دکتر عبدالعلی منصف

The flow of technology spillovers to countries has been noticed in the last few decades because these spillovers lead to the increase of knowledge, transfer of technology and creation of competitive advantage. In recent decades, developing countries have established various laws and commercial policies with regard to various theories in the field of foreign trade. Our country is also one of the developing countries that needs to achieve optimal business policies for economic growth while preserving the environment. One of the ways to achieve this is to pay attention to the important issue of trade and sustainable development, which can be done by importing capital goods as well as importing technology and exporting industrial and consumer goods. In the meantime, it is very important to pay attention to trade policies on the one hand, as well as pay attention to the countries that are chosen as Iran's trading partners, because in the first case, the optimal tariff rate can determine the conditions for entry into global markets and also the entry of technology into make the country smooth and also in the discussion of trade and commercial policies, it is important that our business partner is selected in such a way that he can advance Iran's commercial policies in line with sustainable development policies. In the current research, we are looking for the effect of technology spillovers resulting from imports on economic and environmental variables with a multi-regional calculable general equilibrium approach. To investigate this issue, this article consists of 6 sections. After the introduction, in the second part, the theoretical foundations of technology spillovers, commercial policies, and its economic and environmental aspects have been investigated. The third part is dedicated to the research background and review of domestic and foreign studies. In the fourth part, the research method and data are examined. Section 5 analyzes the results of the implementation of the research model, and finally, conclusions and policy suggestions are presented. The model used is a multi-regional Computable General Equilibrium model (CGE). One of the types of general equilibrium models is the multi-regional model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP-E), which will be used for simulation in this study. Using multi-regional general equilibrium models instead of single-regional general equilibrium models has several advantages. One of the strengths of these models is their ability to help understand the link between sectors, countries and production factors on a global scale. The structure of these types of models states that all the components of the global economy are located in networks of direct and indirect links with each other. Therefore, any change that occurs in one of the components of the system will have consequences for all sectors, regions and countries. The consumption demand functions of the government are derived using a Cobb-Douglas utility function in which the cost share of different goods is fixed. Companies use intermediate goods and primary inputs to produce goods and services, and by combining these factors, they produce all kinds of goods and services. All factors except land and natural resources have full mobility among different sectors. Every department or company in the economy produces a set of goods. These goods are sold inside and outside each region. The assumption of perfect competition and constant returns to scale is established in the production of all goods and also in all markets. Real values, including the production of all sectors, the demand of factors, export, import and also all prices are determined in the framework of the model. It can be seen that all parts are similar to the GTAP model and the only difference between the GTAP-E model and its basic form is the energy factor and the inclusion of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels by Burniaux and Truong (2002). which provides the possibility to evaluate environmental policies. The scenario considered as the base scenario in this model is a 10% reduction in the import tariff on all imported goods. In this scenario, three areas are defined. The first region of Iran, the second region of northern countries, which means imports from developed countries, and the third region of southern countries, which includes imports from developing countries. The implementation of the scenario of 10% reduction in the tariff of imported goods from developed and developing countries to Iran has led to a decrease in the total growth rate of carbon emissions by 0.7276% in Iran. The results of this variable for developed and developing countries are 0.0002 percent and 0.0050 percent, respectively. As can be seen, a stronger effect on carbon emissions is observed in southern countries. Further, the results show that the reduction of the tariff has caused a decrease in carbon intensity by 0.6587 percent. that the effects of this scenario in developed countries decreased by 0.0010% and in developing countries increased by 0.0049%. In the section of economic variables, it can be seen that the effect of a 10% reduction in tariffs on imported goods leads to a 0.0692% reduction in the gross domestic product of Iran, while the same scenario has a positive effect on the gross domestic product of developed countries, and for developing countries, approximately It is close to zero. On the other hand, the reduction in the tariff of imported goods has reduced the amount of energy demand in Iran by 0.4558%, and the results of this variable for developed and developing countries were incremental. According to the results obtained, with the reduction of tariffs on imported goods, the total carbon emission rate has decreased. that the reason for this decrease can be investigated in two sectors of production and consumption, so that in the consumption sector, the increase in the import of goods due to the reduction in the tariff rate and the decrease in the price of foreign goods compared to domestic goods causes the loss of a part of the domestic market for domestic producers and ultimately the reduction of energy production and demand inside Iran. But in the production sector, considering the higher level of production technology in developed countries and some developing countries, including China, compared to Iran, the reduction of tariffs on imported goods leads to the import of more intermediate goods with higher technology and lower energy consumption. Iran, and following that, production in the country will be associated with lower energy consumption and less carbon emissions. The economic indicators that have been investigated in this research are gross domestic product, inflation rate and energy demand. The coefficient of GDP shows that the reduction of tariffs on imported goods reduces the amount of GDP by 0.0692%, which can be due to the decrease in domestic production caused by the non-competitiveness of domestic goods compared to imported goods that the consumer Domestic prefers foreign goods with higher technology. Also, it can be seen that the impact of the reduction of import tariffs on the GDP of developed countries is more than that of developing countries, and the reduction of import tariffs has led to a decrease in energy demand in Iran, which is caused by the decrease in domestic production and the import of intermediate goods. It is with newer technology to Iran.

Being happy and satisfied with life is one of the most important goals of human societies. In recent decades, the concept of happiness has been considered as one of the most important measures of better living and well-being in the economy. Due to the great impact that happiness has on the dynamism and mobility of society and as a result increase efficiency and productivity and ultimately economic growth and development, recognizing and analyzing the factors' affecting happiness has become particularly important. Since the advent of the happiness economic in the 1970s, several studies have examined the relationship between different economic factors on happiness. One of the economic variables whose changes can affect the level of happiness of society is inflation. Inflation is unpleasant for people and reduces people's happiness. Inflation is one of the harmful economic phenomena that imposes high economic and social costs on societies. But one of the main and most important economic losses due to inflation is the uncertainty of its amount in future periods. Inflationary uncertainty is a situation in which economic agents are uncertain about their future inflation decisions. Given that uncertainties have become an integral part of the economic and also due to the destructive effects of these uncertainties on the economic and economic activities and ultimately on the happiness and well-being of society, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of inflation uncertainty on happiness. The relationship between inflation uncertainty and happiness is examined for the first time. In the current research, 100 countries according to the latest classification of countries by the World Bank based on the income level of the countries, have been selected in the period from 2005 to 2021. They are grouped into two groups of countries with low income and lower middle income (developing countries) and the group of countries with upper middle income and high income (developed countries), and the relationship between inflation uncertainty and happiness has been investigated for all three categories of countries (100 selected countries and two income groups) using the panel data regression approach. Inflation uncertainty in this study was estimated using the variance model of autoregressive conditional heterogeneity (ARCH). Measures of happiness for the countries studied are extracted from the World Happiness Report. In addition to the inflation uncertainty variable, the relationship between other economic factors such as per capita income, income inequality, inflation, unemployment, health expenditures and government expenditures with happiness has also been examined. For 100 countries: Based on the regression results of the happiness model, inflation uncertainty has a negative effect on happiness and therefore the research hypothesis is confirmed. For one percent increase in inflation uncertainty, happiness decreases by about 0.002 percent. The results show that all explanatory variables in this research have the expected effects on happiness. The per capita income has a positive and significant relationship with happiness, so that a one percent increase in percapita income increases happiness by 0.07 percent. Inflation has a negative effect on happiness, but what is important according to the results of the happiness model estimation in this research is that both inflation and inflation uncertainty decrease happiness, but inflation uncertainty decreases happiness more. Unemployment and Income inequality have a negative effect on happiness. The health expenditure and the government expenditure variables have a positive effect on happiness.For low income-lower middle income (developing) and upper middle income-high income (developed) countries: The results show that inflation uncertainty has a negative effect on happiness in both groups of countries. The inflation uncertainty coefficient in the group of countries with upper middle income and high income is 0.22, which is higher than the other group (0.002). In other words, inflation uncertainty reduces happiness much more in these countries. Per capita income in this group of countries, with a coefficient of 0.14, has a more positive effect on happiness than the other group (0.08). Also the coefficients of the three variables of inflation, income inequality and unemployment are larger in this group compared to the other group, and therefore the effect of these variables in reducing happiness is greater. On the other hand, the two variables of health expenditure and government expenditure increase happiness more in the group of developing countries. Studies in the field of economics of happiness, due to the significant importance of happiness as one of the influential factors in the economic growth and development of countries, have had a significant growing trend since the 1970s. Recognizing and analyzing the factors that affect happiness has been the main goal of most happiness research. The efforts of economists to evaluate economic factors affecting happiness has led to valuable findings that have led to major changes in the economic growth and development policies of countries, which the world happiness report clearly reports every year. Comparing the results in two groups of countries in this study shows that, percapita income has shown the strongest positive effect on happiness, especially in the group of developed countries. inflation, income inequality and unemployment have caused a greater decrease in happiness in this group, which has the most negative effect related to unemployment, followed by income inequality and inflation. However, health and government expenditures in the other group have a greater effect on increasing happiness, which shows the importance of health, nutrition, and public expenditures to improve people's happiness.One of the main and most important economic losses caused by inflation is the uncertainty of its amount in future periods. Uncertainty about the future inflation rate creates instability in prices, and through this channel, it constantly causes changes in economic decisions. Inflation reduces people's happiness, but the uncertainty of future inflation reduces their happiness even more (In both groups of countries). In line with sustainable economic growth and development, it is suggested that countries should increase people's confidence regarding the stability of prices and inflation in the future with long-term planning and increase people's happiness by trying to distribute income fairly and paying special attention to health and employment.

Rural living has been the most usual way of life all through history until the last two decades. Rural architecture, in its pure local sense, is among the sustainable features of rural areas that have undergone noticeable changes recently. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of vernacular architecture on sustainable rural development. This research is practical and descriptive-analytical based on the survey method. Data were collected using both library and field methods. Participants were from two groups of residents and experts. Thirty experts and 354 residents were surveyed based on the Cochran formula. Nine villages were selected using the cluster-spatial metod. Then, the household proportion questionnaires were distributed. The results indicate that in the sight of both local residents and experts with the frequency of 25.60% and 33.34% most important obstacle to vernacular architecture rural development is residents’ tendency toward modernity. The most crucial solution to this issue according to the local residents is the cultivation and use of local knowledge (with a frequency of 16.5%). However, experts consider creating desirable facilities in villages (with a frequency of 30%) as the most important factor. Regarding house architecture changes, the highest average for both groups (3.6 and 3.63) is related to the architecture change toward modernization. Results of the one-sample t-test revealed that, regarding environmental aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.27 and the experts’ average was 3.98. Regarding economic aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.50 and the experts’ average was 3.63; regarding social aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.70 and the experts’ average was 3.83. Thus, this research suggests that rural architecture strongly affects sustainable rural development. Regarding environmental aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.27 and the experts’ average was 3.98. With respect to economic aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.50 and the experts’ average was 3.63. Considering social aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.70 and the experts’ average was 3.83. Therefore, considering that the results are above the average (3), it can be said that native architecture has a great impact on sustainable rural development from the point of view of both groups.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of privatization of the banking industry and to identify the causes of its inefficiencies in the governance layer. To this end, in the theoretical framework of neo-institutionalist economics, Williamson's four-tier conceptual model became the basis of the analysis. Based on the selected model, the basic assumptions, ideas and goals of the government from the implementation of the privatization program, government policies to reform the institutional environment and government policies to achieve efficient governance structures on the way to market economy, and the results of these policies at the operational level. Both in terms of opinion and in terms of practice, based on content analysis, data related to the implementation of the privatization program were analyzed. The results showed that the roots of the inefficiency of the privatization program should be in the first priority in the fallacies in the basic assumptions and the expected goals of privatization in practice, in the second priority in the failure to fulfill the expected functions of the transfer of ownership in the privatization process. The basis of the expected functions of it, and in the third priority in the government's adherence to the style of economic governance with an acting approach instead of governing with a game-making and regulatory approach on the way from state economy to market economy. The results of these failures in the three layers of economic governance have led to the failure of the price mechanism in the market.

Recognizing the effective factors in the formation and fluctuations of the exchange rate in the long run, as well as knowing how the exchange rate influents from economic policies to align with the desired goals are among the necessities of a successful economic plan. Accordingly, this study investigates the long-term and short-term factors affecting the real exchange rate of Iran and estimates the coefficients of the relevant variables using the vector error correction model (VECM) in the framework of behavioral equilibrium exchange rate model (BEER). Monitoring the trend of deviation of the actual real exchange rate from the long-term equilibrium exchange rate during the years 1973-2017, according to the selected quantitative goals of the Sixth Economic Development Plan of Iran, the real exchange rate and the equilibrium exchange rate of the country has been estimated during. The results of this study show that due to the failure to achieve the goals in the first three years of the Sixth Plan, the nominal exchange rate gap from the equilibrium exchange rate has reached an average of about 25 percent annually. In addition, the pressure of monetary inflation, reduced production growth and increased systemic risk of the country has led to a continuous increase in the nominal exchange rate in the parallel market.

From the point of view of scholars in economics, privatization is not only considered as a tool for restructuring the economy and increasing competition, but also an essential base for economic growth and development. According to that, the first and most important goal of privatization program in the General Policies of Principle (44) of the constitution, is to increase the economic growth. However, most studies have assessed the effects of privatization just on micro variables in economy, and only a few of them are focused on macro objectives such as economic growth. In this regard and due to uncertainties in the rate of achievement of this goal, as the result of the implementation of the mentioned program, this study is focused on evaluation of the privatization effect on economic growth of the country for the period 1991-2017. For this purpose, the human capital model and also the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) has been used. This method does not have the limitations of the ARDL method, such as the synchronization and exogenous variables and the resulting errors in estimation, which has been used in previous studies. In this study, privatization variable is considered as income from the transferring. Estimating the model and performing statistical tests, findings show that the impact of privatization on economic growth is positive and significant during the mentioned period.

The literature on economic growth and development shows that domestic and foreign investment have been one of the most important pillars of economic growth. On the other hand, empirical studies often point to the positive impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth, especially in less developed countries. This paper, based on the Simultaneous Equations System approach, examines the interrelationships between economic growth, FDI, and government policies along with other important macroeconomic variables. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between FDI changes and economic growth in Iranian economy during the period of 1971-96. The government's expansionary fiscal policy in the form of increased infrastructure spending and lower tax revenues has had a significant positive impact on GDP and FDI changes. The human capital index also has a positive and significant effect on FDI changes, but an increase in the nominal exchange rate reduces FDI inflows into the economy. Finally, the dummy variable of the sanctions of 2012 has had a significant negative impact on GDP and FDI changes.

Special economic zones in different countries are absorbing external capitals, receiving and promoting technology, getting managerial knowledge, exporting and re-exporting for the host country. Building free and special zone is one of the ways of quick industrial development and expanding exports in Iran in development plans. Data in this research are studied annually and for a time period from 2006to 2025 and by COMFAR III and Excel software. The plan will be studied in three pessimistic, middle and optimistic scenarios which all analysis is on the basis of middle scenario. According to the final results of the plan, net present value of total capital in 21 percent discount rate equals to 2680619 million Rials, which with respect to the obtained net present values, the project is feasible economically.

If happiness is a good feature of society and development is considered as a gradual movement towards good society, happiness can be one of the goals of developmental policies. In the field of happiness economics, the focus of studies is on analyzing the impact of various economic factors on happiness. But so far, no study has investigated the effect of economic variables on happiness with the panel threshold regression models. In the present study, the effect of eight variables on happiness using panel data for 100 countries in the period 2005 to 2016 in three scenarios was investigated using panel threshold regression method. The results of the research show that the happiness relationship with per capita income, health, consumption, government expenditures and economic freedom is positive and there is a negative relationship between happiness and income inequality, inflation and unemployment. In each scenario, only a threshold value was detected. Consumption expenditures and economic freedom have a positive effect on happiness, and the size of this effect increases with increasing per capita income (threshold variable). Per capita income has a positive effect on happiness, but with increasing income inequality (threshold variable), the effect of per capita income will decrease. It seems, therefore, that the formulation of appropriate policies to reduce income inequality can lead to more social happiness for the society, which will result in increased productivity and economic growth.

The study of the health status in different regions of Iran is a basic step toward the optimal allocation of health resources to different regions. This study tried to determine the enjoyment level and equality in the distribution of health facilities in the counties of Isfahan province during the 5th development plan of Iran.

First, the enjoyment level of Isfahan counties was determined using the TOPSIS method. Then, the distribution of health facilities was evaluated for 23 counties during 2011 - 2015. The data used in this study were obtained from the statistical yearbook of Isfahan.

The counties of Isfahan province were not homogenous in terms of enjoyment level. The overall trend of the Gini coefficient was upward during the study period. The inequality in the distribution of health facilities increased by 38% from the beginning year of the plan to the last year of the study period so that the Gini coefficient was 0.255 in the first year of the plan and 0.353 in 2015.

The increased inequality in the distribution of health facilities indicated that the welfare of less-favored counties decreased compared to more developed counties during the fifth development plan. Hence, due to the intensification of inequality, especially in the final year of the plan, compensation for these inequalities can be put on the agenda of provincial health planners.

In spite of implementing widespread change programs to promote the banking system, from the law for usury free banking to privatization, banking system inefficiency is still one of the most important economic challenges in the country. Basic assumption of mechanism design theory to explain this failure is existence of destructive conflicts in the system. The purpose of this study is to diagnosis of these conflicts and to propose of approaches to resolve them. Therefore, a graph model, with a holistic view, developed to describe the behavior of main players in the banking system and analyzed its equilibrium states. The results showed that the existence of conflicts is one of the most important causes of inefficiency of the system in performing its expected functions. Main drivers of the conflicts are deviation in relative prices due to the Dutch disease and myopic in decision making in macro and middle levels of governance of the system. In this study, Inverse GMCR method was used to investigate the institutional functions required to conflict resolution. The results showed that monetary policy maker independence from government, reduction of government budget dependence on oil, clarification of life cycle costs (LCC) of macroeconomic policies, approaches to resolve these conflicts. Whatever country fails in implementing above approaches to correct deviation in relative prices, central bank should use its governance power more to control market forces in the banking system.

This study was concerned with understanding the impacts of macroeconomic factors on the life expectancy in 136 countries for the period 2002–2010.
The determinants of life expectancy can be classified into economic social, and environmental factors. In this respect, the panel data method is employed to compute the relationship between life expectancy and selected economic, social and environmental factors. There exists no previous study that estimates empirically the determinants of life expectancy in these countries on the basis of panel data framework.
Empirical results suggested that unemployment and inflation as the main macroeconomic factors that affect life expectancy negatively whereas, the effects of gross national income and gross capital formation factors on life expectancy were positive. Also, the urbanity seems to be the main social cause for mortality.
The effects of economic factors as well as social and environmental factors on life expectancy are important. Therefore, these factors should be considered in health plans for improving longevity.

Economic growth and development has been important to economists. Every economist has mentioned different elements in order for economic growth in every country. One of these elements is paying attention to regional development and the necessity of appropriate distribution of resources in order to equally develop all regions of a country. These indexes have been categorized into five categories as the following: Economic, cultural and educational, construction and housing, hygiene and treatment, and urban facilities indexes; this study has been done in 1390. To do this study, two methods of numerical taxonomy and the process of hierarchy analysis have been applied to help.The results obtained from the method of taxonomy show that metropolitan cities, Tehran, Isfahan, Tabriz, Karaj, Mashhad, Qom, Shiraz, and Ahvaz are the most developed cities in Iran respectively. The results obtained from the process of hierarchy analysis show that metropolitan cities, Tehran, Isfahan, Karaj, Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Qom, and Ahvaz are the most developed cities in Iran respectively.

Economic growth and development has been important to economists. Every economist has mentioned different elements for economic growth. One of these elements is paying attention to regional development and the necessity of appropriate distribution of resources in order to equally develop all regions of a country. These indexes have been categorized into five categories as the following: Economic, cultural and educational, construction and housing, hygiene and treatment, and urban facilities indexes; This study has been done in 2011. To do this study, two methods of numerical taxonomy and the process of hierarchy analysis have been applied. The results obtained from the method of taxonomy show that metropolitan cities, Tehran, Isfahan, Tabriz, Karaj, Mashhad, Qom, Shiraz, and Ahvaz are the most developed cities in Iran, respectively. The results obtained from the process of hierarchy analysis show that metropolitan cities, Tehran, Isfahan, Karaj, Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Qom, and Ahvaz are the most developed cities in Iran, respectively.

Objective (s): To compare health conditions in Iran and southwest Asian countries. Fifteen core health indices as reported by World Health Organization (WHO) for the period of 2000-2007 were listed for Iran and southwest Asain countires. The numerical taxonomy techniquewas used to rank and measure the degree of health development amog all 26 southwest Asian countries. The Results showed that the ranking of Iran decreased from 11 in 2000 to 12 in 2007. The highest ranking of Iran was 10 during 2003-2006 and during this period there was no progress in position of Iran. Since then the ranking was decreased. The failure in ranking of Iran among between southwest Asian countries is alerting. Perhaps this might be concequence of discontinuity in growing trends of development in health sector during the period under review. Indeed the findings has some implications for policy and practice.

There are different perspectives about the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The question has raised among economists is that whether the economic growth is affected by financial development or economic growth causes financial development? This study investigates the direction of causality between financial markets indicators and economic growth in the D8 countries group during 1990-2010. For this، the panel causality testing approach، the method developed by Kónya (2006) based on the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) and Wald tests with the country specific bootstrap critical values، is applied. The results indicate that the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth not only is different in countries also، it is different for the each indicator of financial development. Empirical results show that within the financial development indicators، The domestic credit provided by the banking sector in all of selected countries except Pakistan، has affected the economic growth. This indicates a higher degree of dependence of these countries upon the banking sector. Furthermore، within the money market indicators، the domestic credit to private sector indicator has the greatest influence from economic growth.

In economic literature, one of the important roles of deposits is to provide a suitable background for investing. The basic aim of this research is to study the mechanism of some variables such as; inflation rate, Gross domestic product (GDP), stock price index, housing price index, the rate of profit sharing securities and their effects on the level of bank deposits in current banking system.Considering this explanting the present article is seeking to answer these questions: First; what are the relations among the rate of profit sharing securities and the level of bank deposits as well as GDP and other variables and the level of bank deposits? Second; how may the bank deposits and consequently the investment be increased?This paper use Autoregressive distraction Lags approach to examine the effect of any Variable Separately. In addition, the error correction model is applied to link short-time variables fluctuation to long-term rates.The results of this research show that there is a negative relation between the rate of profit-sharing securities and bank deposits level and a positive relation between GDP and bank deposits level

Nowadays, ‘transactional expenditures’ are regarded as an effective variable in the development of economic activities. The issue is discussed in this paper, within the frame of ‘new fundamental analysis’, in which, apart from debating the variable of ‘development of technology’, other variables influencing ‘transactional expenditures’ will be addressed. Through such an analysis it will be firstly deduced that; the principles and rules of the culture of a society act as a key variable in influencing ‘transactional expenditures’ and secondly, that; the culture of a society can help curb such ‘expenditures’ if its principles and rules stress on ‘humane individualism’.

This essay is based on an individualistic methodological assumption - one of the basic assumptions of the institutionalist economists’ research program- that the individuals seek to maximize their benefits. This assumption asserts that individuals do not react merely on the basis of a simple utilitarianism. Rather, in their encounter with the events and facts they behave in a way that meets their interests (i.e. expectations, creeds, and beliefs). These beliefs and creeds are primarily shaped in the family and then the educational centers and finally the social institutions.Accordingly, the form and the way the government bodies and organizations, as a set of social institutions, behave, engenders different expectations, creeds and beliefs in the entrepreneurs of a given society. Hence, based on the performance of the governments and other social institutions, individuals and organizations will find different activities valuable, thus, forming efficient and inefficient markets.In the development process, the government is considered as an endogenous factor. Consequently, as one of the factors of development, its characteristics may contribute to the formation of efficient or inefficient markets.The evidence suggests that the characteristics of the government of Iran have acted as an impediment to the formation of efficient markets by increasing the transaction costs.