کیوان کرامتی

Thyme is one of the medicinal plants with various therapeutic properties mentioned in traditional medicine. In this research, male Wistar rats were divided in 4 experimental groups. 3 groups received Thymus vulgaris aqueous extract (1000, 2000 and 4000 microgram per microliter) intracerebroventriculary. Also in control group, normal saline (1microliter) was injected intracerebroventriculary. Then, in order to induce convulsions in all experimental groups, pentylentetrazol (80mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. The results showed that the injection of 1000 microgram extract significantly reduces the depth of seizure compared to the control group and causes significant increase of initiation time of fifth convulsive stage. Also, injection of 2000 microgram extract caused a significant increase of initiation time of third and fourth convulsive stages compared to the control group. On the other hand, the injection of 4000 microgram extract did not show any significant difference compared to the control group. These results show that the aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris has anticonvulsant properties.

Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Blood is a common source for DNA detection in all kinds of samples, and anticoagulants such as heparin and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are used to prevent coagulation. Because heparin has a strong inhibitory effect on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it is not used in samples that will be tracked by DNA. There are physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods to eliminate the inhibitory effect of heparin on PCR test. First, to compare the intensity of the inhibitory effect of two anticoagulants, heparin, and EDTA, on the Real-Time PCR (qPCR), and then to investigate the impact of the heparinase enzyme present in the medium culture extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on removing the inhibitory effect of heparin during the real-time PCR. In the present study, two blood samples containing heparin and EDTA were subjected to a real-time PCR test to check the intensity of the inhibitory effect. Then, the medium culture extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added to the heparinized blood sample infected with Escherichia coli bacteria in two groups with different conditions. In the first group, the DNA in the heparinized blood sample was extracted by the phenol-chloroform isoamyl alcohol method. Then, these samples were incubated with the extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria culture medium at different hours, but in the second group, the samples were incubated at different hours before DNA extraction. Also, the DNA concentration in both groups was measured by a Nanodrop device, and finally, all samples were subjected to a real-time PCR test. The results of the research samples showed that although the heparinized blood sample contains more DNA concentration than the EDTA blood sample, it completely prevents genome replication. Also, incubating heparinized blood with Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture medium extract before DNA extraction for more than 24 hours removes the inhibitory effect of heparin during the real-time PCR, even at a lower cycle threshold than the EDTA-containing sample. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture medium extract may enable researchers to use heparinized blood samples for genome amplification and diagnosis without using expensive and limited commercial heparinase enzyme.

Visceral pain is an unpleasant feeling that Using synthetic drugs for treatment has some side effects, such as psychological dependence and blood dyscrasia and for decreasing these side effects, administration of herbal medicine can be an appropriate approach. Based on existing information in traditional medicine and some recent scientific surveys, Thymus vulgaris plant is one type of herbs that has different therapeutic effects of which it is possible to point to antibacterial and antifungal effects and its application in some respiratory disorders The aim of this study is evaluation of the palliative effect of Thymus vulgaris on visceral pain. This experimental study was done on 40 NMRI male mice. (36±4g). Mice were divided randomly into control groups, positive group (flunixin), treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3. Control groups and positive group, normal saline and flunixin (2mg/kg) and also treatment groups respectively 150, 300, 450 mg/kg of Thymus vulgaris received intraperitoneally. 15minute after each injection, for visceral pain induction, mice were injected by acetic acid 0.6% (10ml/kg) and during  30 minutes, the analgesic effect was recorded by counting the number of Writing. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test with a significant level of P< 0.05. The extracts of Thymus with 150, 300, 450 mg/kg doses and flunixin with 2 mg/kg dose induced a significant reduction in pain response. (P<0.05). This study confirms the palliative properties of Thymus Vulgaris, but further clinical studies are necessary to find out a suitable place for that among the other visceral Analgesics.

Tymasin Plus(TP) is an iranian herbal medication manufactured by Medeen pharma company for some respiratory disorders.

This was an interventional research. 24 male rats were divided in 4 groups including negative control positive control and 2 TP administered groups. No intervention was done on rats in negative control group Transient Carotid Artery Occlusion Surgery(TCAOS) was done in positive control and TP administered groups. After surgery rats in positive control group received normal saline. Rats in TP administered groups received TP after TCAOS. T-maze and passive avoidance tests were used for memory and learning and One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.

Food finding latency time significantly increased in positive control group in comparison of negative control. Step-through latency time in positive control group was significantly reduced in comparison of negative control. Food finding latency time was significantly reduced in TP administered groups in comparison of positive control. No significant difference was observed between negative control and TP administered groups based on food finding latency time .No significant difference was observed between positive control and TP administered groups based on step-through latency time.

Tymasin Plus prevents spatial memory impairment but has no effect on avoidance behavior impairment.

Sialic acid (SA), an acetylated derivative of neuroaminic acid, is widely distributed in mammals’ tissues. Since SA is usually bound to glycoproteins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, small amount of it is free in the body. Moreover, SA is an important structural component of biological membrane. It was also widely found in bacteria and animal tissues. Sialic acid concentration increases rapidly following the inflammatory and injury process. The mechanism inducing SA increase is not clearly understood. However, investigators have reported that SA localised at the end chain of many acute phase proteins can be used as marker for the determination acute phase protein concentration.

The effect of retained fetal membrane (RFM) on plasma Sialic acid activity was studied on 60 postpartum Holstein dairy cows with ELISA from 3 weeks before calving to 1 week after calving as named transitional period, weekly.

There was a significant between the RFM and healthy groups in the amount of Sialic acid in two weeks to calving and also after calving. There was a significant difference in the trend of variation of Sialic acid concentration during different weeks in each group.

The results indicated that upper plasma Sialic acid activity is associated with RFM in the early postpartum period and can use as a RFM diagnostic parameter beside other diagnostic parameters in dairy cows.

Aims and Based on existing scientific information, Thymus vulgaris and Matricaria chamomilla are two kinds of herbs with some anti-inflammatory effects. There are some serious side effects such as psychological dependence or blood dyscrasia subsequent to using synthetic drugs in order to treat unpleasant feeling due to Visceral pain. In order to lessen the side effects, administration of herbal medicines could be helpful. The purpose of this study is evaluating the palliative effects of hydroalcholic extracts of Thymus vulgarisand Matricaria chamomilla and their Synergistic effects on visceral pain.
This experimental study was performed on 40 N-MRI male mice (36±4g) who were randomly divided into five groups: the Negative Control group treated with normal saline, Positive Control group treated with Flunixin meglumine(2 mg/kg) and the groups of Thymus vulgaris therapy(300mg/kg), Matricaria chamomilla therapy (300mg/kg) and the last one that received both Thymus and Matricaria (total 300mg/kg).These groups received drugs and hydroalcholic extracts with intraperitonial injection. The Mice were injected with acetic acid 0.6% (10ml/kg) to make visceral pain; 15 minutes after each intraperitonial administration, the palliative effects were recorded by counting the number of writhing in 30 minutes. The data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software and One-Way ANOVA (Tukey) test. The significant value was shown with (p Findings: Co-administration of Thymus vulgaris (150 mg/kg) and Matricaria chamomilla (150 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction of pain compared to negative control group(p0.001).
Co-administration of Thymus vulgaris and Matricaria chamomilla can be more effective than their single administration; however further clinical studies are necessary to find a suitable place for them among other visceral analgesics.

Aim and Based on existing scientific information Thymus vulgaris is a medical herb which has anti- inflammatory effects. Visceral pain is an unpleasant feeling, however its treatment with NSAIDs results in serious side effects such as gastric ulcer, blood dyscrasia and Renal failure. In order to decrease these side effects and the dosage of drugs, co-administration of synergistic herbal medicine with these drugs can be a solution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the palliative interactive effect of hydroalcholic extract of Thymus vulgaris and Flunixinmeglumine on visceral pain.
Methods and Materials: This experimental study was performed on 40 N-MRI male mice (36±4g).Animals were randomly divided into five groups: Negative Control group treated with normal saline, Positive Control group treated with Flunixin (2 mg/kg) and treatment groups receiving Flunixin (1mg/kg), Thymus vulgaris(100mg/kg) and both Thymus(100mg/kg) plus Flunixin(1mg/kg). All these groups received drugs and hydroalcholic extracts via intraperitonial injection. The Mices were injected with acetic acid 0.6% (10ml/kg) for visceral pain induction, and 15 minutes after each intraperitoneal administration, palliative effects were recorded by counting the number of Writhing during 30 minutes. The data was analyzed by SPSS using One-Way ANOVA (Tukey) test. The significant value was shown with p Findings: The positive control group and treatment groups showed a significant reduction in pain response when compared to negative control group (p>0.001). Both Postive control and Thymus-Flunixin groups had a significant reduction in pain response in comparison with both Flunixin and Thymus groups (p0.001).
Co-administration of Thymus vulgaris and Flunixin results in synergistic analgesic effect.

Aims and Visceral pain is unpleasant felling that there are same serious side effects associated with using synthetic drugs for its treatment, such as psychological dependence, gastric ulcers and blood dyscrasia and for decreasing these side effects, administration of herbal medicine can be appropriate approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the palliative effect of Commiphora mukul hydroalcholic extract on visceral pain.
This experimental study was done on 40 NMRI male mice. (36±4g). Mice were divided randomly into negative control group, positive control group (Ketoprofen), treatment 1 , treatment 2 ,treatment 3. Respectively Control group and positive group received normal salin and Ketoprofen (25mg/kg) and also treatment groups respectively received 100, 200 ,300 mg/kg of Commiphora mukul intraperitoneally. 15minute after each injection , for visceral pain induction, mices were injected by acetic acid 0.6% (10mg/kg) and during 30 minutes, the analgesic effect was recorded by counting the number of Writing. Datas were analyzed by SPSS statistical software , One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test with the significant level of P Hydroalcoholic extracts of Commiphora mukul at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg induced a significant reduction in pain response when compared to negative control group (p0.05).
This study confirmed the palliative properties of Commiphora mukul on visceral pain but further clinical studies are necessary to find out a suitable place for it among the other visceral analgesics.

Visceral pain is unpleasant felling that Using synthetic drugs for treatment has some side effects, such as psychological dependence and blood dyscrasia and for decreasing these side effects, administration of herbal medicine can be appropriate approach. Based on existing information in traditional medicine and some recent scientific surveys, Ferula gummosa plant is one type of herbs that has different therapeutic effects of which it is possible to point to antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.The aim of this study is evaluation of palliative effect of Ferula gummosa on visceral pain.
This experimental study was done on 40 NMRI male mice. (36±4g). Mice were divided randomly into control group, positive group (flunixine), treatment 1 , treatment 2 ,treatment 3. Respectively Control group and positive group received normal salin and flunixine (2mg/kg) and also treatment groups respectively received 25, 50 ,100 mg/kg of Ferula gummosa intraperitoneally. 15minute after each injection , for visceral pain induction , mices were injected by acetic acid 0.6% (10mg/kg) and during 30 minutes, the analgesic effect was recorded by counting the number of Writing. Datas were analyzed by SPSS statistical software , One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test with the significant level of P The extracts of Ferula gummosa with 25, 50, 100 mg/kg doses in compared with negative control doesn’t induced a significant reduction in pain response (P This study confirms that Ferula gummosa had no palliative properties on visceral pain. But further studies are necessary to find out an Analgesic effect of its components.

Zattariamultiflora (Z. multiflora) is a herb belonging to Labiatae family with known therapeutic effects, like anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity especially for gastrointestinal tract and respiratory systems and use of such herbs seems to be necessary in today’s medicine. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of Z. multiflora essence on immunity of broilers.
Different concentrations of Z. multiflora were added to the food of broilers, then the antibody titer’s were measured for Sheep Blood Cells (SRBC) and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) plus stimulation rate of T-lymphocytes by Delayed-Typed Hypersensitivity (DTH) assay
Assays revealed that addition of 200 & 400 ppm of Z. multiflora essence in the diet of broilers increased Ab levels against NDV, statistically (p The effects of Z. multiflora on immune system of broilers is dose dependent and use of lower concentrations of this herbal showed immunomodulatory properties. Thus, it is recommended to use the low concerntations of Zattariamultiflora in order to increase the resistance of broilers against enteric and respiratory infections.

In traditional medicine "Crataegus melanocarpa" is one of the medicinal plants that has many therapeutic effects. One of them is its effect on nerveous system. Evaluation of Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of alcoholic extract of "crataegus melanocarpa" leaves on fear behavior in presence pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in adult male rat. Animals were divided into 3 groups: experimental, saline and, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 20mg/kg as positive control (I.P). In the experimental group, the animals received 4000 μg/Rat alcoholic extract of "Crataegus melanocarpa" leaves (ICV) and PTZ (I.P). Then plus maze was used for evaluation of the fear. Open arm entries percentage (%OAE) and open arm time percentage (%OAT) were evaluated. The results show that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of alcoholic extract of "Crataegus melanocarpa" leaves increased %OAE and %OAT significantly (p<0.05). We concluded that alcoholic extract of "Crataegus melanocarpa" is effective on fear reduction in presence pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in adult male rat.

Exposure to magnetic fields can effect on the learning and memory. The protective effect of saffron extract on memory consolidation disorders in rats exposed to magnetic fields was investigated. 120 male Wistar rats in 12 groups exposed to magnetic field For 5 days with intensity 2.5 tesla for 1, 3 and 5 hour and protective effects of saffron extract with doses of 125 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg (P ≤0.05) compared to the control group by passive avoidance learning method in shuttle box. One hour exposure with magnetic field had no effect on the rats’ memory consolidation (P ≤0.05). Increase exposure time to 3 and 5 hours had a memory consolidation Impairment compared to the control group (P ≤0.05). Administered rats with 300 mg Inter peritoneal saffron extract improved memory consolidation (P ≤0.05) compared to the control group. Exposure to magnetic fields 2.5 mT, 50 Hz impair memory consolidation. Saffron aqueous extract at a dose of 300 mg per kg may have a protective effect and be improvement consolidation impairments.

Ovary cancer is one of the commonest cancers among the women. With regard to role of cyclooxygnase(COX) enzyme and production of prostaglandin type E2 in causing tumor damages in ovary cancer, application of compounds to inhibit cyclooxygnase can be effective in preventing ovary cancer. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate flunixin as nonselective inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase enzymes in developing ovary cancer in female Wistar rats. In this experimental research, forty eight female Wistar rats, assigned into six groups, were used. To induce cancer, 7,12 Dimethyl Benza Anthracene was directly injected into ovary. Control groups included a negative control group (no injection), a DMBA injection control group and a positive control group (DMBA+Saline injection). Ten days after administrating DMBA to the tumor, three doses (0.5, 1, 1.5 mg) of flunixin meglumine were injected into the three case groups every third day. The comparison between groups was made by using one-way ANOVA. The mean weight of tumors significantly decreased in drug receiving groups, compared to positive control and DMBA control groups. The mean weight of ovary in the three groups receiving flunixin did not show any significant difference, compared with the negative control (natural) group (p>0.05). This study confirms the positive effect of the flunixin in treating the ovary cancer. The microscopic slices of ovary tissues in the experimental (drug receiving) groups indicate that cancerous cells are decreasing so that the cells tend to gain their own normal order again.

Although ovarian cancer is not common but it is considered as an important cause of death in women. Considering the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme in cancer, as well as the production of prostaglandin E2 in tumor lesions, it seems that COX inhibitors are effective in cancer. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of ketoprofen as a non-selective cyclooxygenase enzyme in ovarian cancer in female rats. In this study, female Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into five groups: the first group was normal group, the animals of the second group were only injected with (DMBA)7,12 Dimethylbenz(a) anthracene, the third group received DMBA + Saline, the other groups were treated with various doses of ketoprofen. In order to induce cancer, DMBA was injected directly into the ovary. The weight ovaries and the histopathological features were evaluated in all groups. In this study, tumor weight was reduced extremely in ketoprofen receiving groups, so that the weight of ovaries was 0.037±0/004 and 0.033± 0/001 respectively, while, in the third group the weight was 0.152±0.008. The microscopic slices of ovarian tissues also showed the reduced tumor growth in the ketoprofen receiving groups. This study confirms the positive effects of ketoprofen in treatment of ovarian cancer but further investigations need to be done.

. With regard to the interactions between brain and spleen, in this research, the effect of splenectomy on PTZ-induced epilepsy in Wistar rats was studied . In this study, 48 male and female wistar rats were used in 3 groups. Experimental groups for each of the two sexes included the negative control, positive control and splenectomy. Negative controls did not undergo surgery. The incision was created in the positive control group, but the spleen was not removed. The spleen was removed in splenectomy group. After seven days, PTZ was injected and the ‌initiation time of different convulsive stages in terms of seconds and score of seizures in the three groups with the same gender were compared using one-way ANOVA.. Second stage of convulsive seizures in the splenectomy group of male rats in comparison with control groups decreased significantly. Fourth stage of seizure in female splenectomized rats in comparison with negative control group decreased significantly. Also score terms of seizures in both male and female rats were not significantly different in the three groups.. Splenectomy intensifies PTZ-induced seizures in Wistar rats.

Since hydro-alcohol concentration of Thymus Vulgaris plays a role in prevention of any growth disorders and separation of cells and cancer, therefore this research intends to study the effect of mentioned concentration and DMBA (a type of chemical cancer factor) on the weight and histo-pathologic properties of prostate of the desert mouse–Wistar race. Wistar mice were divided in different groups. one group with normal prostates, and 4 receiver groups that were given intraperitoneal injections of DMBA; these groups were injected intraperitoneally with 100, 500 and 1000mg of Thymus vulgaris; while the control group received intraperitoneal injections of normal saline. The results show that 100, 500 and 1000mg of Thymus vulgaris concentration demonstrated a significant reduction in the weight of prostates with DMBA induced cancer in comparison with controls. Control group showed meta-plasia, dysplasia and carcinoma of prostate. There were no signs of dysplasia and carcinoma in the group given 1000 mg of the said concentration. However no significant difference was seen in the weight of prostate between receiver groups and the group with normal prostates. There was no histological difference in groups who were given 100 and 500 mg of concentration in comparison with normal group. The results show that hydro-alcohol concentration of Thymus Vulgaris may control and treat any abnormal growth of pre-cancer damages and carcinoma of DMBA in prostate of the desert mouse– Wistar race.

Olive leaf contains anti-inflammatory and COX-2 inhibitor compounds. Considering the role of the COX enzyme in seizures, this research was performed to assess the effects of this extract in treatment of seizures induced by PTZ. In this research, male Wistar rats (200±20 g) were injected intra-cerebroventricularly with 1 μl saline or olive leaf extract (125 μg, 250 μg and 500 μg), before the intraperitoneal administration of PTZ (80 mg/kg) for induction of seizure. Then, seizure score and onset times of every stage of seizure were recorded during 20 minutes after PTZ administration. The data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and non parametric tests. Result of this research showed that the injection of 125, 250 and 500 μg of olive leaf extract had no effect on the onset time of seizure stages 1, 2 and 3 compared to the control group (P>0.05). However, they significantly decreased the onset time of seizure stages 4 and 5 compared to the control group (P<0.05). On the other hand, olive leaf extract decreased onset time of generalized (tonic-clonic) seizures, but had no effect on partial seizures. Different doses of olive leaf extract had no effect on seizure scores. Olive leaf extract has convulsive property and this effect is time and dose dependent.

Ketoprofen is an NSAID and selective COX-1 inhibitor. In our previous study the role of flunixin meglumine, a nonselective COX inhibitor was studied on seizure and its anticonvulsant effects were confirmed. Therefore this research is performed to assess the role of a selective COX-1 inhibitor, ketoprofen in treatment of seizures induced by PTZ. In this research, male Wistar rats (200±20 g) were given intracerebroventricular injections (1μl volume in each), of saline or ketoprofen (25 μg, 50 μg and 100 μg) before intraperitoneal administration of PTZ (80 mg/kg) for induction of seizure. Then, seizure score and times of onset of every stage of seizure were recorded during 20 minutes after PTZ administration. The data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and nonparametric tests. Result of this research indicated that the injection of 50 μg of ketoprofen significantly increased the time of onset of partial seizure compared to the control group. Also ketoprofen with doses of 50 and 100 μg significantly increased the time of onset of generalized (tonic-clonic) seizures compared to the control group. On the other hand, 25 μg of ketoprofen did not have a significant effect in comparison with the control group. Fifty μg of ketoprofen decreased the seizure score compared to the control, but this decrease did not reach significance (P>0.05). We conclude that ketoprofen has anticonvulsive properties.

Flunixin Meglumine (FM) is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) and nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Since it has been suggested that COX enzyme plays a role in seizure, this research is performed to assess the therapeutic effects that this compound might have in seizures induced by PTZ. In this research, male wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) were given intracerebroventricular injections of saline or FM (12.5 μg, 25 μg and 50 μg) in a 1 μl volume, before intraperitoneal administration of PTZ (80 mg/kg) for induction of seizure. Then, seizure score and times of onset for every stage of seizure were recorded during 20 minutes after PTZ administration. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). injection of 25 and 50 μg of FM significantly increased times of onset of every seizure stage compared to the control group. The group that received 50 μg of FM did not show stage 5. On the other hand, 12.5 μg FM group did not show any significant difference with the control group. We conclude that FM has dose dependent anticonvulsive properties.

S100B is a protein released from astrocytes, which controls neuroglial relationship and probably plays a role in memory and synaptic plasticity. Study of the functional relationship between astrocytes and neurons is of great importance. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of S100B infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus, on memory performance in male rats. In this study, 40 male wistar rats were used. Animals were bilaterally implanted with indwelling cannulae in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Seven days after surgery, animals were trained in a step-down passive avoidance task (0.5 mA, 100 Hz, 5 sec). Immediately after the training, animals received 0.5 μl infusion of saline or S100B (5, 50, 500, or 5000 ng) bilaterally. Twenty four hours later step-down first latency and total time spent on platform were measured as learning and memory indices. The infusion of 5 ng S100B induced a significant increase in step-down first latency (p< 0.01), and also increased the total time spent on the platform compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, animals which received doses of 500 and 5000 ng showed a significant decrease in both indices compared to the control group (p< 0.001). Our findings indicate that astrocytic S100B protein has modulatory effects on memory, in a way that in nanogram doses facilitates, but in micrograms impairs memory in passive avoidance task.