کاظم گودینی

Since the use of antibiotics and the release of their residuals to the environment have extensively been growing, it is expected to see mutagenated and resistant bacteria, which are a serious threat to the human health and natural ecosystems. In this study, a novel electrochemical advanced oxidation process by means of the β-PbO2 was employed in order to decompose ciprofloxacin.

This experimental cross-sectional study was performed by a pilot-scale reactor. In order to prepare the β-PbO2 electrode, the electrochemical method was applied and SEM and XRD analyses were used to survey the morphology of the electrode’s surface. Operating parameters of pH, current density (CD), temperature, and antibiotics content were optimized. Moreover, COD removal and electrical energy consumption were studied.

The findings illustrated that the parameters and the formation of the stable layer of β-PbO2 had a basic role in ciprofloxacin destruction and the maximum removal efficiency happened under optimum conditions as follows: CD 40 mA/cm2, pH 3 and contact time 90 min. Additionaly, the antibiotic was treated better than COD and energy consumption was 38 kWh/m3 in these conditions. Also, a lower CD can be utilized for ciprofloxacin degradation, which this makes the electrode more stable in longer contact times.

This employed method in this present study could remove the antibiotic better than conventional processes. Generally, this method has high removal efficiency in ciprofloxacin destruction with minimum investments

Development of enormous industries has resulted in the entrance of dangerous and toxic compounds such as heavy metals into the environment polluting water bodies. Lead, which exists in most of industrial effluents, has a high contamination potential. In the present work, performance of nanofilteration (NF) membrane (NF 90) has been studied to separate lead from synthetic wastewater.
The present research was conducted experimentally in a batch reactor. All of the parameters including Pb concentration (10-90 mg/L), pressure (6-18 bar) and ionic power (50-150 mg/L of NaCl) were optimized by the one at a time in 15 times and within a fixed temperature (25± 2 °C) and pH (5.4± 0.1). Also, the removal efficiency of Pb and permeate flux were detected.
The findings showed that the removal efficiency went up dramatically when pressure was raised from 6 to 9 bar. But 1% increase was observed in efficiency with increasing pressure from 9 to 18 bar. Besides, the efficiency decreased by 5.5% with increasing initial lead concentration. It was also found that the efficiency increased in the presence of NaCl. The highest removal efficiency (over 99%) was achieved at initial lead concentration of 10 mg/L, pressure of 18 bar and NaCl concentration of 150 mg/L.
Since this technique can remove Pb, it can be applied in industrial applications. Of course, in the case of real wastewaters, operating parameters are required to be optimized.

Production and processing of raisin different areas are different based on weather conditions and their technological devices. Thus, generated wastewaters in each area are very different from another one in terms of quality and quantity. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the electrochemical process, which is an environmentally benign and simple technique, in the effluent of a raisin cleaning factory.
The wastewater from a raisin cleaning factory was treated by the electro-oxidation process in pilot-scale reactor (as batch) with an effective liquid volume of 80 ml. In order to study the amount of the performance of this process in organic matters removal, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the samples were measured before and after every run. Moreover, the effects of parameters pH, current density, and reaction time were studied and consumed electrical power was calculated.
It was found that 86% of COD was removed at the following conditions: pH 3, current density 40 mA/cm2 and reaction time 360 min and the efficiency went up with increasing both time and current density. Further, at optimum conditions, the amount of electrical energy consumption was 5.4 kW/h COD.
Considering high loading rate of the wastewater in this study, this system can be applied as a pretreatment step despite having high efficiency and the effluent from this process requires further treatment to meet environmental standards.

Introduction & Common methods for dewatering of wastewater sludge need chemi-cals and high energy consumption and have low efficiency and environmental acceptability because of colloidal and jelly property of bacteria cells of sludge. Furthermore, their operat-ing is completely complicated. In this study electro-flotation way, as a novel method, was performed to cover these limitations and also operating parameters and energy consumptions were optimized. In order to carry out the experiments, a batch reactor with the effective volume of 450 ml was used. In this experimental- laboratorial study, the effect of pH, current density, hydraulic retention time and surface/volume changes on the amount of dewatering and the amount of total solids in both the sludge cake (dewatered sludge) and the water sepa-rated from the sludge as well as the content of TSS, TS and COD in the water were investi-gated. The amount of consumed electricity was calculated and lowered by optimizing the variables. The finding showed that the best efficiency (81.6%) of sludge dewatering was achieved at pH = 2, current density = 1.7mA/cm2, hydraulic retention time = 30 min and sur-face/volume amount = 178 cm2/L with electrical energy consumption of 0.33-0.726 kWh/m3. The electro-flotation process owing to high efficiency, convenient construction and operating and lower energy consumption and construction costs compared to common methods can effectively be applied.

Dye removal from industrial wastewater has been considered as one of the most environmental issues. Recently، new methods of treatment such as catalytic ozonation have been used to increase dye removal efficiency. So، the efficiency of catalytic ozonation by copper coated zeolite as a catalyst in the removal of Reactive Red 198 was investigated. In order to remove dye، the zeolite granules were modified by CuSO4. The heterogenous catalytic ozona-tion experiments were carried out to deter-mine the effect of pH، contact time، initial dye concentration، catalyst dose and radical scavengering in a semi-batch reactor. Sca-nning Electron Microscope (SEM)، X-ray Diffraction (XRD)، X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)، Adsorption/Desorption Porosimetry (BET) analyses were used to determine the structural properties، chemical compounds، specific surface area and morphological characteristic of zeolite and copper coated zeolite. Also catalytic ozonation process (COP) removal in both catalytic and sole ozonation was measured. The results showed that in cat-alytic ozonation، the removal efficiency of the dye increased in proportion to the increasing of pH، contact time، catalyst dose. Conversely، with the increasing of the initial concentrations of dye from 100 to 500 mg/L، removal efficiency decreased from 92% to 68% in catalytic ozonation. Furthermore، in the presence of radical scavenger، no considerable decrease was observed in catalytic ozonation. Also COD experiments showed 20% and 45% incr-eases in the sole ozonation and catalytic ozonation، respectively. Discussion & Due to the low cost، availability and high performance of zeolite as a catalyst support، and also with regard to the advantages of heterogenous systems compared with homogenous sys-tem، using of copper coated zeolite in cata-lytic ozonation processes for the removal of different pollutants is suggested.

Nowadays, bottled waters are used by people due to the belief in their quality, easy transportation as well as accessibility with a low cost in most places and stores. Therefore, this public tendency was surveyed at the present study in Ilam City. This was a descriptive-analytic study. First, the brands were determined and, then, the sampling was achieved accidentally. 6 brands were surveyed in general. Of each brand, 7 samples with different production dates from several parts of the city were collected. These samples were tested by total coliforms, fecal coliforms, nitrite and nitrate, hardness, pH and EC. Obtained results were analyzed by one way ANOVA test. None of the samples proved to carry microbial problems and other parameters (PH, EC, hardness, nitrite and nitrate) were on the standard ranges. Discussion & According to the results, it can be concluded that the water quality of the measured samples, is healthful enough to be used for drinking.

If the fluoride concentration in drinking water is lower than the standard level, it causes dental caries and if it be more than standard level it causes dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the groundwater fluoride(F) concentration and dental caries in children living in 7 areas of Nourabade Mamasani town in Iran. F level of the town drinking water was measured by the SPADNS method. All the children of the 4 age groups of 6, 9, 10, and 12 were sampled for a total of 3349 in seven districts of the town. All the 28 teeth of the children were subject to this test. The drinking water in the region is totally of groundwater supply. The residents have essentially the same socio-economic living standards and nutritional conditions. In these 7 areas, the F level in the drinking water was from 0.53 to 1 mg/L., While the number of decayed permanent(Dt) teeth per child ranged from 0.13and 0.34 to the number of decayed deciduous(dt) teeth ranged from 0.5 to 3.9 Although the F level in the drinking water was below the national level, the dental caries were below the national level. Over this narrow concentration range, there appeared to be a weak association between the F level in the drinking water and Dt and dt. Linear regression analyses showed very weak decreases of the Dt and dt scores with increasing water F level is not significant. Discussion & This study shows that in low concentrations of F ranging 0.1 to 0.53mg/L, there is a negligible effect on prevention of dental caries.

Organophosphorus pesticides are one of the most consumable poisons in the country. Such poisons can enter water sources by different routes; since consuming some drinking water which contains an amount of poison higher than the standard level, causes undesirable effects to human health and hygiene. The purpose of the present work is to study the effectiveness of eliminating malathion from water by ultraviolet irradiation (UV) mercury lamp with a medium pressure. In this experimental study, concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L and pH values of 6, 7, and 9 from malathion poison were irradiated at the times of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes in a ultraviolet reactor. The amounts of malathion poison were determined by HPLC instrument and then compared before and after the irradiation. The results of the present study at different concentrations, times and pH show that the minimum reduction of malathion occurs at the time period of 10 min (%46) and the maximum reduction at the time period of 60 min (%87.25) (p<0.05). Also, the effectiveness of irradiation process decreases (from 93 to 87.25%) with increasing the poison concentration (from 0.5 to 2mg/L) (p<0.001). On the other hand, the efficiency of the process increases with pH increase. The present study shows that applying UV irradiation for 60 min. with the concentration of 0.5 mg/l and pH=9, has the most effectiveness on reducing malathion poison content of water. Therefore, the application of UV reactors could be considered as an appropriate method for the treatment of waters contaminated with these poisons.

Backgrounds and Today the crisis rising from over consumption energy and materialand environmental pollution pose serious problems that challenges present resources of man.Sustainable development is probably an inevitable strategy for human being in such a way that theleast possible damage be inflicted to the environment.In this way, the role played by universities in reaching the objectives of sustainable development is crucial. In this paper, we examine the present state of consumption energy resources (Electricity and natural gas) in the central main campus of Tehran University and so we calculate the extent of environmental pollutants resulted of these energy consumptions. For surveying of our objectives the first step is a survey of the current state of campus by way of reexamination of Gas and Electricity bills and distribution of a questionnaire. Second is an estimate of the entering pollutants to the environment with online software in site of http://www.abraxasenergy.com/emissions.annual consumption of 16.5 million KWHS of electricity along with 4312392 m3 of naturalgas leads to 0.0218 million tones Co2, 778 kg VOCS, 374.6 tones NOX, 2.41 tones CO, 65.341 tones So2, 93 kg Mercury compounds and 868 kg particles. It is shown that there is no objective effort and green management in this part ofuniversity officials. This project suggests that the implementation of green management in the framework of programs such as green university can be crucial in reaching the objectives.