کیومرث فیضی

Operation Wal-Fajr 4 in 1983 was carried out by the operational base of Hamza Seyyed al-Shohda in Marivan region. This operation changes the war tactics by the armed forces c. A. Iran was from the plains to the mountains. In this research, the causes and reasons for the opening of the North-West Front and the importance of the operation area from a tactical point of view, then the process of the operation and finally its achievements and success factors are discussed in this research.

The present research, based on historical documents and correspondence during the war, seeks to answer this main question: what were the goals and motivations of Iran's military experts and commanders in designing and implementing Operation Wal-Fajr 4, and what were the results of this operation? And there were achievements?

The research show that Operation Valfajr 4 was carried out with the aim of reducing the pressure on the southern fronts, destroying the bases and obstacles of the counter-revolution, having a reliable defense line and quick access from Marivan to Baneh. As a result, parts of Sulaymaniyah province and the Garmak garrison in the Shalir crater were captured, in addition, the city of Marivan and the sensitive military centers around it were removed from the enemy's artillery fire, and the ground for the unity of Iraqi Kurds and their use in future operations Provided.

During the transition from the Pahlavi regime and the establishment of the Islamic system, Kurdish political parties and groups, given the atmosphere created by the power vacuum of the central government and the existing contexts, saw the conditions for gaining autonomy and caused a crisis and challenged the interim government. In dealing with this situation, there were two tendencies among the officials in the center. One tendency to think through the political lens to solve the Kurdistan problem, and the other tendency wanted to deal with the crisis.In this research, first we deal with the backgrounds and causes of the formation of the Kurdish uprising, then how the process of developments and negotiations, and finally the deadlock and non-outcome of the negotiations. The present study seeks to answer the main question, what were the causes of the Kurdistan crisis and the reasons for the continuation of this issue after the victory of the revolution, using the method of historical analysis and relying on various documents and sources in the framework of the theory of "political mobilization of ethnicities"? What steps did the interim government take in this regard?The Provisional Government sent three delegations to Kurdistan to negotiate, but due to differences in approach at the center and the priority given to the option of intensifying action by some revolutionary forces and the adoption of an armed approach by the Kurdish parties, the Provisional Government failed. The issue of Kurdistan was dealt with.

Local histories are one of the most basic forms of Iranian-Islamic historiography that, along with various types of history, help understand the past developments. Among such works is the honorary letter written by Amir Sharaf-Khan Badlisi, dealing with the issue of Kurdistan as the first work of his kind. While Sharaf-Khan deals with Kurds and Kurdistan's problem, most of the region has fallen out of the control of the Iranian governments and has been handed over to the Ottomans. Therefore, the analysis of Sharafkhan's main problem in his Kurdish studies is especially important for the great chapter. In this article, in order to explain his insight and method of historiography in considering the issue of the Kurds and Kurdistan, first a brief about the Ottoman and Safavid policies as a balancing element of the region, then the characteristics of Sharf-Khan's historiography, and finally his method in writing history. This research examines the dimensions and components of Sharaf-khan's historiographical and historiographical thought using historical analysis and the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that Sharafkhan's intellectual system has characteristics such as elitism, sharia-oriented, critical, and at the same time, a praiseworthy approach to the Kurds. Highlighting the Kurds and Kurdistan's role and position, particularly the ruling Kurdish families, in Iran-Ottoman relations, emphasizing the territorial position of Kurdistan, and expressing the characteristics of the Kurdish community are other components of Sharafkhan's historiography.

Iran and Egypt could consider as the main pioneers struggling against colonization in the Middle East and Islamic world in the first half of the twentieth century. Mohammad Mosaddegh and Jamal abd al_nasir, as pioneers of independence-seeking, by leading anti-colonization and liberal movements of their nation introduced a new form of struggle against colonization that eventually became an appropriate model for other leaders and colonized societies. Comparative comparison and considering the role and position of leaders of the two countries, paying attention to struggle method and their impact on each other, is the fundamental approach of the leading research, which is considered by historical comparison method using library resources. The present study seeks to answer the question of what was the most obvious difference and similarity between Dr Mohammad Mosaddegh and Jamal abd al_nasir encountering colonization? Research findings indicate that despite the difference in social and class origins of leaders of the two movements, i.e. Dr Mosaddegh with the parliamentary origin and Jamal abd al_nasir with the military origin, both had common goals and methods to struggle against colonization in the form of anti-alien nationalism, but to achieve this goal, they took different approaches dealing with the system of domination, as their policy at regional and international level has reflected in various forms such as Mossadeghchr('39')s negative balance and positive neutrality and Arabic unity of Nāṣir.