علیرضا رنگین

The Effect of Foliar Application of Iron and Proline Nanoparticles on Biochemical, Physiological and Agronomic Traits of Quinoa Plant in Different Cultivation Dates
 
Rahmat Salehi1, Abbas Maleki*1, Mohammad Mirzaei Heydari2, Alireza Rangin1, Amir Mirzaei3
1- Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad
 
2- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3- Agricultural and horticultural sciences research department, Ilam Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ilam, Iran.
 
 
*Corresponding email address: maleki97@yahoo.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
 
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological adaptation of quinoa plant, cultivation in different dates under the effect of foliar spraying of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 in February in Ilam province, Sarableh city in the research center farm located in the north East of Ilam city was implemented in the form of a split-split plot (plots chopped twice) in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor, including the planting date, was done in three levels: February4th, February 19th and March 4th. The secondary factor includes iron nanoparticles in four levels including control or non-consumption, 0/3, 0/6 and 0/9 grams per liter of water were added to the volume. The third factor included proline in two levels: 100 mg per liter consumption and Non-use (witness) which were placed in sub-sub plots. The results showed that the main effects including  year, planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on all traits, plant height, number of flowering branches, height of the main flowering branch, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvesting index were meaningful. Due to the difference in temperature and humidity conditions, most traits were affected. So that the maximum weight of 1000 seeds was obtained with the amount of 6.05 grams in the triple treatment of planting date in iron nanoparticles and proline consumption on the March 4th planting date and 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption. Also, the lowest weight of 1,000 seeds related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained with 1.73 grams. The highest yield was obtained on the date of the third crop on the March 4th and the treatment of 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and the consumption of proline with the amount of 2948.17 kilograms per hectare. The lowest yield related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained 14556.17 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, the best yield was obtained on the March 4th and the use of proline and the treatment of 0/9 grams of iron nanoparticles were obtained, which is recommended to achieve high grain production in the cultivation conditions of the region.
Keywords: Planting date, Iron nanoparticles, Proline, Antioxidant enzymes and performance components
University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran.
2- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3- Agricultural and horticultural sciences research department, Ilam Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ilam, Iran.
 
 
*Corresponding email address: maleki97@yahoo.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
 
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological adaptation of quinoa plant, cultivation in different dates under the effect of foliar spraying of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 in February in Ilam province, Sarableh city in the research center farm located in the north East of Ilam city was implemented in the form of a split-split plot (plots chopped twice) in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor, including the planting date, was done in three levels: February4th, February 19th and March 4th. The secondary factor includes iron nanoparticles in four levels including control or non-consumption, 0/3, 0/6 and 0/9 grams per liter of water were added to the volume. The third factor included proline in two levels: 100 mg per liter consumption and Non-use (witness) which were placed in sub-sub plots. The results showed that the main effects including  year, planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on all traits, plant height, number of flowering branches, height of the main flowering branch, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvesting index were meaningful. Due to the difference in temperature and humidity conditions, most traits were affected. So that the maximum weight of 1000 seeds was obtained with the amount of 6.05 grams in the triple treatment of planting date in iron nanoparticles and proline consumption on the March 4th planting date and 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption. Also, the lowest weight of 1,000 seeds related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained with 1.73 grams. The highest yield was obtained on the date of the third crop on the March 4th and the treatment of 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and the consumption of proline with the amount of 2948.17 kilograms per hectare. The lowest yield related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained 14556.17 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, the best yield was obtained on the March 4th and the use of proline and the treatment of 0/9 grams of iron nanoparticles were obtained, which is recommended to achieve high grain production in the cultivation conditions of the region.

Agonists of the Mu-opioid receptors (MOR), such as morphine are lengthily used for the treatment of moderate to pain, depression and anxiety. But the dose involved achieving adequate pain relief often elicits multiple unwanted side effects, including addiction and tolerance. Opioids produce their actions at a cellular level by activating MOR. These receptors are distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). The target of this study was the effect of Smyrnium cordifolium extract (SCE) on the hippocampus Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) aria MOR compared to clonidine.

Extract of the aerial parts S.cordifolium was extracted by Soxhlet method. Addiction was created using the subcutaneous injections of morphine for 7 days. To evaluate the effects of SCE, the mice were divided up 5 groups. The first group (Control) received just morphine. The 2th group received morphine and Clonidine (0.2mg/kg). Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated morphine and SCE (E1, E2 and E3). In all groups, on the seventh day 30 min after naloxone injection, their brains were perfusion with formaldehyde and removed for immunohistochemical investigation.

The present immunohistochemical of the CA1 hippocampus study showed that group E1, there is a significant difference in MOR optical density compared to the control group at the level (P<0.05) and relative to the CLO group at the level (P<0.001). However, in groups E2, and E3 the MOR optical density increased compared to the control group and had a significant difference in level (P<0.001) and did not have a significant difference compared to the CLO group.

The study showed that with increasing S.cordifolium extract concentration, the optical density of MOR in the hippocampus increased, and this increase was dose-dependent. This increase in the CA1 hippocampus MOR optical density may be due to endocytosis or desensitization of MOR in neurons.