کلثوم صدیقی

Apocalyptic literature can be considered as a kind of idealistic literature in which the poet-writer is dissatisfied with the current state of his society and the flow of affairs and seeks to create an ideal world, a world other than the present world, using his creative imagination. In this type of literature, anxiety and political, social and religious anomalies and the inability to overcome it focuses the poet-writer view to the future, thus the present time is the source and origin of his historical consciousness and evaluate the present time from the perspective of the future. In the present article, it is tried, while examining the apocalyptic images and their components in Khalil Havi's poetry by analytical-comparative method, to match those images with the apocalyptic images of the Bible, and also to examine the effect of Khalil Havi from the Bible. From the results of this research, we can point to these two points: First, Khalil Havi in his apocalyptic images of his poetry is completely influenced by the Bible. Secondly, Khalil Havi makes his promised paradise in this world.

Due to different political, social and intrinsic reasons, contemporary poets have made use of symbols as artistic tools to express their own experiences. Among them, Shathel Taqa , as one of the pioneers of modern Iraqi poetry, has applied different historical, literary, and Islamic and religious symbols in his poems. With a descriptive and analytical method, the present article studies the characteristics of Job (AS) in two ballades by Taqa entitled "Job triumph" and "Job concerns". Job (As) is famous for bearing hardships, showing patience in the face of adversity and being thankful to Almighty God and these characteristics of him have been used in contemporary poetry. The results show that Distressed social and political situation in Iraq and the Arabic world and the physical condition of the poet himself have had a dramatic effect on his spirit and have made him resort to Job’s character to express the concerns and worries of himself and other people. Job’s character is manifested in different ways in Taqa’s poems, including Job as a symbol for patience, Tammuz, the oppressed Palestinians, the Palestinian, Job concerns and etc

Today semiotics mainly influenced by Peirce's thoughts has become an independent discipline which is used as an interdisciplinary aspect of text analysis. Semiotic analysis of the literary works, especially in the literature of Palestine, could lay the groundwork for a new reading of them and the identity in sustainability discourses and its external and internal relations. by using different semiotic approaches, the layers of thoughts and symptoms such as: Intertextuality, time, place, character, narration, author, methods of discovering additional meanings, along with encryption used in the works of Haroun Hashem Rashid and Muin Baseiso are evaluated to appear or reveal new horizons in the identity of Palestinian segment against the audience in their lyrics. Based on this approach, it also appears that encryption is related to the creator, aesthetics, text interrelationship, time, place and the form of these poems. Given the works of these two poets, a number of roles and symptoms are presented that rebuild a powerful relationship within a turbulent life, which is fluctuating between the pleasant and unpleasant symptoms. In some examples, the results show that there is a reliance on metatext(hypertext) elements and the events of the author's life in his poetry in addiotion to the text elements. However, of all the most frequent indices of their poetry, time, character, and the indications of locations can be noted.

in the context of the Holy Quran, the root of "khald / Kholood" in a detailed description is used as an equivalent of 'human immortality in the sequence of space and time of the other world.
A lot of valuable researches have been conducted about Quran essential lexical terms but the lack of a unique research about “immortality “is observed so the present study tries to review its semantic relationship with other Quran essential terms including "piety" and "belief", "life" and "death", "permanency" and "deterioration", "durability", and "eternity", "heaven" and "hell". This study also aims to reveal the various meanings of immortality and its time and space referents.
The final result of the present study indicates three different pictures of "immortality" in the Holy Quran including conditional immortality, unconditional immortality and Torah physical immortality.
A review of the meanings of immortality in the Holy Quran reveals that it has a semantic association and relationship with both “durability “ and “eternity’ terms as its time referents and also it has a semantic association with “faith”, ”piety” and “life”.
On the other hand immortality is in association and sequence with “paradise”, “Gardens of Eden”, “ Gardens of Nuaim” as space referents based on positive immortality and also it is in association and sequence with «Hell», «Geheim», »Fire», «Hotameh», «Saier» and …. as space referents based on negative immortality. So that each one of these semantic groups in relation to the paradise or Hell is in contradiction to its opposite group.

The process of training requires perseverance on the part of both the trainer and the trainee, and the story of Joseph (a.s.) is a desirable model for training in the era of civilization and pre-civilization as well as in kinship systems and social systems. The present article seeks to explore how nervousness was eradicated from a primitive, prophetic family in Canaan, and the civilized social systems of the ancient Egypt in the era of the Hyksos were led towards Divine Unity owing to the perseverance of the two Israeli prophets.
The research method is descriptive-analytic which focuses on the holy Quran, holy hadiths and lexicons. Following a lexical analysis of the key words of the article, an attempt has been made to explain their relationship with man’s life and the nature of Joseph (a.s.) and Jacob’s (a.s.) perseverance from ideological, ethical and behavioral perspectives. The results of this research work reveal that prophecy, religious obligation, training and development are strongly related to perseverance, and perseverance is the basis of fulfilling the Divine covenant and moving through the straight path of devotion; hence, in the Hyksos Kingdom, a process instigated from Canaan through which a primitive, prophetic family and the Amalekite Kingdom of Hyksos, both from Semitic origin and settled in the civilized, pagan Egypt, were trained on the basis of Divine Unity and they paved the way for the emergence of the Children of Israel through economic, social and political reforms during the seven-year famine.

In human thought ultimate-looking approach, eternity inclination has been the purest, the most pleasant and maybe the most sorrowful melody since the ancient times. This has created the essence and the abstract of the most prominent odes of creation in human mind. Dealing with this concept appears an enchanting and inescapable case not only in contemporary age in Arabic eastern literature and especially before Tamooz school poets but also from the time of Gilgamesh Epic and search for eternity herbals to’ the desire for human eternal return in God-believer creeds and life water stream thought or Ayn al-hayat.
Drawing from the mythological criticism, the present article tries to read as case studies those groups of Abd Al-Vahhab Al-bayyati’s writings on death in which eternity songs and reexisting poems are uttered and from the very deep and sorrowful and deathline existence promises Ishtar presence and return of existence soul and life spirit to the earth outhomnal corpse and its alien residents. Given the above, the eternity inclination in Al-bayyati’s poems will be reviewed in this research on the basis of the most prominent patterns of herbal goddess of old myth of rebirth and resurrection of Iraq’s people (Mesopotamie in old times). The results of this study show that among the poets raising the resurrection and eternal return concepts in the contemporary Arabic literature, Bayyati is the most prominent poet who has focused on this concept. Hence, he is not the only the poet who conveys and recalls old legends in his resurrection ballads, but also a creator of another kind of mythology in the new age.
*This essay is derived from the author's research with nomber 27826 advocated by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

The necessity of an exhaustive research about word making in Arabic language is obvious since the studies and reviews show the perpetuation of Arabic contemporary language. Linguistic scholars and theorists have different opinions about word making process in the sense of applying a new equivalence, producing, creating, and forming new words based on Arabic origins. They also point tothe basis of Arabic word making principles for obtaining a new relationand sense in the original language, or translating foreign and nonnative technical terms fromtarget language. So, the aim of the author of this research is to review,study and determine the completepatterns of word making in contemporary Arabic language which include all the applied and favorable methods of Arabic linguistics and ideas of Arabic language theorists.Also, this research will determine language Equalization, division, and branching in a correct way. Along with the mentioned aims, the present study is organized on the basis of considered patterns of word making styles,analyzing and sampling.The final part of this research shows that the most common word making patterns of the contemporary Arabic language include derivation by seven derivative forms: inflectional derivation, great derivation, greater derivation, major derivation, substitutive derivation,repository derivation and syntactic derivation.The second most common style include tree structures: participle structure, propositional structure, and syntactic structure with a proposition letter group.

“Cohesion” is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text that holds a text together and gives it meaning. Analysis of cohesion in texts has been considered by many analysts. In this paper, we are going to analyze the "reference" as one of the "textual integrity" in" A trilingual selection from Nahj-al-Balagha in Arabic, Persian and English” that is written by Mrs. T. Saffarzadeh, according to the principles of Michael Halliday and R. Hasan.
In this research with using systematic sampling and comparative analyzing between arabic' English & Persian texts of Nahj-al-Balaghe Firstly, according to Cochran's formula, among 1111 sentences in this book, 285 sentences were selected, .In these phrases, the "references" were identified, isolated and compared. To investigate this hypothesis, chi-square test and crosstabs were used.
In our results, we find that in the original text and the translated text of Nahj-al-Balaghe ," reference" and" relevant components" are used more than any other cohesive factors . However, compared to the use of reference between the Arabic, Persian and English, there are significant differences.

Since the ancient times the roleof terminology in all languages has been undeniable .in contemporary era the word formation is considered one of the superi or Functional equivalence finding processes in order to overcome the challenges of the word shortage especially in Arabic and Persian speaking countries Furthermore as most prominent method of language input, the word formation is highly noticed by the linguists. The present review is a contribution to the studies related to the knowledge of word formation due to the lack of pertinent studies in this field. In fact, despite of many studies, the basic technical research on lexicology for the contemporary Arabic language faces a serious shortage therfore, the present article tries to review them echanisms of the word selection in Arabic language based on a descriptive method.
Theoretical Framework: Reviewing the related literature, the present study examines Arabic language . The research methodologyis based on semantic development which is divided into two categories: The first category includes newly coinedterms which previously had specific implications and in this section, first their current meanings are recorded in front of them. After wards then the former meanings are determined according to the ancient texts .The second category includes the formed words with previously specific implications the meanings of which are changed in the target languages. In this review the former and new meanings are listed. After wards their new connotations are determined according to the contemporary texts. Finally the way of acquisition of affixes and acronyms in Arabic languag are analyzed.
Research Appling a descriptive approach, this study analyzes the the ortical framework accurately. In addition, considering the case studies in pre. Islamic literal texts as well as the cotemporary media and speech transcripts, two research questions are raised:1- What are the most applicable methods for equivalence finding in the contemporary Arabic language ?
2-How much do Arabic language speakers utilize loanwords and a cronymization?
The answer lies in relatively accepted hypotheses as follows: 1)in Arabic language, word formation is the second accepted method due to the efforts of Arabs to avoid loanwords .2) If necessary translation of the borrowed words and acronyms along with lexical and phonetic changes is carried out by Arabic language speakers.
The results of the present study suggest that contemporary Arabic speakers are more inclined towards the available new applied words in classic poetic texts, and that such words are more used. The most important reason is the relationship between new application of a word its former meaning and it reveals less semantic development of the word in relation to its previous meaning. Furthermore the audience do not face any problem in comprehending the meanings of such equivalents. There fore in in comparison with other categories, this category of word formation receives more attention and is more applicable. On the other hand, the present study shows that in comparison with other texts the applied new words in prose texts have more semantic development and their new meanings are more applied in specific academic texts.as arwsult in many cases the new meaning are ambiguous or even strange for the common people and are less accepted or applied.For this reason, loanwords, as obserued in many samples, are more frequently used than new formed words or experssions in prose text.
A review of the process of Arabic word formation in the contemporary era, Concerning shows that the process of word selection which is also termed translation by the contemporary Arab linguists, is ranked seconol and lower than word formation through derivation. It also considered as a guidline for the contemporary word formation. Reviewing the metoths of word selection in the contemporary Arabic language, several applicable patterns are identified which include , newly and highly formed words. semantic or structure-oriented translation of loanwords and acrony mization.

Old pattern primordial form or exemplary form or in Jung’s tern ‘archetype’ refers to a human behavior which originates from the collective unconsciousness and from the most important archetypes. Jung refers to ‘anima’ (feminine part of a man’s soul): ‘animus’ (masculine part of a women’s soul); person (individual social veil); shadow, and ego. In this study the anima impression in the poetry of Khalil Hawi’s poetry, and especially two collections of ‘Nahr-al-remad’ and ‘the three shing floors of hunger’ interpret the ‘anima’ presence in the mind of their composer and reveal its apparent and durable presence in his poems.

The echo of love melody is still heard in the songs of the Arabic intellectual poet khalil Hawi and the legends of fairie's charm and the story of the apple of life are the most audible songs of his poems narrating the fable of early human innocence and his fall from the heaven to the earth.The present article aims to review the psychological implications of “fairy” and “love in Hawi's songs, since the perpetual presence of these two motifs along with the evil archetypal symbols like magician, serpent, death, grave, cave,and… in his poetry, through drawing a cryptic and tragic atmosphere, depict ambiguous imaginations which fade away under a strange shadow and confront the human mind with this question that actually from which part of the poet’s mind these strange imaginations and high imagery- which are directed downward- are originated and how the presence of the mutual dimensions of archetypal symbols in his songs are justifiable.

Dystopia, or ruined city, is a model of the formation of an unpleasent territory whose residents try to access a different kind of utopia and it is originates from the failure of the intellectuls and the founders of the utopia to give existence to this imaginary place which paved the way for the appearance of an opposite thought against their aspiration. By considering the scarcity of the conducted research on Khalil Havi’s poetry, and especially the alienatiation of this philosopher poet as the most prominent of planners of dystopia pattern in Arabic contemporary literature, this research attempts to answer two fundamental questions by reviewing Havi’s poetry from dystopia literature point of view, and surveying poetic thoughts in relation to the contemporary era:1-what are the main features of dystopia space and thought in poets’s language, cognition, and poetry? 2- what approaches are shown in Havi’s final images of dystopia in the contemporary era? This article, reviewing the concept of dystopia and its forming path, considers the elements and constituting componants of dystopia domain in Havi’s poems. These components include stagnant time, the intervention of time in place, the dominance of evil and corruption in the world, and the reflection of the poet’s whispering about the disappearance of the traditional chastity of man. The final result of the present study shows that the aim of Havi for dystopia review and design is to invite man to a humanistic vision and a paramaterialistic approach in the contemporary world.

Khalil Havi who plays the symphony of Arab suffering and narrates the story of their permanent degeneration and exile, was born in 1919 in Shewir in Lebanon. In this article the authors analyze the appearance of existentialism in some of his poems which reflect beautifully the pain of an existentialist who is unable to solve the puzzle of existence in this muddy soil called earth where nothing is heard except the loud melody of death and his humming images try to lull him into an eternal sleep.This research considers the main axes of existential thoughts what does Havi refe as follows: thinking about death and death phobia in Khalil Havi’s mind, the relation between death and sin, the relation between distress and worry, some and sinful acts, considering time as the main axis of the existence in the world and finally the agitation and insecurity sense in the formative world.

This question may be raised in the mind of reader of this article that what motivation causes treating the feature of parnassism, in the ode of pre-Islamic Arab poet living hundreds of years before the rise of this school. Did Imru' al-Qais’ belong to the time beyond his contemporary period or the problem is something else? In fact although parnassism is a new name for a special literary school in nineteenth century, but many of it’s features and principles are seen in Arabic poems and particularly in pre-Islamic poems and many of it’s features have been a part of the nature of such insolent poets like Imru' al-Qais’ a poet that like parnassians believes that neither the poem is demonstrative of sublime moral values nor the poet has to observes the social manners and consider the public satisfaction but the important thing in poem is it’s beauty, harmony and it’s being a poem.The authors of this article aim to look for the reality and depth of a poem that embodies an art for the sake of art view and speak about a poet that although some of the critics doubt in his being and his poems but as some of the critics believe he has been the pioneer of pre-Islamic poets.

Much has been said about mage, mimesis and imagination. Old and new Arab and non Arab philologists and philosophers defined it in different forms and used it in different places. Poets especially have been inspired by it, because they have been inspired by the goddess of art. Images stored in the memory feed the imagination, so Plato believed poetics is one kind of Divine Charisma and Aristotle used words like representation and mimesis that are innately and instinctively in the human body in order to explain poetry. But who tells the truth, Plato or Aristotle? What is the viewpoint the Muslims about image? Brief research about image mimesis and imagination, and the role of image in the structure of the poetry is useful. So this article examines if Muslims have been influenced by Aristotle’s views and Greek thoughts or not and analyzes and criticizes the viewpoint of Hazim Al-Qartajini about mimesis and imagination.

It is beyond all doubt that Holy Koran has always inspired eastern and western poets and writers and particularly Moslem thinkers who received a ration of God's blessing. Thus, the effect of Holy Koran on Moslem thinkers and their works is undeniable. The present article is trying to make a brief comparison between Sayyed Qotb "the great interpreter of Holy Koran and the contemporary Egyptian reformer" and Ahmad Matar "the Iraqi revolutionary poet. At first it is examining the Sayyed Qotb's ideas about stories in Holy Koran based on the book; Al-tafsir Al-fani fi-ll Koran" (the artistic image in Holy Koran) and then showing its application in Ahmad Matar's poems. Then, the study tries to examine the poem "Bellad Mabayn al-nahrain" (the land of Mesopotamia), and then some of the other poems of Ahamd Matar like: "Yusuf Fi biar albetrul" (Josef in the well of petrol) and "aljamal" (the camel).