یزدان خدارحمی

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the yield and yield components of Panicum millet plant under the conditions of combined stresses of salinity and deficit irrigation as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 48 treatments at the research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. Treatments included four levels of irrigation water salinity including 0.63, 3, 5 and 8 dS/m (S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively) and four irrigation levels including 100, 80, 60 and 40 (w1, w2, w3 and w4 respectively) percentage of water requirement was done. The traits studied included leaf-to-stem weight ratio panicle length, plant height, shoot weight, thousand seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. The results showed that the applied salinity stress levels had a significant effect on harvest index traits, seed yield, thousand seed weight, shoot weight, panicle length and plant height at the 5% and there was no significant difference only on the leaf-to-stem weight ratio trait. The combined effect of salinity and deficit irrigation stress on all traits except for panicle length was significant at the 5%. Millet in the conditions of no stress (S1W1) and the highest level of stress (S4W4) applied in this study could yield 3.76 and 1.71 tons per hectare, respectively.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of combined stresses of irrigation salinity and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of millet plant. The field experiment was conducted as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University during growing season in 2022. Treatments included four levels of irrigation salinity including 0.63, 3, 5, and 8 dS/m (S1, S2, S3 and S4) as main plots and three nitrogen fertilizer levels including; 100, 75 and 50 % of fertilizer requirement (N1, N2 and N3) as subplots. The results showed that the effect of salinity stress was significant on leaf/stem ratio and panicle length at P<5% and for the rest of the yield components at P<1%. Also, the effect of different nitrogen treatments was significant on all components yield of millet, except leaf/stem ratio, panicle length and plant height. The interaction effect of salinity and nitrogen stress was significant on thousand seed weight, biomass weight, yield and harvest index at the at P<1% and had no significant on leaf/stem ratio, panicle length and plant height. The highest millet yield was 3.76 tons per hectare in S1N1 treatment and the lowest yield was 2.53 tons per hectare in S4N1 treatment.

The presence of nitrate in water resources is one of the most important global concerns, so it can be very helpful to prevent it from entering the water using materials such as hydrocar, biochar, zeolites and superabsorbents. For this purpose, this study with four treatments at 3 different levels and 4 repetitions was conducted in 2019. In this study, 36 PVC pipes with diameter and height of 10.5 and 50 cm, respectively, were used at research farm Faculty of Water Sciencs Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Treatments included hydrocar (H), biochar (B), potassium zeolite (Z), and superabsorbents of type A200 (S) at three levels (M0, M2, and M5, respectively, including zero, 2, and 5 g / kg soil), respectively. The duration of the experiment included 10 irrigations, and at the end of each irrigation, the output nitrate was measured. The results showed that the effect of superabsorbent, zeolite and biochar in all irrigations and hydrocar other than irrigation 4 and 6 at 5% level was significant on reducing nitrate leaching. SM2 and SM5 treatments were 42% and 58%, respectively, ZM2 and ZM5 treatments were 20% and 29%, respectively, BM2 and BM5 treatments were 30% and 43%, respectively, and HM2 and HM5 treatments were 20% and 31%, respectively, compared to control treatment was effective in preventing nitrate leaching. In general, superabsorbent treatment is recommended due to higher absorption.

The application of zeolite and superabsorbent in the soil can be useful in reducing water pollution. For this purpose, this research was carried out in 2018 with two treatments in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment consists of 3 different levels and 4 replications. Totally 24 polyethylene pipes with 10.5 cm in diameter and 50 cm in height were used under unsaturated conditions at research farm of Faculty of Water Sciencs Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Treatments in this study included potassium zeolite and A200 superabsorbent at three levels of 0, 2 and 5 g/kg of soil. Urea fertilizer was applied to the soil in irrigation 1, 6 and 12 from 15 irrigation events. At the end of each irrigation event, nitrate effluent was measured. The results showed a significant reduction (at 5% level) of nitrate leaching in the superabsorbent and zeolite treatments in all irrigation events (with the exception of No. 6 irrigation event in zeolite). Superabsorbent treatment (2g/kg of soil) had better performance than the zeolite treatment (2g/kg of soil) in terms of preventing nitrate leaching, with the exception of irrigation events of 6 and 7. In general, zeolite and superabsorbent treatments (2 and 5 g/kg of soil) reduced nitrate leaching (20 and 29%) and (48 and 64%), respectively, as compared to the control treatments.

Using cheap adsorbents, such as hydrochar and biochar, is important for protecting the environment (preventing water pollution by nitrates). For this purpose, this research was carried out in 2018 at research farm Faculty of Water Sciencs Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The treatments of this research were hydrochloric and biochemical modified in three levels of 0 (control), 2 and 5 g / kg soil in 4 replicates. After preparing hydrochar, biochar and bagasse sugarcane and mixing these materials with loamy soil and pouring them into test tubes, urea fertilizer was applied from 15 irrigation, in irrigation 1, 6 and 12 to soil columns. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two independent experiments. At the end of each irrigation, nitrate output was measured. The results showed that the effect of 5 grams of irrigation treatments on all irrigation and 5 grams of water treatment, except irrigation 4 and 6 at 5% level, was significant on nitrate leaching. 2 g of biochar treatment showed better performance than 2 g of Hydrochar in all experiments. Treatment of 2 and 5 g / kg of soil in 30 and 43% respectively, and treatment of 2 and 5 g of hydrochar per kg of soil, , were 20 and 31%, respectively, was effective in preventing nitrate leaching.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of modified biochar sugarcane bagasse and potassium zeolite as natural and environmentally friendly fertilizers on some physical and chemical properties of soil in a completely randomized design with four replications for three months per year 2018 was conducted at the Faculty of Water Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The levels of biochar and zeolite use included three levels of 0, 2 and 5 grams per kg of soil (0, 0.2 and 0.5 wt%).The results showed that the 2 and 5 grams biochar per kg of soil increased the total porosity by 3.7% and 9.2% respectively, 9.6% and 19% moisture content of crop capacity, 1 and 1.5% moisture content of wilting point, 9.8% and 21.3% organic carbon, 9% and 18% of absorbable phosphorus, 8% and 22% of nitrogen, 6.5% and 27.9% of electrical conductivity , 3.3% and 8% respectively of bulk density and 0.26% 0.92 percent soil acidity. The levels of 2 and 5 grams of zeolite per kilogram of soil also increased 2 and 6 percent bulk density, 2.33% and 3.89% specific gravity, 10.1% and 26.5 percent moisture content, 1.1% And 6.3% moisture content of wilting point, 0.65 and 1.05% of acidity, 9.1% and 33.5% of electrical conductivity, 0.09% and 3.4% of total porosity, 0.26% and 0.92% respectively Soil acidity was not significant and did not have a significant effect on specific gravity, organic carbon, absorbable phosphorus and soil nitrogen.

Resently, with regard to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural land and the degradation of soil and the environment, the use of these fertilizers highlights the importance of using organic fertilizers and polymer materials such as hydrochloric and superabsorbent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of modified hydrochar, cane sugar and superabsorbent type A200 as environmentally Compatible materials on some soil characteristics using a factorial design and a completely randomized block design with four replications for four Month was conducted at Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. The levels of hydrchar and superabsorbent use included three levels of 0, 2 and 5 grams per kg of soil (0, 0.2 and 0.5 wt%). The results showed that two and five gram hydrochar per kg of soil increased 5.9% and 9.4%, respectively, total porosity, 9 and 17.9% moisture field capacity, 0.43% and 1.2% moisture content of wilting point , 9.8% and 18% organic carbon, 4% and 15% of absorbable phosphorus, 6% and 18% nitrogen, 5.5% and 16% of electrical conductivity, and 7.7% and 7.7% reduction of bulk density, 0% and 0.77% of the specific gravity, 0.39% and 1% of soil acidity compared to the control. The Level of two and five grams of super absorbent per kilogram of soil also increased 10 and 18.6 percent moisture content of filed capacity, 8 and 11 percent moisture content of wilting point, 0.52 and 0.92 percent, acidity, 4.26 and 13 The percentage of electrical conductivity was 2.7 and 9.9%, respectively, and total porosity decreased by 2 and 5.7%, respectively, and had no significant effect on the amount of organic carbon, absorbed phosphorus, nitrogen and specific mass of soil. In general, the results indicate that hydrochar treatment is superior to superabsorbent treatment on Improvement soil physical and chemical properties of soil with loam texture.