نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1403)

This research was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of replacement and addition series on the yield and yield components of Camelina and Lentil under rainfed and irrigated conditions.

The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Ilam University in growing season in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The main plots include irrigation on two levels (rainfed and irrigated) and the subplots include alternative and incremental mixed cropping patterns in nine levels including (75% Camelina+ 25% lentils, 50% Camelina+ 50% lentils, 25% Camelina+ 75% lentils), 100% Camelina+ 25% lentils, 100% Camelina+ 50% lentils, 100% Camelina+ 75% lentils, 100% Camelina+ 100% lentils, monoculture of Camelina and lentils).

The results showed the highest grain yield (1827 kg ha-1) and biological yield of camelina (7012 kg ha-1) in the series of 100% camelina+ 25% lentil and the highest grain and biological yield of lentil was 750 and 1950, respectively, related to monoculture lentil cultivation. The evaluation of the ratio of land equality showed the superiority of all ratios of camellia and lentil intercropping over their monoculture, and the incremental rows of 100% camellina+ 75% lentils and 100% camellina+ 100% lentils had the highest LER.

The results showed that the intercropping of camelina and lentils under irrigation and rainfed conditions was beneficial and superior compared to their monoculture.

Intercropping increases production, soil fertility and soil erosion control and generally the optimal use of resources. Thus, different morphological traits, grain yield and the evaluation indexes were evaluated.

Different patterns of Partial Additive intercropping included: 1) intercropping with 50% ratio of basil mobarake cultivar at optimal density of monoculture and optimal density of bean, 2): basil mobarake cultivar 75% and optimal density of bean, 3) basil mobarake cultivar 100% and optimal density of bean, 4) basil tailandi cultivar 50% and optimal density of bean, 5) basil tailandi cultivar 75% and optimal density of bean, 6) basil tailandi cultivar 100% and optimal density of bean, 7) bean monoculture, 8) basil mobarake cultivar monoculture, 9) basil tailandi cultivar monoculture

Results showed the highest yield of bean and basil was recorded in monoculture and highest dry weight, fresh weight, percentage and essential oil yield of basil were observed recorded in monoculture of basil tailandi cultivar at the first harvesting under different intercropping pattern.

According to the Land Equivalent Ratio and Total Relative Value, pattern of optimal bean density and 100% basil tailandi cultivar density was superior than other patterns and more beneficial than monocultures.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of combined use of organic and biological fertilizers on protein percentage and apparent nitrogen recovery in white beans.

An experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first factor included four levels (Control, Inoculation with Azotobacter, Inoculation with Barvar-2 and Inoculation with Azotobacter + Barvar-2) and second factor included four levels (Control, Farmyard manure, Mushroom compost and vermicompost).

The results showed that the highest biological performance was related to Nitroxin without using organic fertilizer and the lowest was related to control. The highest percentage of protein was related to fertilizer 2 + mushroom compost. The lowest percentage of protein belonged to the treatment of not using biological fertilizer and using animal manure. The maximum and minimum of nitrogen consumption efficiency were related to control treatment + animal manure with an average of 36.32 and control treatment + control, respectively. The highest value of apparent nitrogen recovery attribute was related to nitroxin + vermicompost treatment and the lowest value of this attribute was related to control + control.

The application of biological fertilizer and organic fertilizer led to a significant increase in the evaluated traits. Therefore, due to the high costs of preparation and consumption of chemical fertilizers, high wastage and leaching, as well as the harmful environmental effects of these fertilizers,

The present research aimed to study the effects of Trichoderma fungi on yield components, seed and oil yields of safflower, and select high-yielding genotypes to cultivate in saline soils around Urmia Lake.

Methods and Materials:

 An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the 2021-22. The experimental factors were Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) including control and seed treatments and the second factor included 14 safflower genotypes.

The effect of Trichoderma on plant height, panicula per plant, 1000-seeds weight, oil percent, seed and oil yields was significant. Among studied genotypes, significant differences were seen in mentioned traits. In fungi treatment and control conditions Padideh, L1, PI426521, PI537698, and PI537694 genotypes indicated higher seed and oil yields. They are located in the same cluster group according to the studied characters. The treatment of safflower seeds with Trichoderma fungi led to an increase in seed yields of the above-mentioned genotypes 645,677,575, 494, and 520 Kg h-1 respectively and they reached 3727, 3521, 3345, 3322, and 3164 Kg h-1 respectively. These increases in seed yield can have an effective role in the sustainable development of safflower cultivation in saline areas.

It seems that Padideh, L1, PI426521, PI537698, and PI537694 genotypes are suitable for cultivation in saline areas around Urmia Lake. The treatment of seeds with Trichoderma fungi significantly increased seed and oil yields of safflower genotypes.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of biofertilizers such as phosphatebarvar-2 and seaweed extract in increasing growth traits, quality and quantity of coriander.

This study was carried out as a field experiment in a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. in the west of Iran, in 2016-2017. The first factor was consisted of seaweed extract in three levels (no extract, one percent and two percent) and the second factor was including phosphatebarvar-2 in two levels (inoculation and no inoculation).

The results showed that the interaction between phosphatebarvar-2 and seaweed extract had a significant effect on plant height, seed essential oil content, and phosphorus concentration in aerial parts. The highest essential oil content (0.448%) was obtained in the level of % 2 seaweed extract and inoculation with phosphatebarvar-2 fertilizer. The highest (4.962 kg/ha) essential oil yield was obtained in the treatment of inoculation with phosphatebarvar-2 and 1% seaweed extract. Also the highest (3.583%) amount of phosphorus in aerial parts was obtained in the treatment of inoculation by phosphatebarvar-2 and %2 seaweed extract.

The use of phosphate biofertilizer along with seaweed extract can improve the growth traits and quality of essential oil in coriander.

The aim of the study was investigating the effects of different intercropping patterns with fenugreek and bio-fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of Moldavian-balm and evaluating the advantage of intercropping patterns by determining the land equivalent ratio (LER) index.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and three replications in Maragheh city in 2019. The first factor was cropping-pattern consisted of sole Moldavian-balm and intercropping of Moldavian-balm with fenugreek in replacement patterns (Mb:F) and additive intercropping. The second factor was fertilizer treatment included the use of chemical-fertilizers (CF), Myco-Root bio-fertilizer (M) and the combination of Myco-Root and Biofarm bio-fertilizer (M+B).

The results showed that the effects of cropping-patterns and fertilizer treatments and the interaction of these factors were significant on most of the tested traits. The highest leaf chlorophyll-index (39.06) was observed in sole Moldavian-balm+CF and the greatest plant height (101.7 cm) was also observed in 1:1+CF, which was not significantly different with M+B. The highest dry herbage yield was obtained in sole Moldavian-balm and M+B (8213kg/ha) and CF (8130 kg/ha). At all intercropping patterns the LER values were higher than 1 and the greatest one was obtained in 100: 50.

According to the results of yield and LER, it can be concluded that the intercropping of Moldavian-balm and fenugreek, also the combined use of bio-fertilizers of Myco-Root and Biofarm, is a suitable alternative to sole -cropping and reduce the use of chemical-fertilizers in sustainable production of Moldavian-balm.

The aim of study was to evaluate the efficiency of yield stability analysis models by BLUP and AMMI models.

In this research, nineteen advanced lentil genotypes along with three cultivars of check Kimia, Bileh Sawar and local mass in agricultural research stations of Khorramabad, Ilam and Sararoud in the form of complete blocks design. Randomly with three repetitions and for two crop years (2018-2020), were evaluated. To quantify the genotypic stability, singular value decomposition (SVD) was used with a linear mixed effect model (LMM).

The likelihood ratio test (LRT) indicated that the effect of GEI was significant on seed yield. Therfore, the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) analysis was considered appropriate for these data. Mosaic plot showed that the portion of sum squares of genotype (G) and sum squares of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) in total sum of squares (TSS) were 6.75% and 34.36%, respectively. The bilot of first principle component (PC1) of the environment versus nominal yield showed that genotypes 13, 6, 16, 9 and 10, were more stable.

Biplot of seed yield versus WAASB Showed that the genotypes 10, 16, 1, 20, 15,4,13 and 7 were very productive and stabile due to the large value of response variable (high seed yield) and high stability (low values of WAASB). Identification of genotypes with WAASBY showed genotypes 16 and 1 high yielding and stable, and therefore can be candidate for cultivar inteoduction.

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and grouping new domestic and foreign sugar beet cultivars for quantitative and qualitative characteristics in the western region of the country.

In these experiments, 12 domestic and foreign commercial cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the two regions of Kermanshah and Lorestan.

The results showed that the Rivolta variety in the Kermanshah region, and the Perfekta variety in the Lorestan environment showed the highest root yield, sugar yield and with sugar yield. Also, in the Kermanshah environment, the cultivars Rivolta and Anaconda were the closest cultivars to the ideal cultivar, and in the Lorestan environment, the cultivars Perfekta and Cadmus were the closest to the ideal cultivar respectively. Based on the results of cluster analysis, cultivars were classified into three groups in Kermanshah and five groups in Lorestan. So, in the Kermanshah area, three cultivars Anaconda, Perfekta, and Rivolta, and in Lorestan three cultivars of Anaconda, Gecko, and Perfekta were placed in a cluster that had the best quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In factor analysis, two factors were identified in both environments, which explained 77.85% in Kermanshah and 88.11% of data changes in Lorestan conditions.

In this study, two commercial cultivars, Anaconda and Perfekta, had the best quantitative and qualitative characteristics in both environments. Cultivation of these two cultivars can improve the potential of sugar production in the western region of the country.

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the relationships between traits of different sesame genotypes and determine the most important traits affecting on the grain yield under control and humic acid application. This experiment was carried out under control and humic acid application (250 gr humic acid per 1000 liter water). Each experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications in Abarkouh. Sesame genotypes were including Varamin 2822, Halil, Dashtestan 2, Dashtestan 5, Darab 1, Darab 14, Yazd, Jiroft 13 and Safi Abad. Grain yield under both conditions had significant positive correlation with biological yield, harvest index, 1000 seed weight, oil percentage, protein percentage, number of branches and number of seeds per capsule. By stepwise regression, number of branches and 1000 seed weight under control condition and number of seeds per capsule under humic acid application were entered to the stepwise regression model. The result of path analysis showed that number of branches under control condition and number of seeds per capsule under humic acid application had the most positive direct effect on grain yield. Studied genotypes using cluster analysis classified into three groups. Number of branches under control condition and number of seeds per capsule under humic acid application was one of the most important traits in sesame genotypes. According to cluster analysis, Dashtestan 2 and Darab 14 were better genotypes and so these genotypes could be used for achieving to high yield in sesame..

The aim of this study was the determine effect of nitrogen fertilizer sourcesand redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) densities on nitrogen utilization efficiency and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) resistance index. A field study carried out during 2021 growing season in research farm of School of Agriculture, Shiraz University. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Nitrogen fertilizer sources (non‐fertilizer, urea, sulfur coated urea and ammonium nitrate) were assigned to main plots and density of red root pigweed at 6 levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-2) to the sub-plots. The application of sulfur coated urea in the highest weed density (25 plant m-2) increased dry matter partitioning to grain by 1.2 times, percentage of nitrogen and protein by 1.5 and 1.4 times, photosynthesis rate by 1.2 times and quinoa grain yield by 2.8 times compared to non‐fertilizer. The application of urea, sulfur coated urea and ammonium nitrate in the highest weed density increased nitrogen utilization efficiency by 78.3, 79.8 and 60.4%, respectively compared to non‐fertilizer. In general, the results showed that sulfur coated urea had the maximum grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency and was followed by urea and ammonium nitrate, respectively. Therefore, sulfur coated urea is recommended as the most efficient source of nitrogen fertilizer.

The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of row spacing and cover crops on weed control and yield and components yield of corn (TWC647). This experiment was carried out factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the farm of Moghan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station in 2021. The treatments consisted of row spacing at two levels (75 and 65 cm), cover crops at five levels (rye, hairy vetch, clover, and no cover crop and Maister power herbicide). In the condition without cover crop, the highest total biomass of weeds was obtained at the row spacing of 75 cm. Also, the highest biomass of cover crops in the row spacing of 75 cm was obtained from rye cover crop. The number of grain rows per ear, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were affected by the interaction row spacing ×cover crop; So that the maximum number of grain rows per ear was observed at a row spacing of 75 cm and clover. The highest biological yield of corn was obtained at the row spacing of 65 cm and rye cover crop. highest grain yield (8.05 tons per hectare) was obtained from the row spacing of 65 cm and the rye cover crop treatment and also the highest control percentage of the total biomass of corn weeds (47.47%) was related to the rye cover crop and row spacing of 65 cm.

Drought stress is a major limitation in the production and sustainable performance of plant products, including soybeans, and identifying drought-tolerant genotypes can be a valuable solution in dealing with this problem.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 2019 in Ahar city. The treatments included irrigation levels (1- no stress, 2- stress after flowering, 3- stress after podding) as the main factor and 10 genotype of soybean as secondary factors were implemented in four replications.

With the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the fruiting stage, the yield and yield components decreased due to the increase in the duration of drought stress and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed conditions.The non-stress treatment (normal) had 11.75% more yield than the stress treatment after podding. Aryan line and DPX variety were selected as superior varieties and Kausar, Parsa and Saba lines were selected as weak lines. Under normal conditions, the trait number of fertile stems was entered into the model, under stress conditions, after flowering, the trait number of stems per plant was entered into the model, and under stress conditions, after seeding, straw and stubble yield traits and seed weight per stem were entered into the model, and the first The variable entered into the model at this level of stress was the yield of straw and stubble,

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of cover plants (grass) in improving the microclimate.Data collection methods include field analytical, and quantitative, with a comparative analysis method of proposed design options using simulation in ENVI-met software (4.4.6) and Ray-Man 3.1 in two different patterns at the same site for a period of 8 hours (10:00 to 18:00), which took place on June 30, 2020, as the hottest day of the year; The research was also validated by comparing the model's output parameter values with field measurements. The results indicate the optimal performance of the pattern of green cover(grass) compared to the absence of it in improving thermal comfort and reducing physiological temperature. Because it has caused an increase in relative humidity of 0.06% and a decrease in the environmental comfort index (PMV) by 0.005, as well as a decrease in the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) by 0.23 degrees Celsius, the hours of 11:00, 12:00, and 18:00 contain the best performance of vegetation (grass) in terms of enhancing micro-climate conditions, whereas the hours of 14:00, 15:00, and 16:00 include the worst performance in terms of effective micro-climate alterations. The average change in physiological temperature in the most optimal and worst hours of operation is equal to 4.68 degrees Celsius, and these changes in the relative humidity index are equal to 0.45%.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat cultivars by some physiological traits under drought stress conditions. Experiments were conducted in the cropping years from 2018- 2019 and 2019-2020 in the farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Moghan in the form of split plots complete random block design with three repetitions. The Main plot covered the three irrigation regimes including control irrigation (without drought stress), medium drought stress (moderate drought stress) and full drought stress. Sub-plots included bread wheat cultivars and lines (Tirgan, Ehsan, Aftab and lines N-91-17, N-92-9 and N-93-17). The results showed that moderate and full drought stress caused a significant decrease in the number of days to germination, number of fertile tillers per plant, thousand seed weight, seed yield, proline content, catalase, leaf protein and leaf greenness index. Under moderate and full drought treatments, the seed yield declined (12.5 and 31 percent, respectively). Also, the results showed that moderate drought stress and full drought stress increased proline content and catalase enzyme activity and decreased leaf protein content and leaf greenness index. Considering the critical water conditions in the world and Iran, especially in Ardabil (Maghan) province, the introduction of cultivars that can reduce yield at least in low irrigation conditions are of great importance. Therefore, among the studied cultivars, the N-93-17 line and the Aftab variety are recommended for cultivation in the conditions of drought stress at the end of the season and the development of drought-resistant varieties.

Multiple regression analysis and path analysis of maize grain yield with other agronomic traits to determine the most effective traits of the grain yield as well as analysis of genotype×trait interaction using the GGE biplot method, to evaluate the response of the hybrids to normal and water-deficit stress conditions based on the measured traits for determining high-yielding hybrids for both conditions, were carried out. In order to determine superior hybrids under normal and drought stress conditions based on agronomic traits and with the help of genotype×trait biplot analysis and also to determine traits affecting grain yield through multiple regression and path analysis, 18 maize hybrids were evaluated in a split-plot design based on the randomized complete block design in three replications and in two consecutive years.Two levels of irrigation were allocated in the main plots and maize hybrids in the subplots.In the path analysis of the grain yield with other studied traits, the number of kernel rows, the 300-grain weight and the number of grains per row under normal conditions, and the number of kernel rows and the 300-grain weight in the drought stress conditions had significant direct effects on the grain yield.The results of GGE biplot analysis of genotype×trait in both conditions showed that in normal conditions the two first components explained 72/28% and in water-deficit stress conditions 83/60% of the total variance.In both conditions hybrid SC704 was recognized as the ideal genotype.Hybrid SC704 ranked first as the most high-yielding hybrid in both conditions, and hybrid SC647 ranked next.

In order to investigate the effects of foliar spraying of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the alternate bearing and some vegetative and reproductive traits of native olive cultivars.

This experiment was performed during 2019 and 2020 in the Dalahu Olive Research Station of kermashah province as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications.The first factor was NAA as foliar spraying at three levels (foliar spraying with 150 mg/l), zero concentrations (with distilled water) and no foliar spraying. The second factor was cultivar three native olive cultivars (Deira, Zagros and Meshkat)..

 The results of ANOVA showed that the number of flowers and complete flowers on cluster. cluster and fruit numbers on the branch were affected significantly by tested treatments. The interactive effects of the cultivar and the season was significant at the level of 1% on the Fruit and kernel dimensions, yield and yield efficiency. Foliar spraying in year andcultivar was not significant.

NAA foliar application hads little effect in alternate bearing in studied cultivars. The percentage of oil in wet and dry matter in "on" and "off" years had no significant difference. The fruit yield of the Deira cultivar compared to other cultivars (Zagors and Mashkat). So despite NAA foliar application, the fruit yield per tree was 35.6 kg in the year "on" and 8.5 kg per tree in the year "off" in Meshkat and Zagros cultivars, the yield difference in two years was small.

The statistical population of this study includes all operators of irrigation and drainage network of Golfaraj plain of Jolfa city with 1417 operators who were calculated through Cochran's formula and 302 operators were selected through stratified sampling and proportional assignment.The data collection tool at this stage was a questionnaire.In order to calculate its reliability, 30 questionnaires were completed and Cronbach's alpha value was 0.84, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire.The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between farmers' environmental behavior and agricultural history, number of household members, amount of irrigated land, agricultural income, attitude, convergence, perceived behavioral control and intention at the level of one percent. The results of multiple regression also showed that the factors of attitude, intention, convergence and perceived behavioral control explain about 65% of the changes in the dependent variable.The results show that the factors affecting the environmental behavior of farmers are intention, environmental attitude, perceived behavioral control and convergence.Therefore, providing effective conditions and facilities for behavior, such as preparing and compiling environmental education packages to empower farmers, making TV programs to get acquainted with environmental problems, and developing supportive policies related to environmental protection. Delegating authority to local communities by creating and strengthening local organizations and institutions active in the field of agriculture and the environment improves farmers' participation in environmental issues and can provide a more appropriate platform for environmental behavior of farmers. Provide.

In this study, first, the epsilon constraint method is used to solve the multi-objective mathematical programming model, including three objectives maximizing the profit of the farmers in the region (economic objective), reducing water consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of chemical fertilizers and fossil fuels (environmental objectives). ) was used and finally, using the max-min method, the best solution was selected from the Pareto set. The statistical population of the research are the farmers of South Bisheh region of Babol city. The relevant data were collected from the Regional Agricultural Jihad Department and the Satba Organization in 1400, and the model was optimized using Matlab software. The results showed with the implementation of the proposed model, the profit of the farmers of the region will increase from 621.900 to 710.212 million Rials per hectare compared to the current situation in the entire cropping season. Also, the results of the model suggested the optimal amount of energy consumption of 2864 kilowatt hours in the form of combined consumption (85% of fossil energy and 15% of solar energy) in irrigation water pumping. The optimal amount of water consumption was also 12553 cubic meters per hectare, which shows a savings of 0.05 compared to the current situation. In the last part of the results, by choosing the optimal cultivation pattern and the combined fossil-solar pump system in the irrigation of the region's lands, compared to the current conditions, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions has been reduced by 0.10%.

an attempt was made to simulate and evaluate the water footprint of agricultural products under the conditions of climate change in the Kashf River watershed. I, WEAP was used for the integrated assessment of water resources. Also, the MABIA tool available in the WEAP was used to simulate the effects of climate change on crops such as wheat, barley, alfalfa, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, and fodder corn. The simulation of water and carbon footprints was done using the outputs of WEAP and MABIA models for the years 2013-2040.respectively. The biggest decrease in yield in the middle scenario was attributed to the two products barley and alfalfa with 25.7 and 25.6 percent. Also, the highest amount of change in net water requirement belongs to potato crops equal to 64.8%, and onion at 59.37% in the pessimistic scenario compared to the current conditions. In general, from the calculation of the water footprint, it was found that the highest water footprint of the selected products is sugar beet, fodder corn, onion, alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber with 18, 15, 14, 14, 13, and 12 thousand cubic meters. The lowest carbon footprint was assigned to wheat, barley, alfalfa, and fodder corn products, the water footprint of agricultural products will be larger than the green water footprint. The increase in evaporation and transpiration and the decrease in rainfall at the basin level, show the negative consequences of the climate change phenomenon for the farmers of the region.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the sustainability of rainfed wheat cultivation in the city of Mianeh in the cropping years of 2017-2020.

hierarchical analysis was used for feature weighting the indices. Social, economic and environmental dimensions were considered as decision criteria for sustainability assessment and for each of these dimensions five indicators had been contemplated. Paired comparisons of analytical hierarchy process and referring to agricultural Jihad management experts of Miyaneh county and wheat farmers in this city, 30 questionnaires were filled by wheat farmers and 40 questionnaires by agricultural Jahad management and natural resource management experts of Miyaneh county.

in both groups, economic dimension has higher weight then environmental and social dimension, respectively. In the economic dimension, from the viewpoint of both groups, the ratio of expenditure per hectare and operation on hectare is among the most important indicators, in total, these two indices have the highest overall relative weight. In the social dimension, the indicators of self-sufficiency in wheat production and the number of observer of the wheat project have the highest impact on wheat cultivation sustainability in every hectare and rural insurance in terms of farmers. In environmental dimension, the conservation indicators, or at least, have the highest weight importance.

it is recommended to increase the use of modified seeds and increase the efficiency of using inputs and determine the optimal price of wheat purchasing so as to increase performance and decrease the ratio of cost to income.