فهرست مطالب کریم نوزاد نمین

Alfalfa is one of the most important fodder plants, being able to produce a high quantity of forage dry mass with high concentration of protein and to symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen. Having a deep and extensive root system, it reduces soil erosion and improves water penetration in agricultural soils (11). The results of the previous researches showed that the use of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar-2 bi-fertilizers had a significant effect on plant protein concentration and the highest protein (22.3%) was obtained when the plants were inoculated with Phosphate Barvar-2 and received organic amendment in the form of mushroom compost. Also, the use of Nitroxin and Barvar-2 bi-fertilizer increased the efficiency of nitrogen consumption, and inoculation with Nitroxin had the highest (22.8%) nitrogen use efficiency (5). Our study aimed to shed light on the nitrogen physiological efficiency and some agronomic traits of alfalfa in the presence of bio-fertilizers and organic manures in Kashan, central Iran.

This study was carried out in Aran and Bidgol, central Iran, in 2014. The experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were 4 levels of bio-fertilizers (control, Nitroxin, Phosphate Barvar-2, and Nitroxin+Phosphat Barvar-2) and animal manures (control, cattle manure, sheep manure, and poultry manure in 10 tons/ha). Stems/m2, grains/m2, 1000-grains weight, days to 10 percent flowering, accumulative fresh weight, nitrogen content, protein content, protein yield, physiological efficiency of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency were evaluated.

Application of bio-fertilizers enhanced all examined attributes, compared to control, the extent of enhancement in a majority of attributes being greater for Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar-2. The highest and lowest grains/m2 and 1000-grains weight belonged to application of Nitroxin+ Phosphate Barvar-2 + 10 tons/ha cattle manure and control treatments, respectively. The highest nitrogen content, protein content, and protein yield were obtained by the application of Nitroxin and poultry manures. The highest physiological efficiency of nitrogen was recorded under the conditions of control and cattle manure (3.19 Kg/Kg). The highest nitrogen use efficiency was observed in the presence of cattle manure and Nitroxin+ Phosphate Barvar-2. The application of Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar-2 with an average of 68.4 tons/ha led to 15.63% increase compared to other levels of bio-fertilizer. Therefore, the combined application of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar-2 has been able to produce a high-quality animal feed in successive harvests than the sole application of each of these bio-fertilizers. Among the different levels of organic fertilizers, application of cow manure with an average of 67.08 tons/ha and no use of organic fertilizer with an average of 62.37 tons/ha produced the highest and lowest cumulative fresh weight of alfalfa, respectively. Also, the highest physiological efficiency of nitrogen (with an average of 3.40 kg of grains produced per kg of nitrogen applied) was achieved when 10 tons/ha of cow manure was applied.

The combined application of Nitroxin and Phosphat Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers was more effective than the sole application of each of these biofertilizers. Among the levels of organic manure (10 tons per hectare), cow manure was found to be more effective in enhancing the examined traits. Application of poultry manure had a more favorable effect on nitrogen and protein concentrations and protein yield of alfalfa. Therefore, combined application of Nitroxin and Phosphat Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers is recommended for producing alfalfa in the climatic conditions of Kashan.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of combined use of organic and biological fertilizers on protein percentage and apparent nitrogen recovery in white beans.

An experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first factor included four levels (Control, Inoculation with Azotobacter, Inoculation with Barvar-2 and Inoculation with Azotobacter + Barvar-2) and second factor included four levels (Control, Farmyard manure, Mushroom compost and vermicompost).

The results showed that the highest biological performance was related to Nitroxin without using organic fertilizer and the lowest was related to control. The highest percentage of protein was related to fertilizer 2 + mushroom compost. The lowest percentage of protein belonged to the treatment of not using biological fertilizer and using animal manure. The maximum and minimum of nitrogen consumption efficiency were related to control treatment + animal manure with an average of 36.32 and control treatment + control, respectively. The highest value of apparent nitrogen recovery attribute was related to nitroxin + vermicompost treatment and the lowest value of this attribute was related to control + control.

The application of biological fertilizer and organic fertilizer led to a significant increase in the evaluated traits. Therefore, due to the high costs of preparation and consumption of chemical fertilizers, high wastage and leaching, as well as the harmful environmental effects of these fertilizers,

The use of biological and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers increases the efficiency of the cycle of food elements, improves and stabilizes the quantitative and qualitative grain yield by maintaining the appropriate productivity of soil and water resources in sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic and biological fertilizers on nitrogen agronomy efficiency and phosphorus content of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2015. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included four organic fertilizers (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost, and vermicompost) and four biofertilizers (control, inoculation with azotobacter, barvar2, and azotobacter+ barvar-2). Application of nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest effect on all traits. The highest protein yield (2779 kg ha-1) related to nitroxin biofertilizer treatment + organic control and the lowest one (950 kg ha-1) was obtained when no organic and biofertilizers were applied. The highest and the lowest of phosphorus content (2.34% and 1.03%) belonged to nitroxine + mushroom compost and Barvar-2 + organic control, respectively. The highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were achieved in control treatment + animal manure and when no organic and biofertilizers were applied, respectively. Therefore, the highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) NUE were obtained in control + animal fertilizers and when no fertilzers were applied. Considering that the simultaneous application of biological fertilizers (nitroxin + Barvar-2) and animal manure is superior in terms of grain harvest index (35%), therefore, it was more priority and recommendable in the region

In order to investigate the effect of integrated application of biological and organic fertilizers on absorption and phosphorus physiological efficiency in medicago sativa in Aran and Bidgol citiy in 2013, A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include four levels of biofertilizers (control, nitroxin fertilizer, Fertilizer Phosphate-2 and the combination of Nitroxin and Fertilizer Phosphate-2) and Four levels of organic fertilizer (control, cow manure, sheep manure and chicken manure) were 10 tons per hectare. The results showed that the use of biological fertilizers had a significant effect on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at a significant level of 1%. Also, the effect of organic fertilizers on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, physiological efficiency and phosphorus use efficiency were significant at 1% level. Among the comparison of the averages of intraction effects, the highest physiological efficiency of phosphorus related to the treatment (no inoculation with biological fertilizer + consumption of 10 tons per hectare of cow manure) with an average of 35.78 kg of grains produced per kg of phosphorus used and the lowest amount of physiological efficiency of phosphorus. It belonged to the treatment (not using biological fertilizer + not using organic fertilizer.

In order to the effect of Simultaneous Cropping on agronomic characteristics of spring safflower cultivars (Cartamus tinctorius L.) in Aran and Bidgol region, this study was carried out in field of Kashan city of Esfahan province in 2013. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Spring safflower cultivars (V1= Faraman, V2= Goldasht, V3= Esfahan local, V4= Soffeh) and Simultaneous cropping treatment, (S1= Cultivation of safflower + chickpea, S2= Cultivation of safflower + alfaalfa, S3= Cultivation of safflower + onion, S4= Cultivation of safflower) were assigned in plots. Each sub plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 60 cm between rows space and 4 cm between plants on the rows was used. In this study characteristics such as: days to bolling, number of branches, weight of boll, number of grain per plant, grain yield in plant, grain yield in m-2, biological yield, harvest index and alfalfa biomass were assessed. Results indicated that the effect of safflower cultivars on the characteristics such as: days to bolling, weight of boll, number of grain per plant, grain yield in plant, grain yield in m-2 and harvest index was significant. Effect of Simultaneous cropping treatment on the characteristics such as: weight of boll and biological yield was significant, too. The maximum and minimum of harvest index (33.31 and 26.52 %) were obtained with the Esfahan local and Soffeh cultivars, respectively.

The adverse effects of unfavorable environmental factors are important in warm and dry regions due to limited water resources and evaporation. This study was carried out to determine agronomic traits and oil yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars planting methods at Kashan in 2014. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangemed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were planting methods (flooding, furrow bed method, high water mark, planting on rows) and safflower cultivars (Goldasht, Esfahan local, Soffeh). Each plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 50 cm between rows space and 5 cm between plants on the rows. Plant height, stem diameter, number of branch, number of unfilled capsuls, number of capsuls per m-2, number of seed per m-2, weight of seeds, biological yield, harvest index of plant and oil yield were measured. Results showed that the interaction between safflower cultivars and planting methods on plant height, number of capsuls per m-2, number of seed per m-2, weight of capsuls grains, biological yield of plant, harvest index and oil yield was significant. The highest and lowest oil yield (389.7 and 254.3 kg ha-1) were obtained with Goldasht cultivar in high water mark and Esfahan local cultivar in planting on furrow. Therefore, safflower planting at high water mark method can reduces the accumulation of salts from the evaporation surface in areas with hot and dry weather, such as kashan... .

In order to response of yield and yield components of safflower cultivars to simultaneous cropping with some of crops, this study was carried out in field of Kashan city of Esfahan province in 2013. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Spring safflower cultivars (V1= Faraman, V2= Goldasht, V3= Esfahan local, V4= Soffeh) and Simultaneous cropping treatment, (S1= Cultivation of safflower chickpea, S2= Cultivation of safflower alfaalfa, S3= Cultivation of safflower onion, S4= Cultivation of safflower) were assigned in plots. Each sub plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 60 cm between rows space and 4 cm between plants on the rows was used. In this study characteristics such as: days to 50% bolling, height of plant, number of boll per plant, number of grain per boll, weight of 1000 grain, wet weight of plant in m-2, number of grain per m-1, grain yield and grain yield of onion were assessed. Results indicated that the effect of safflower cultivars on the characteristics such as: days to 50% bolling, height of plant, number of boll per plant, number of grain per boll, weight of 1000 grain, wet weight of plant in m-2, number of grain per m-1, grain yield was significant. Effect of Simultaneous cropping treatment on the characteristics such as: number of boll per plant and number of grain per boll was significant, too. The maximum and minimum of grain yield (2084 and 1710 kg ha-1) were obtained with the Esfahan local and Soffeh cultivars, respectively.