یونس شرقی

The growth and development of crops are permanently affected by various environmental factors, and environmental stress is one of the most important factors that reduce the yield of crops in the world. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses in plants. Drought stress also aggravates the effect of other stresses or causes them to appear. Considering that Iran is one of the dry and semi-arid regions, water management in the agricultural sector is of particular importance. In this regard, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and foliar application of amino acid on some morphological traits and grain yield of soybean.

The experiment was carried out in the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University. This research was designed and implemented as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors include three irrigation levels (full irrigation, moderate deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation), which were placed in the main plots, and foliar spraying of amino acids with five levels (leucine, valine, cysteine, commercial amino acids, without foliar spraying) as sub-plots were considered. The number of experimental plots was 54. In each repetition, three main plots were created at a distance of one meter from each other and 6 sub-plots were created inside each main plot. The distance between the plants on the cultivated rows was 8 cm. Some morphological traits and grain yield of soybean were measured.

Based on the results of the interaction of the year in the irrigation regime, the height of the plant decreased in each year with the decrease in irrigation, but this decrease was not significant in the first year. The results showed that by spraying the plants with amino acids, the height of the soybean plant increased significantly compared to the control, and among the amino acids, commercial amino acid (91.77 cm) and cysteine (91.06 cm) had the greatest effect on the height of the plant, although there was no significant difference with other amino acids. The highest leaf area was related to the plants sprayed by valin in the second year. The results showed that in each year, with the application of amino acids, the leaf area of the soybean plant increased significantly compared to the control. Valine amino acid with the greatest effect on leaf dry weight increased it by 29.57% compared to the control treatment. The results showed that foliar spraying of all four types of amino acids had a significant increasing effect on the dry weight of the stem compared to the control, and cysteine had a 34.6% increase in the dry weight of the stem compared to the control, although there was no significant difference with other amino acid treatments. The results showed that in both years, with the application of amino acids, the wet weight of pods increased compared to the control, and it was significant in the second year. The three interaction effects of the year in the irrigation regime in amino acids had a significant effect only on the characteristics of stem wet weight and pod dry weight.

The results indicated that foliar spraying of amino acids had a positive increasing effect on morphological traits. Valine and cysteine amino acids had the most significant positive effect on grain yield of soybean.

In order to study foliar application of amino acids on morphophysiological properties and thyme essential oil under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University Faculty of Agriculture in the year 2020 crop season. Experimental factors were irrigation regimes at three levels including normal irrigation, moderate water stress, severe water stress (withholding irrigation until  25%, 45% and 65% of soil available water depletion in the root zone respectively and then irrigation up to field capacity from plant establishment to harvest time), were randomized to the main plot units and spraying at 6 kinds (aspartic acid, tyrosine, proline, commercial amino acids, distilled water and without spraying) were located in subplot units. The results showed that with reduction of irrigation to the level of severe water stress, plant height, fresh and dry weight of leaves, leaf area, total chlorophyll, percentage of essential oil decreased, and glycol peroxidase and proline showed a significant increase compared to optimal irrigation. Catalase activity also increased under moderate water stress and decreased under severe water stress. Foliar application of amino acids had a positive additive effect on the studied traits. The highest essential oil yield (about 11.20 kg/ha) was assigned to plants under commercial and proline amino acid foliar application under full irrigation conditions. Based on the general results of proline foliar application, increasing the concentration of osmolites such as proline under water stress conditions was able to help the plant withstand drought stress by helping to maintain osmotic pressure and compensate for part of the reduction in growth and dry weight. Therefore, consumption of this type of amino acid under stress conditions is recommended to reduce the effects of drought stress. Under non-stress conditions, foliar application of this type of amino acid had the greatest effect on plant growth and yield.

A split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irrigation levels (optimum irrigation and deficit irrigation), two levels of fungal symbiosis (with or without a symbiotic relationship), and three spray concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (50, 250, and 450 ppm).The results of ANOVA revealed that Analysis of variance showed that proline content and spike/m2 were significant in irrigation regime, mycorrhiza, foliar application, and all the interaction effects of double and triple factors.The effect of irrigation regime, mycorrhiza and foliar application of copper nano oxide was effective on grain yield, but the effects and interactions of irrigation regime×foliar application, mycorrhiza×foliar application and irrigation regime×mycorrhiza×foliar application have no significate effect on that characteristic;Comparison of mean traits showed that the maximum number of spikes/m2 in mycorrhizal fungi application with50ppm copper nano oxide foliar application in optimum irrigation was780numbers.The highest hectolitre weight of wheat was related to triple interactions,optimum irrigation with fungus and foliar application of450ppm copper nano oxide that was not statistically significant effect with triple interactions,optimum irrigation without fungus and foliar application of 250ppm copper nano oxide.Maximum proline content was obtained in non-mycorrhizal fungi treatment with50ppm foliar spray under deficit irrigation (23.8mg/g fresh weight) which was statistically significant at least at5%level with other treatments. The highest grain yield (309.61g/m2) belonged to optimum irrigation treatment and minimum grain yield was observed in severe deficit irrigation.

Sufficient soil fertilization is one of the main requirements for production of barley improvment. To study the effect of different organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of barley cv. Reyhan, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications with 16 fertilizer compounds. Barley morphological traits, yield and yield components were measured. Treatments were included wood vinegar, 5, 10, and 150/00 as soil application, azocompost, zeolite, wood vinegar, 5, 10, and 150/00 as foliar spraying, wood vinegar, 5 and 100/00 + azocompost, wood vinegar, 5 and 100/00 + zeolite, humic acid, wood vinegar, 5 and 100/00 + humic acid. Application of wood vinegar at 50/00 rate + zeolite significantly increased leaf area and plant dry weight. Also, using vinegar at 100/00 rate + zeolite significantly increased spike length and grain yield. Application of vinegar at the rate of 100/00 with zeolite is recommended in barley cultivation.

IntroductionCanola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important plants to produce edible oil in Iran and in the world and also one of the negative factors for crop plants is the relative salinity of irrigation water in some areas of Iran. According to the researchers, salinity incorporates high concentration of minerals that prevents plant growth. Effects of Salinity significantly in arid and semi-arid areas, areas with limited rainfall, high temperatures combined with high evaporation with high chemical fertilizers, and poor water and soil management, is observed and is an important crop production problem in these areas. Zeolites are a group of natural porous minerals that acts as a molecular sieve with its crystal structure practices and allow some passage of some ions and block the passage of some others, due to open channels in their ionic lattice. Due to zeolites high porosity and stems from its crystal structure, they can absorb up to 70% of bulk with water. Recent research on various applications of zeolites in crop plants as well as its effect on the process of how to prevent the entry of toxic ions such as sodium and absorption of essential nutrients has been concentrated crop and the interaction effect of the two substances necessary to appear on canola This experiment intends to determine the ways of control damage caused by 5 and 10 10 ds m-1 salinity on yield and yield components on four canola cultivars with application of 8 ton hec-1 zeolite.
Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replication at the greenhouse research station of Agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University started in autumn 2013 and at the end of spring 2014 greenhouse operation was ended. Treatments were salt stress from beginning of flowering at three levels included control, 5 and 10 ds m-1, zeolite application with two levels included control and 8 ton hec-1 and varieties with foul levels Zarfam, Sarigol, Hayola and RGS. From 29 October 2013 (sowing) to 20 May 2014 (harvesting), Greenhouse environment was with normal light and temperature conditions. The soil of pots was sand mixed with field soil in ratio of 1:1. Applied zeolite was clinoptilolite. To creation of appropriate drainage and prevent the accumulation of salt, three holes with one centimeter diameter was generated at the bottom of each pot. Salinity was started by adding salt mixture to irrigation water, before flowering. The final salt was mixed with salt water of Tehran, Gom and Kashan wells with ration of 2:2:4:3:4 and after standardization calculated with electrical conductivity meter and finally the salt water was transferred to each pot with graduated containers. On this experiment grain yield, yield components, yield and oil percentage and SPAD were measured. Mean comparisons were performed by LSD test using in SAS 9.2.
Results and discussionThe results showed that the effect on all traits except harvest index was significant, and none of the treatments had no significant effect on oil percent Number of grain per pod, and salt stress did not affect harvest index and zeolite on grain yield, number of pods, number of grain per pod, harvest index and greenness significant effect. Results showed that application of zeolite increases grain yield 9 and 26 percentage in control and average stress levels of RGS. But in severe stress condition because of severe prevent water absorption by increasing the osmotic potential into the roots environment, had not significant effect on experimental varieties. Application of zeolite in control condition and non-application of zeolite in severe stress on Zarfam number of pod were the highest and lowest with the difference of 36 %, respectively. Sarigol in control condition and Zarfam in severe showed the highest and lowest of 1000 grain yield with the difference of 22 %, respectively and RGS in control condition and Hayola in severe showed the highest and lowest of number of grain in pod with the difference of 54 %, respectively. It was also observed that application of zeolite in control stress condition on RGS and non-application of zeolite on Hayola in severe stress condition showed the highest and lowest of dry weight with the difference of 50 %, respectively. Results showed that, Sarigol in control condition of salt stress and zeolite was the highest of oil yield compared to Zarfam in condition of severe stress and non-application of zeolite with 66 percentage. Results of the experiment was shown, Zarfam in average stress and non-application of zeolite showed the highest amount of SPAD compaire to the same variety in severe stress and non-application of zeolite with more than double.
ConclusionsApplication of Zeolite increases grain yield of Zarfam and all three levels of salinity reduces this trait in canola varieties, significantly. Due to the low price (500 rials per kg) of zeolite and abundance of this mineral in our country, it can be used to prevent performance degradation of the material used in high salinity lands. Sarigol showed higher values of SPAD index than other cultivars, in terms of salinity and application of zeolite prevent the reduction of SPAD index values in terms of stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate on salt stress tolerance of four canola varieties, a factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design arrangement in factorial with three replications at the Greenhouse Research Station of Agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University. Treatments were salt stress levels at the beginning of plant flowering to seed maturation including (control, 5 and 10 dS m-1), calcium silicate (control and 8 kg hec-1) and canola varieties Zarfam, Sarigol, Hayola and RGS. Application of calcium silicate was performed with irrigation the pots simultaneously. Results showed that Sarigol in control condition of stress and Zarfam in severe stress condition produced the highest and lowest seed yield with difference of 67 percent. Application of calcium silicate increased HI. In rate of 8 percent. Zarfam and Hayola dry weight was decreased 24 percent more than the Sarigol in severe stress condition. Severe salt stress decreased oil yield significantly in all of varieties, compared to the control. In general, calcium silicate application increased yield and some yield components. At severe salt stress, calcium silicate increased spad in Zarfam and Sarogol varieties.

One of the main reasons of crop yield reduction in Iran is salt stress and providing proper strategies is necessary for mitigating the effect of this stress. So, a factorial experiment was conducted to improve the salt stress damages on two canola varieties in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University. Treatments included 3 levels of control, moderate, and severe salt stress (0.4, 5 and 10 dS m-1), calcium silicate at two rates (0 and 8 kg ha-1), two levels of zeolite (control and 8 ton ha-1) and two varieties, namely, Zarfam and Sarigol. Results showed that application of zeolite increased Zarfam yield in soil with a light texture and had no significant effect on Sarigol. Under moderate salinity, zeolite, and calcium silicate treatment, Zarfam produced higher oil percentage (more than 57%) compared to Sarigol at severe stress and without application of zeolite and calcium silicate. Also, Sarigol in the treatment with no salinity stress and zeolite and only application of calcium silicate had the highest oil yield while the lowest oil yield (60 percent lower) was obtained at severe stress, application of zeolite and without application of calcium silicate . In the treatment with moderate salinity and non-application of zeolite and calcium silicate, Zarfam had the highest SPAD, while Sarigol, under moderate stress, application of calcium silicate and without application of zeolite, had the lowest SPAD (more than 32% difference). Generally, salt stress reduced yield and yield components of both varieties and application of zeolite and calcium silicate decreased the damages of salt stress in some traits. Besides, Zarfam showed better response to the calcium silicate and this treatment was more effective in comparison with zeolite in both canola varieties.

Background and objectives Nitrogen is one of the limiting factors for crop production in the world. However, a large percentage of the fertilizer used in the leaching and evaporation loss, need more material to help illustrate the effect of nitrogen fertilizers better. Studies have demonstrated various sources of nitrogen have a significant effect on its performance. Some researchers has reported the influence of ammonium absorption in plants. Application of superabsorbent materials can increase root surface and dry weigh 27 percent compare to the control. In this study, zeolite, super absorbent polymer clay as an effective material for reducing leaching and gelatin capsules as a barrier to reduce evaporation and leaching of fertilizers and nitrogen partly urea, ammonium sulfate, potassium Nitrate were compared.
Materials and methods To improve the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of oilseed rape, factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted as a pot in Tarbiat Modarres University research. Treatments were auxiliary materials in six levels (control levels, 8 and 4 mL gelatin capsules, zeolite (8 ton ha-1), super absorbent polymer (100 kg ha-1) and clay (to the extent that the clay soil Level 25% required) and without application auxiliary materials. And chemical fertilizers in four levels (urea, potassium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, respectively. The amount of each chemical fertilizers based on the delivery of 40 kg N ha for each pot was calculated in two steps by installments. All treatments were applied to the soil.
Results In the present experiment there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per plant between different levels of fertilizers in terms of the on use of auxiliary materials. The results showed that the use of gelatin capsules plus urea and the use of clay without the use of fertilizers had the highest and lowest yield respectively, with the1.6 grams difference. The use of gelatin capsules and clay in terms of urea were found highest and lowest percentage of oil, respectively, with 8.8% difference between. Zeolites and clay with 0.211 grams difference, urea and potassium nitrate with 0.17 grams of oil were the highest and lowest oil yield. It was also found urea fertilizer with zeolite or clay could increase SPAD index values relative to control.
Conclusion The results of this experiment showed that the use of these substances, especially gelatin capsules, can help to increase the impact of nitrogen fertilizers and yield, especially rapeseed oil to improve performance.

To reduce the damages of water deficit stress on safflower with zeolite and chitosan, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replication at the field Research Station of agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University. Treatments were water deficit stress {(control (Irrigation after 50 percent), moderate stress (Irrigation after 65 percent) and intensive stress (Irrigation after 80 percent) discharge of available moisture}, zeolite (control and 4.5 ton hec-1) and chitosan (non sprayed, distilled water, 1 percent acetic acid, 0.05 percent chitosan and 0.5 percent chitosan). Result showed that intense stress decreased yield, half the maximum value compared to control but whit zeolite and 0.05 percent chitosan this amount was reduced to 19 percent. Oil yield increased under non-zeolite application and intensive water deficit with foliar application of 0.05 percent chitosan, about 63 percent. Application of zeolite and 0.5 percent chitosan showed the highest number of capitol that was 26 percent higher than zeolite application and non sprayed. We conclude that zeolite and chitosan application can reduce damages of water deficit stress and increase growth and yield of this plant.

Due to reduction the crops yield and yield components in water stress condition, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of water deficite stress and growth improver materials on canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and yield components in research greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of TarbiatModares University. Treatments includes water deficit stress {Control (50% discharged available water) (S1), average stress (65% discharged available water) (S2) and sever stress (80% discharged available water) (S3)} and foliar application {Control (F1), distilled water (F2), calcium silicate (F3), Hexaconazole (F4), propiconazole (F5), and penconazole (F6)}. Results showed the highest of yield was related to S1F6 that showed 2.1 gr higher than S2F1. Also S1F6 and S3F1 With more than 2-fold difference were the highest and the lowest of thousand seed weight. Also in S2, control and foliar application of F4 were the highest and the lowest of oil percentage respectively with 34.4% difference. S1 and S2 with no significant difference were lower than control with a significant difference proximately 5.8 µmol co2 m-2 Leaf s-1 in photosynthesis rate. S1F2 and S3F1 were the highest and lowest stomatal conductivity with 0.154 mol H2O m-2s-1 difference. Also S1F1 was the highest amount of intercellular Co2 concentration with 229 µmol CO2 mol air -1 difference with S3F2. So foliar application of triazoles (penconazole) and calcium silicate somewhat reduces the water deficit stress damages. So foliar application of triazoles (penconazole) and calcium silicate somewhat reduces the water deficit stress damages.

To study the effects of chitosan at 0. 5 (C1)، 0. 1 (C2)، 0. 05 (C3) and 0. 01 (C4) (weight percent) concentrations، distilled water (C5) and one percent acetic acid (C6) as controls on physiological and morphological characteristics of two landrace and modified (SZK-1) dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) varieties، a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design in germinator of the Agronomy Department، Tarbiat Modares University. Results showed that، the interactions of treatments had significant effects on radicle length، plumule dry weigh، protein content and SOD activity. C2V2 and C6V1 produced the highest and the lowest of radicle length with 1. 52 mm difference respectively. Also C2 increased the protein content of landrace variety in compare to C5. High concentrations of chitosan (C1 and C2) increased the SOD activity of modified variety compare to C5. Therefore chitosan can increase some germination characteristics of dragonhead varieties and improved bred varieties showed a better response to this organic compound.

This study is to assess the amount on the foxtail millet yield.And yield and elemeuts correlatios. And to compare the same effect on the quantity and quality of the yield in 20 foxtail millet genotypes in Karaj weather condition. For this purpose, 19 preferable millet genotypes identified The identification was done and by seed and plant improvement institute cooperation and iranin plant gene bank the Bastan variety as an introduced foxtail variety was chosen to control the assessment. And an experiment on the full random basis with 20 treatments in 3 recurrences was implemented. After the planting operation and at the same time during the maintaining period notes were.The obtained results show that the KFM91/17 variety with a 27476 kilograms fresh crop per hectare and 14176 dried crop per hectare had the largest amount of the yield among the treatments. And the KFM 91/6 variety with 4124 kilograms grains had the largest amount of the seed producing performance. Between amount number of tillers and number of days till flower appearance and the flower's indicator was negative and significant. And between seed production with number of tillers negative and insignificant coefficient was noticed. The most Growing degree days (GDD) and most number of tillers in the plant was found in the KFM91/17 variety which also contained the highest production of fresh and dried crop production.The correlation of fresh crop with new dry crop and panicole length was negetivesignificant at level of 1%.Based on these results, the KF 91/17 introduces as wast fitted variety to produce fresh and dry production and KFM 91/6 for seed producing.

In order to study the effects of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria and nitrogen chemical fertilizer on yield components of corn cultivar SC 647, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replication was conducted at Varamin, Iran in 2010. The factors in this study included Azospirillum, Azotobacter and nitrogen chemical fertilizer. Azospirillum consisted of two levels (non application-application), Azotobacter consisted of two levels (non application-application) and nitrogen chemical fertilizer consisted of two levels (application of net nitrogen chemical fertilizer at the rate of 200 Kg ha-1 and application half of net nitrogen chemical fertilizer at the rate of 100 Kg ha-1. Results revealed that with application free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria with half rate nitrogen chemical fertilizer increased all of traits except seed number in row.

The growing problem of urban waste generation is threatening public health, and if not cared, irreversible damages will be made to our environment, To solve this problem, we can then convert municipal waste into compost as organic fertilizer used in agricultural fields. This study was carried out to determine the effects of combined municipal city waste with sulfur-coated urea fertilizer on cotton properties of cultivar Varamin. The experiment design was split plot in form of CRB with sixteen treatments and three replications at agricultural research and natural resources center of Tehran province in Varamin. The treatments included: Compost at four levels (0, 20, 30, and 40 tons per hectare) as main plots and sulfur-coated urea fertilizer with four levels (0, 33%, 66%, and 100% of fertilizer needed) as sub plots. Results showed that the effects of sulfur-coated urea treatments on plant height, reproductive branches and effects of compost treatments on number of nodes and boll number was significant at 5% and 1% level. Data showed that the highest boll number and yield were obtained by use of 40 t/hac Municipal soiled waste compost (MSWC) and the highest plant height, reproductive branches and 100-seed weight were obtained by sulfur-coated urea fertilizer with level of 66% of fertilizer needed. Thus, despite the excellence of some other properties in use of other levels of fertilizer in treatments, because of insignificancy of them, combined use of compost and sulfur-coated urea with rate C40N66 is recommended.

Kochia is an annual، drought and salinity resistant plant، that recently it is a valuable source for feeding animals. In order to evaluate germination characteristic of Kochia under different dose of gamma ray and salinity stress، an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Treatment included three level of salinity (10، 20، 30، dS/m) using NaCl and also treatment without salt (control) and 6 gamma rays level (50، 100، 200، 300and 400 Gray). Variance analysis showed that different levels of dose of gamma ray and salinity stress had a significant effect (P<0. 01) on percentage of germination، germination rate، mean germination time، germination index and dry weight and interaction between them had the same effect. In control condition، control seed had the highest germination characteristics. With increasing in salinity stress to 10 and 20 dS/m، 50 Gray and at 30 dS/m، 200 Gray showed the highest germination characteristics. So using gamma rays in salinity stress can increase germination capability.

In order to investigate the effect of zeolite on oil quality of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars in drought stress condition, an experiment was carried out in research farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2009 in Karaj-Iran. The experiment was conducted as Randomized Complete Block Design with Factorial split-plot arrangement in three replications. Irrigation factor was chosen at two levels, included complete irrigation and irrigation holding at stem elongation stage. Zeolite was used at two levels, non application and 10 ton per hectare. These treatments were randomized in main plots while, three canola cultivar (Zarfam, Sarigol and Okapi) were randomized in sub plots. Palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids (saturated fatty acids) and palmitoleic, alaidic and linoleic acids (unsaturated fatty acids) were measured. Results showed that drought stress conditions decreased severely fatty acids, but application of zeolite in drought stress increased water holding capacity of soil, resulte in increasing of unsaturated fatty acids and oil quality in rapeseed. Based on the results of present study, due to increasing oil quality and decreasing plant water requirement, application of zeolite is economically recommendable.