC diagnosis. After the diagnosis, the lesion was completely removed by enucleation and curettage performed by the surgeon. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed. Follow-up within 3 years since the initial diagnosis showed no sign of recurrence.

Based on the results of this study, early diagnosis and treatment of ACC can lead to successful treatment and patient survival.

  Panoramic radiography is routinely used in addition to clinical examination for diagnosis and treatment plan in orthodontics. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and location of random dental and pathological findings in panoramic images before orthodontic treatment. Related  to attending of private orthodontic clinic during 2013-2018.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, primary panoramic images of 510 orthodontic patients who referred to a private orthodontic office in Sari during 2013-2018 were used.  Panoramic images were examined independently by two observers after stabilization in light conditions and standard magnification on a monochromatic screen.    Data were analyzed using Chi-square test.

Panoramic images of 510 patients (274 images of female patients and 236 images of male patients) with a mean age of 32.3 years were used in this study. The frequency of tooth and root abnormalities was 26.65%, with the highest finding related to impacted teeth (19.6%) and the lowest related to root dilaceration (0.39%).The frequency of pathological lesions was determined to be 9.42%, the most common of which was associated with apical pulp lesion (4.71%) and the rarest bone sclerosis (0.39%). There was no significant difference between the two sexes and between the two jaws in terms of the frequency of pathological lesions and root dental abnormalities except impacted teeth. The frequency of impacted teeth in female (P value = 0.002) and in maxilla (0.007) P value =) was significantly higher.

Clinicians should always be aware of the potential for pathological findings and dental abnormalities in patients' primary panoramic images, which is a valuable radiograph to detect abnormalities.

Impacted teeth are those with a delayed eruption time or that are not expected to erupt completely based on the clinical and radiographic assessment. It is a challenge for orthodontists. The treatment plan for each patient depends on his or her facial and dentoskeletal characteristics, cost and risks of treatment, patient's preference, and the orthodontist's experience .Mandibular canine impaction is regarded as a rare phenomenon. The aim of this study was to report the treatment of a case with unilateral impaction of the mandibular canine.

A 15-year-old girl presented with complaints of a non erupted canine in the right lower quadrant and anterior  irregular teeth.There was no significant medical history . On radiographic examination, the right lower permanent canine was impacted. Surgical exposure and orthodontic traction was performed and canine was brought satisfactorily to occlusion

Although, the incidence of mandibular canine impaction is very rare, but clinicians need to be familiar with its management and treatment techniques, so that it can be guided to a suitable place in the dental arch.

Malocclusion is one of the most important dental malformations that can affect a personchr('39')s appearance and function and self-confidence. On the other hand, knowing the prevalence can be an effective aid in proper prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14-12 years in East Mazandaran.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 1369 students aged 12 to 14 years old from 18 schools in 5 different regions of East Mazandaran province in the academic year of 1996-97 were randomly selected. Angles classification was used to determine the prevalence of dental malocclusions in the study population. After collecting data, data were entered into SPSS 22 software and Chi-square statistical analysis was used.

Among the 1369 students included in the study, class I malocclusion with 69.2% (948 people) had the highest prevalence among students (73.8% boys and 67.6% girls). Also, the prevalence of class II and III malocclusion among students was 163 (11.9%) and 61 (4.5%), respectively. Only 14.4% (197 people) of students had normal occlusion.

Based on the findings of our study, class I malocclusion was the most common and class III malocclusion was the least common among girls aged 12-14 years in East Mazandaran.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital defects in the orofacial region. Many factors are involved in the occurrence of cleft lip in newborns including genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of this anomaly varies in different races and countries. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of this disorder in newborns in Bu Ali, Hekmat, and Amir Mazandarani Hospitals in Sari, Iran, during 2004-2018. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out using information obtained from the records of patients in Imam, Hekmat, and Amir Mazandarani health centers in Sari, Iran. The number of patients with CLP was extracted from the information in the record files. Afterward, information related to infant and mother, such as gender, birth weight, maternal age, the cases of consanguine marriage, family history of CLP, history of drug use in the first trimester of pregnancy, the history of smoking and alcohol consumption were also recorded to investigate the factors related to CLP. A total of 65,522 births were recorded at the three abovementioned health centers during 14 years, of which 80 infants were born with a variety of CLP anomalies. The overall CLP prevalence in this study was estimated at 1.2 per 1,000 births. It should be noted that 52.5% (n=42) and 47.5% (n=38) of these cases had CLP and CL, respectively. No cases of isolated cleft palate were observed. Furthermore, 71.3% (n=57) of all CLP cases occurred unilaterally. In total, 86.3% of the studied infants weighed over 2,500 gr at birth and 72.5% of mothers aged under 30 years at childbirth. Based on the obtained results, the overall prevalence of oral clefts in the studied population was 1.2 per 1,000 births and mostly occurred unilaterally.

Hepatitis B is one of the most common viral infectious diseases of the liver, which is of particular importance due to the possibility of chronic conditions and high risk of transmission, especially during dental treatments. The best way to combat is preventing the infection. The present study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of general dentists and dental specialists in Sari about hepatitis B.

In a descriptive-analytical study, 142 general dentists and dental specialists were included using census sampling in Sari, Iran 2018. The participants completed a questionnaire designed by Alavian et al. 2011. SPSS V24 was used for data analysis.

The subjects were 88 (62.9%) males and 54 (38.1%) females. Findings showed that 50% of dentists had a good level of awareness, 44.37% had a moderate level of awareness and 5.63% had a low level of awareness about hepatitis B. Overall, the level of awareness was found to have no significant association with gender (P= 0.58), being a general dentist or dental specialist (P=0.66), participating in infection control courses (P= 0.50), and age (P=0.06(.

In this study, dentists were found to have an appropriate level of awareness about hepatitis B, but, there is still a need for retraining courses.

Third molar teeth are the most common teeth with agenesis. The absence of this tooth also increases the probability of anomalies in other teeth by several times. Since panoramic radiography is used to diagnose and plan treatment in orthodontic patients, along with routine clinical examination, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of third molar agenesis and incidence of other associated anomalies in comparison to that reported for the non-agenesis group using panoramic radiographs.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the pretreatment records of 562 patients were randomly collected. Out of these subjects, 538 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The panoramic radiographic images of patients who did not have at least one third molar were assessed with regard to the presence of other dental anomalies, such as dental agenesis, hypodontia, hyperdontia, impacted canine, peg-shaped lateral incisors, ectopic eruption, microdontia, dilaceration, transposition, and transmigration. The prevalence of these anomalies was compared to that of a randomized control group selected from patients with the presence of each four third molars.

Out of 538 studied panoramic radiographs, overall, 13.7%, 13.5%, 13.4%, 5.9%, 2.7%, and 1.4% of them had at least one third molar agenesis, canine impaction, peg-shaped lateral incisors, missing teeth, transposition, and hyperdontia, respectively. The frequency rates of impaction and missing teeth were higher in the agenesis group (30% and 40.5%) than those reported for the control group (16% and 2.7%) (p < /em>>0.001), respectively. The presence or absence of other dental anomalies was not statistically significant between the two groups and two genders. In addition, the present study demonstrated that the probability of the presence of at least one type of other dental anomalies was higher in individuals with third molar agenesis in comparison to that reported for the control group (p < /em>>0.001).

Among different types of dental anomalies in the studied population, the probability of impaction and missing teeth was higher in the third molar agenesis group than that of the control group. Furthermore, the prevalence of third molar agenesis was not different between the two genders.

Dental agenesis is one of the most common developmental anomalies in humans and is characterized by congenital lack of one or more teeth, on one or both dentitions. It has been clinically classified into three categories, namely hypodontia, oligodontia, and anodontia.

This study presented the clinical case of a nine-year-old female with 12 missing permanent teeth with idiopathic etiology. Chief complaint of the patient was the lack of eruption of the permanent teeth, difficulty in chewing, and maxillary retrusion. According to her parents, she had lost confidence due to the appearance of her teeth and refused to laugh and talk at school. The physical examination revealed no abnormality in her hair or nails. Moreover, her perspiration was normal and there were no congenital clefts of lip or palate; hence, this case was diagnosed with nonsyndromic oligodontia which is a rare disorder.

Diagnosis and management of oligodontia should be performed as early as possible to prevent interference with the craniofacial development and improve the quality of the life of the child.In this case, the patient was first treated with a face mask to cure the growth defect of the maxilla.Afterward, oral reconstruction was performed with a removable plate in two jaws which resulted in the significant improvement of her ability to chew and speak as well as her beauty.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common congenital deformity of the orofacial. Team care is essential to meet the medical, surgical, dental, orthodontic, and psychological needs of individuals with cleft lip and palate. The currently accepted standards of care can only be met if the specialists work together in the diagnosis and treatment planning. Interdisciplinary team care provides the best overall outcomes for the individual and is also the most efficacious and cost-effective way of meeting the goals of treatment. In this review article, published 21 articles were reviewed between years (2000-2018), the electronic databases PubMed,Scopus and Google Scholar were searched. The following search terms were used: nasoalveolar molding, cleft lip and palate, team care, and multidisciplinary management, lip repair, orthognathic surgery.The goal of treatment is to restore esthetics and functional impairments associated with clefts. The nature and the extent of medical and dental problems among CLP patients dictate the need toward multidisciplinary approach where different medical and  dental specialists are involved in the treatment. The purpose of this article is to review  management of cleft lip and palate deformity from birth until adulthood. In this regard, feeding plates, nasoalveolar molding (NAM), lip and palate repair, palatal expansion, alveolar bone grafting, rhinoplasty, orthodontic treatment, and orthognathic surgery will be discussed.

The bonding process is highly important in orthodontic treatment for its fast speed. The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of ceramic and metallic brackets between three stage (transbondTM XT) and two stage (GC ortho connectTM) light cure composites.

In this experimental study, 80 maxillary and mandibular first and second premolar teeth, extracted for the purpose of orthodontic treatment, were randomly divided into four groups (n=20 per group). All teeth were etched using 35% phosphoric acid. They were then bonded with metallic brackets with GC ortho connectTM composite (group I), and TransbondTM XT composite (group II), and ceramic brackets with GC ortho connectTM composite (group III) and TransbondTM XT composite (group IV). The shear bond strength of the brackets was measured by universal testing machine 24 hours after thermocycling and mounting procedures. The amount of resin remained on the tooth surface was determined by stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by SPSS V22 applying Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance.

The average shear bond strength in groups I, II, III, and IV were 18.71±1.99, 19.82±8.75, 18.4±5.78, and 18.5±52.42 MPa, indicating no significant differences between the groups studied (P> 0.05). Also, we found no significant differences in adhesive remnant index (ARI) between all groups (P=0.641).

The shear bond strength of GC ortho connectTM composite was similar to that of the TransbondTM XT composite in both metallic and ceramic brackets. Therefore, GC ortho connectTM can serve as a substitute for TransbondTM XT.

Malocclusion is the most prevalent dental anomaly that influences the function of affected people. As a common orthodontic index, the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN) classifies the malocclusions according to occlusal indexes of an individual. This research aimed at evaluating the need for orthodontic treatment in students aged 12-14 years old in Sari using IOTN Index in academic year 2016-2017. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the IOTN was used for 576 students in six different schools. The IOTN index includes two components which are closely related; in current study, only the dental health component (DHC) was assessed. Data analysis was done in SPSS V21 applying Chi-square. A total of 576 students was studied of whom most (29.2%) were in grade 2, which showed little need for treatment (30% males and 28% females). Only 2.8% were graded as 5 on the IOTN scale meaning serious need for orthodontic treatment. Male and female students were homogeneous in grading distribution and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P< 0.75). The frequency of need for orthodontic treatment was 25.35%. In this study, most of the individuals showed little need of orthodontic treatment and there was no significant difference between the two groups in grading distribution.

Relapse is an unpredictable risk factor for every patient. Before treatment begins, patients need to be informed of the long-term risk of relapse and the ways that this may be reduced. Some causes of relapse are within the control of the orthodontist, but others such as soft tissue changes and latent growth are not, and may explain long-term changes in tooth position. Therefore, retention after orthodontic treatment has been recommended by several authors and orthodontists. The objective of the retention phase is to maintain teeth in their corrected position after orthodontic treatment. This article aimed to review the causes of relapse and the ways that reduce it using retainers and other new adjective techniques.

Background and The prevalence of maxillary missing lateral incisor (MMLI) is 1-2% which is responsible for 20% of all missing teeth. Increased knowledge about causes and clinical manifestations of cases with this situation can be helpful for diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of the present study was to determine dental and skeletal features of patients with missing maxillary lateral incisors.
The material consisted of pre-treatment dental casts and cephalograms of 26 patients with unilateral or bilateral MMLI. The following parameters were measured on dental casts: the maxillary and mandibular intercanine width (ICW) and intermolar width (IMW), overjet, overbite, missing or anomalous of other teeth. Parameters that were measured on cephalogram included: SNA, SNB and ANB angle and Wits. The parameters were finally compared to a control group with normal occlusion using paired t-test.
Eight subjects with MMLI had bilateral missing and in 18 subjects with unilateral missing, 66.67% (n=12) had lateral missing on the right side. MMLI was associated with other anomalies or congenital tooth absence in 12 subjects. The overject was significantly lower compared to that in the control group (P=0.05) and upper and lower ICW were smaller. Both ANB angle and Wits significantly decreased in this group (P=0.05).
Absence of maxillary lateral incisor was highly correlated with other tooth anomalies. Most of patients with this situation had skeletal and dental Class III tendency.

Background and Malocclusion which has great hazardous effects on oral function seems to have become more prevalent in recent years therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of different malocclusions among 13-15 year-old female adolescents in Sari, Iran. This study was conducted in September 2014 to March 2015. A total of 485 school girls aged 13-15 were randomly selected from 11 schools to determine the status of their occlusion. Students who had previous orthodontic treatment or extraction of any permanent teeth and craniofacial syndrome and mixed dentition were excluded from the study. Angle's classification was used to describe the type of malocclusion. According to the results, only 12% of studied adolescents had normal occlusion, whereas 53% had Class I, 19.4% had Class II and 15.6 % had Class III malocclusion. Class I malocclusion was the most prevalent, while Class III malocclusion was the least prevalent among female students in Sari.