مقالات رزومه دکتر پریسا شاهین رخسار

The present research was carried out in Guilan province, Soumae-Sara city, Kishestan greenhouse town, in 2023.

This research is a causal and post-occurrence research and in terms of purpose is practical research. The validity of a researcher-made questionnaire was obtained by presenting it to 15 experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's coefficient, being 0.9. The statistical population of this research was 103 greenhouse owners who were divided into two groups with pressurized irrigation system and without it. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated, being 82 greenhouse owners.

Descriptive results showed that there are more greenhouse owners in the second group than the first group. The second group is lower than the first group in terms of education level, technical skills, cultivation level, performance at the same level and annual income, and they use more labor for their activities. The first group has access more skilled people and most of them can access after-installation services and spare parts. The second group is not satisfied with insurance services; furthermore, educational and promotion programs have not satisfied them well and they do not have access to research and service centers and they are dissatisfied with their services. They do not have the right desire for scientific visits, meetings with promoters, using computers, the internet, and promotional publications, as well as it does not attract their satisfaction. The findings of inferential statistics also stated these differences between the two groups as statistically significant. The logistic regression test showed that the coefficient of determination in the first step is 0.57, in the second step is 0.71, in the third step is 0.82, in the fourth step is 0.89, and in the fifth step is 0.93, therefore, 93% of the changes in the dependent variable of the research come from the independent variables.

By creating appropriate credit institutions for granting loans with lower interest rates and also having breathing space for repayment and longer repayment period, low-income greenhouse owners can buy the necessary equipment related to the pressurized irrigation systems in their greenhouse.

The purpose of this study was to assess irrigation management and determine water productivity in olive orchards managed by local farmers in the country. To achieve this, the amount of water provided by gardeners and the yield of 102 olive orchards that underwent irrigation using various methods, surface and drip irrigation, were measured across the provinces of Qazvin, Fars, Zanjan, Gilan, Golestan, and Semnan. This data was collected during two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. Measured values were compared with NETWAT-estimated net irrigation requirements as well as Penman-Monteith-derived values. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the average volume of irrigation water, yield, irrigation water productivity, and applied water productivity in the selected provinces are significantly different at a probability level of 1%. According to the study, the volume of irrigation water used in olive orchards varied from 2848 to 11463 m3/ha, with a weighted average of 6011 m3/ha. The average yield of olives in the production poles of this product has varied from 1500 to 11000 kg/ha over the two-year period, and its weighted average has been 4867 kg/ha. It is also worth mentioning that the water productivity ranged from 0.2 to 2.40 and its weighted average was 0.95 kg/m3. Furthermore, the applied water productivity in the selected provinces ranged from 0.18 to 1.45 and its weighted average was 0.63 kg/m3. Upon evaluating the efficiency of irrigation in the olive orchards, it was observed that the quantity of water delivered was approximately 27% and 17% less in comparison to the irrigation requirement calculated using recent 10-year meteorological data and NETWAT, respectively. In other word, forced deficit irrigation has taken place in the olive orchards

The main objective of this quantitative-qualitative research was to analyzing the mental preferences of paddy farmers towards second cultivation in Rasht County. The statistical population of the study consisted of 30 progressive farmers in Rasht County who were selected by purposive sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS22 and Expert Choice11 softwares. The reliability and Validity of the questionnaire was approved by calculating the Cronbach's alpha and construct validity.The Findings showed that "lack of government support for the production and sale of these products, lack of successful model farms in cultivating alternative crops under government management" and "lack of an appropriate market for these products» with a ratio of 93, 90 and 73%, were the most important barriers to farmers' willingness to second cultivation, respectively. Also, the most important factors determining the type of cultivation were revenue generation, production costs and market for products, respectively. The results showed that, ratoon and local beans were in the highest ranks in the farmers' mental preferences in growing crops based on revenue generation, sales and production cost criteria, but in terms of water scarcity and employment criteria, local beans and forage were in the highest ranks, respectively. Overall, the results showed that, ratoon with a weight value above 0.453 was in the first priority in second cropping pattern and local beans and forage (with 0.353 and 0.087 weights) were in the next priorities, respectively. Designing an optimal cropping pattern, guaranteed purchase, establishing model farms and development of conversion industries are suggested.

Despite Gilan Province being a rainy region in Iran, inappropriate distribution of rainfall during the growing season has a negative impact on the growth of crops, including borage. This study was conducted to determine the proper irrigation regime for borage at different stages of growth. For this purpose, fifteen field experiments, based on 15 combinations obtained from the Central Composite Design, were conducted using high and low levels of treatments including water requirement (without irrigation (I1) and full water supply (I2)), two growth stages (stem elongation (D1), stem elongation and flowering (D2)), and two years with different rainfall (drought (Y1) and wet season (Y2)). The experiments were performed in Giulan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center located in Rasht. Irrigation and stage of growth had the most and the least effects on borage yield and growth parameters, respectively. Dry season increased the grain yield, oil yield and oil percentage, while other parameters reached their maximum value in wet year. The value of 1000-seed weight for D2 was equal to 18.9 g, and the values of dried flower yield, fresh flower yield, seed yield, and economic yield are equal to 468, 858, 486 and 983 kg.ha-1, respectively. Oil yield and oil percentage for D2 were equal to 160 kg.ha-1 and 33.5%, respectively. Considering the optimal levels for all parameters based on the interpolation of factor values in the central composite design, if the percentage and yield of oil is less important than the other parameters, it is necessary to provide 88% of irrigation water for the stem and flowering stages in the wet season. In order to achieve maximum yield and oil content, full supply of irrigation needs in dry season and in the stem stage should be considered.

Water is the main factor in forest production and rain and snow are the most important sources of forest water supply. But always a percentage of rainfall is lost and comes out of the forest surface water cycle. That part of the rain that does not reach the soil of forest ecosystems is divided into two parts. This article reviews the concept of rainfall in the forest and the impact of its components on the water balance of watersheds. Rainfall of trees plays an effective role in determining the amount of rainfall reaching the forest floor and therefore is an important part of the water level in the ecosystem of forest structures. Loss from the canopy surface and evaporation from the forest floor debris. It also focuses on the hydrological cycle and the food cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. If you know the amount of rainfall in areas with dry season during the growing season, if the amount of rainfall is high, according to the water needs of the mass, by performing thinning operations, to establish regeneration and also to meet the water needs of species The plant helped effectively. A large share of summer rainfall in the forest in the form of rainfall is out of reach of the forest massif; Therefore, it is necessary to know the amount of rainfall, especially to evaluate and measure evapotranspiration in forest ecosystems and therefore for the proper management of forest watersheds.

Irrigation management plays an important role in the performance and productivity of rice water consumption. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation time on yield and of Ratoon Hashemi cultivar in the form of a factorial design with three replications and in three crop years at the Rice Research Institute (Rasht). Irrigation treatment was at three levels of permanent flooding (I1), capillary cracking (2 mm) (I2) and coarse cracking (5 mm) (I3). The results of compound analysis of variance showed that all quantitative and qualitative traits of Raton rice were significantly affected by the test years. In general, due to the right temperature and hours of sunshine, ratoon growth conditions in the first year of the experiment were better than in the other two years, which positively affected plant height, cluster length and 1000-grain weight, increasing grain yield by 1122 kg / ha. The effect of irrigation management on ratoon yield and yield components also showed that coarse crack irrigation increased yield by 463.4 kg / ha compared to other treatments. Also, the highest plant height of 104.8 cm was obtained from flood irrigation. Irrigation management was not effective on other traits such as 1000-grain weight, straw yield, cluster length and harvest index. The highest water consumption efficiency in the first year was 0.69 kg / m3/ha and the lowest in the third year was 0.41 kg / m3 / ha. Also coarse crack irrigation treatment compared to permanent flood irrigation treatment increased water efficiency by 34%

Drip irrigation in greenhouses may be used as a common method, but because of the diversity of the drip irrigation systems, farmers are confused. Therefore, technical evaluation of drip irrigation system could lead to the selection of a suitable system. In this study was carried out technical evaluation of two drip irrigation systems including tape drip irrigation and drip line in strawberry greenhouse in kishestan greenhouse town located in Somesara (Guilan province). Treatments included two drip irrigation systems (tape and drip line). The result showed all of technical indexes apart of discharge pressure equation in tape drip irrigation is more than drip line and they had not statistical different. Distribution Coefficient Uniformity of the tape drip irrigation system was better than the drip irrigation systems.

One of the most reliable methods for assessing the effects of climate change is the use of climate variables simulated by general atmospheric circulation (GCM) models, but these simulations have uncertainties. Avoiding the uncertainties associated with climate change in research will reduce the credibility of the results and result in unrealistic and unrealistic results. In this study, the data of temperature, precipitation and radiation simulated by 5 models HADCM3, NCCCSM, NCCCSM, INCM3, GFCM21 and MPEH5 at the Synoptic Station of Rasht based on A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios were statistically analyzed. Also, the uncertainty of each of the general atmospheric circulation models and diffusion scenarios was investigated by weighting method. The results of the test of the calculated statistics for each model were presented individually. The INCM3 model in the A1B scenario for simulating rainfall, the NCCCSM model in the A1B scenario for radiation simulation and GFCM21 under B1 scenario for simulating minimum temperature and HADCM3 model in the A1B scenario for maximum temperature simulation. The results of ensemble performance of the models also showed that in the future planning, the group composition of the models can be simulated with less uncertainty and more accurately the climatic parameters. In order to select the best scenario based on the group implementation of the models, the best match is the simulated rainfall data with real data based on B1 scenario, for A1B scenario data and minimum and maximum temperature based on scenario B1.

One of the most important section for increasing water productivity and management is aware of the crop water requirement and calculation of evapotranspiration. Because of the importance of water’s problem in agriculture, the exact calculation of crop water requirement for variety of cultivated crops is necessary. Water requirement of most crops has been reported by FAO, but water requirement of many medicinal plants, increasing cultivation area of them in Iran, has not been studied. One of the methods used to determine crop water requirements if the input and output water in the system can be measured are water balance method by using lysimeter. This study aimed to measure water requirement of European borage has done by using lysimeter. In this way, seed of European borage were planted within a lysimeter placed in a field of European borage and under natural conditions in the Guilan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources. The incoming and outgoing water of lysimeter were measured. Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using meteorological data from synoptic stations of Rasht Center and CropWat software using Penman-Monteith method. Then crop coefficient of borage in the growth period of the plant was calculated from the ratio of borage evapotranspiration and calculated ET0. The results showed that water requirement of European borage in the initial, the middle and the end stages are 0.66, 1.35 and 1.23 mm/day, respectively and crop coefficients of European borage are 0.2075, 0.3403 and 0.29, respectively.

Water constraints and nitrogen deficiency are important factors that can affect rice plant growth. In order to study the optimum nitrogen application under water constraints, a factorial experiment was conducted in Rice Research Institute of Iran in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement. Treatments included four levels of nitrogen fertilizer from source of urea [zero (N0), 60 (N60), 90 (N90) and 120 (N120) kg N ha-1] and three levels of continuous flooding (I0), eight Day (I8) and twelve days (I12) alternate. The results showed that irrigation treatments were not effective on plant height, panicle length and straw yield, while the number of tillers, 100 seed weight and empty seed weight were affected by irrigation practices. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen treatments showed that increasing nitrogen fertilization in conditions of water deficit could lead to increase of yield, 100 seed weight and number of tillers.

In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation on the yield of Echium Amoenum Fisch, a randomized block design with four replications was conducted during the growing season of 2014-2015 in the research farm of the agricultural and natural resources research center of Gilan. Three irrigation treatments (dryland, one supplementary irrigation (stem elongation stage) and two supplementary irrigation (stem elongation stage and flowering stage) were considered. The results showed that two supplementary irrigation treatments had maximum values in almost all Vegetative traits, while in reproductive traits; supplementary irrigation treatment had higher values. The yield of fresh weight of flowers and dry flower weight were as maximum yield in the treatment of supplementary irrigation. Supplementary irrigation treatment had maximum values in water use efficiency. Therefore, in the conditions of the study area and similar areas, supplementary irrigation has a high potential for both irrigation and yielding water efficiency and can be considered seriously.

Olive harvesting is the most important step in olive cultivation because of its direct impact on the quality of olive oil. Harvesting method and harvesting time are two effective factors in harvesting olive. This research was carried out in the olive orchard of Mazrae Novin Iranian Agro-Industry Farm, located in the cities; Manjil & Roudbar in Guilan province, Iran. In this research, olive trees were pruned in the central leader method. An Italian Verdegiglio VMA 95 trunk shaker was used to harvest the olive fruit for both table olives and oil olives stages. Vibration times by the shaker were at four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds). The percentage of the harvest and the harvesting rate, in each stage of the harvest (table and oil olives) were calculated. Based on the results of the project, the percentage of the fruit harvest and the harvesting rate in vibration times were significantly different in each stage of the harvest (table and oil olives). The maximum percentage of the fruit harvest for table and oil olives were 64 and 86, respectively. The highest harvesting rate for table and oil olives were 102.79 and 127.32 kg/h, respectively The best duration to shake the olive trees was found to be 10 seconds.

Due to limited water resources utilization of unconventional water resources¡ is taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in soil moisture under different irrigation water salinity under a line source in a layered heavy soil. For this purpose¡ irrigation times period of 2¡ 3 and 4 hours for volumes of 10¡ 15 and 20 liters and irrigation water salinity of 1.279¡ 2.5 and 5 dS/m were applied replicated three times. In order to evaluate changes in soil moisture values a TDR device was used; and then the SURFER software using kriging method was used for zoning. The average soil moisture content was increased by increasing the water volume. The highest average volumetric moisture was in 5 dS/m treatment with 39.84% and the lowest one was in 1.279 dS/m treatment with 37.49%. According to SURFER outputs and the average volumetric moisture¡ in 5 dS/m salinity treatment the soil moisture in the surface layers was high¡ which is due to reduced permeability and hydraulic conductivity because of soil salinity increase. As the average soil moisture content is about at the field capacity of the silty clay soil¡ it can be said that drip irrigation system under limited water resources with a relevant quality has the necessary performance.

In order to study the effect of complementary irrigation on morphological and water productivity of European borage¡ an experiment was carried out in Rasht in 2013 and 2014. Three irrigation treatments including rainfed (I0)¡ one (I1) and two complementary irrigations (I2) were considered. The results of the first year with basin irrigation showed that irrigation treatments had no significant effect on all factors except of the length of flower¡ leaf numbers and main branch; for main branch and leaf numbers factors¡ there was a significant difference between I0 and I2 treatments¡ also for flower length factor¡ there was a significant difference between I0 and I1 treatments. Water productivity with I1 had the highest amount being of 0.15 kg/m3. The results of the second year with drip irrigation showed that irrigation treatments had no significant effect on all factors except of flower length¡ number of flowers and main branch¡ for the main branch factor as in the first year¡ there was a significant difference between I0 and I2 treatments; also for flower length and the number of flowers factors there was a significant difference between I1 and I0 treatments. Water productivities of I1 treatment was 0.74 kg/m3¡ being the maximum amounts.

Today, even in humid areas, the water crisis is a major problem for agriculture and increasing the efficiency of water use is also one of the requirements for sustainable development. Regarding this, the use of plant growth simulation models as a tool for managing water crisis seems useful. In this study, WOFOST model to simulate the performance of two soybean cultivars (DPX and SEPIDEH) under deficit irrigation was used in the Gorgan region. Using the measured plant yield and simulated water balance components from the model, the average productivity of evapotranspiration (WPET), based on seed yield, was obtained as 0.72 kg m-3. With increasing water stress, water use efficiency based on irrigation and precipitation series (WPI) and water use efficiency based on irrigation (WPI) increased in both cultivars, but the DPX water use efficiency under drought stress was higher than the SEPIDEH cultivar. According to the results and accuracy of WOFOST model, index of relative root mean square errors of seed yield and total biomass in both cultivars was less than 10%, the index of the coefficient of residual mass (CRM) was close to zero, the performance factor (EF) was 0.89, the coefficient of determination (R2) equaled 0.93, and the index of Willmott agreement (IOA) was about 0.89. Overall, based on the findings of this study, favorable performance of the model to simulate the growth process and water impact on soybean seed yield and water efficiency is confirmed and cultivar DPX is recommended for cultivation in the Golestan province.

Soil moisture is one of the main input parameters in many models for monitoring and predicting crop yield. The ability of mathematical models has allowed correct application of brackish water and selection of management options. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the performance of HYDRUS-2D for simulating soil volumetric water content in a heterogeneous heavy soil under field conditions. Three volumes of irrigation water (10, 15 and 20 L) and three salinity levels of irrigation water (1.279, 2.5 and 5 dSm-1) were exerted in a linear drip irrigation system with three replications. In order to check the amount of soil volumetric water content, soil profiles were drilled to 40 cm depth and vertical wall of drip irrigation line was networked. Soil volumetric water content was measured with a TDR MiniTrase kit 6050X3K1B model. The observed soil moisture values were compared with the simulated ones using statistical indices (i.e. nRMSE and CRM). The results indicated that mean soil volumetric water content distribution in irrigation water with different levels of salinities was in the range of field capacity. The range of nRMSE values varied from 0.91 to 2.07 percent in different replications. According to calculated nRMSE values, performance of the simulation model, was ranked as excellent for simulation of soil volumetric water content. Range of CRM values was shown to be from -0.0080 to 0.0170 that was really low. Results of these two statistics indicate high ability of the model in simulating soil volumetric water content using estimating hydraulic parameters by inverse solution.

In order to study the effect of limited irrigation on increasing the yield and water productivity of soybean, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in two cropping seasons of 2013 and 2014, in Rasht. Three irrigation treatments including two irrigations (I2): irrigation at flowering and pod formation stages, three irrigations (I3): irrigation at flowering, pod formation and ripening stages, and rainfed (I0): as control treatment were allocated to the main plots and three soybean genotypes including Williams (V1), L17 (V2), and Habbit (V3) to subplots. During the critical growth stages of the plant, based on the irrigation treatment and considering the precipitation and available moisture in the root zone, only one irrigation was applied (I1) in 2013 while Williams and Habbit genotypes were, respectively, at pod formation and at flowering stage. But, in 2014 crop season, considering the lower precipitation, all irrigation treatments were conducted. Yield and yield components were measured at seed ripening time. The results showed that the limited irrigation in both years improved yield and yield components of all soybeans genotypes. The highest average grain yield in both crop seasons were obtained with I1V2 and I3V2 treatments, being 4616 and 4198 kg/ha, respectively. In both cropping seasons of 2013 and 2014, L17 genotype had the highest average grain yield compared with the other two genotypes, being 3932 and 3000 kg/ha, respectively, therefore, it can be recommended for planting in Rasht region. In 2013 and 2014 crop seasons, respectively, I1V2 and I3V2 treatments had the highest water productivity, corresponding to 1.72 and 0.97 kg/m3.

A correct scheduling of irrigation (timing and volume of water) is very important parameter to improve quality and quantity of yield in greenhouse condition. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of improving the management of strawberry greenhouses and increase economic yield (quantitative and qualitative) is conducted base on optimum irrigation planning by using tensiometer in greenhouses condition in Iran. Three levels of irrigation scheduling based upon tensiometer measurements (0.2 and 0.4 bar) and experiences of farmers (As control) were considered. Tensiometer was used to schedule irrigations whenever the soil matric potential reached 0.2 and 0.4 bar. The present study showed that the highest yield per plant resulted from irrigation schedules based on 0.2 bar compare with the experiences of farmers. Of course there was no significant difference between 0.2 and 0.4 bars in this respect. Also results showed that the volume of water used in treatments of 0.2¡ 0.4 bars and experiences of farmers were respectively 47.6¡ 21.2 and 99.6 liters per plant and irrigation management increased water productivity in irrigation schedule 0.4 bar (21.7 grams per liter) compared with 0.2 bar (10.5 grams per liter) and experiences of farmers amount of 4.6 grams per liter. According to the results of this study¡ irrigation scheduling based upon 0.4 bar recommended Because of the increased water use efficiency and reduces water consumption without reducing yield.

Today, use of drip irrigation systems for row crops is widespread. One of these systems is subsurface drip irrigation. Knowing the dimensions of the wetting pattern is essential for drip irrigation system design. To design a proper system, as field experiments are time consuming and expensive, using computer models is recommended. In this regard, the present study examined the performance of three models including empirical Kandelous et al. model, analytical WetUp, and numerical HYDRUS-2D models in subsurface tape irrigation. Treatments included three volumes of water i.e. 10, 15, and 20 liters per meter length of tape and three installation depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm, in three replications. Comparison between the measured and simulated wetting dimensions were made by using four statistical indices i.e. RMSE, nRMSE, CRM, and MAE. RMSE values of horizontal wetting extension for Kandelous et al and HYDRUS-2D models were 0.051 and 0.066 m, respectively, while for vertical wetting extension, the values of RMSE were 0.052 and 0.078 m, respectively. nRMSE values of horizontal wetting extension for Kandelous et al. and HYDRUS-2D models were 15.46% and 19.71 %, respectively, being in class ‘good’. nRMSE values of vertical wetting extension for Kandelous et al and HYDRUS-2D models were 15.99 and 23.74 %, respectively, considered as ‘good’ and ‘fair’, respectively. Statistical indices calculated for WetUp model was not in acceptable range. For horizontal and vertical wetting dimensions, CRM and MAE indices for Kandelous et al model were the lowest values. Overall, the Kandelous et al model had the best estimation.

A randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht in 2008, to find the effect of supplement foliar application of nitrogen and potassium on Bahar-1 hybrid rice’s grain yield, concentration and efficiency of nitrogen. Foliar application of 20 kg nitrogen (5 % N) and 15 kg potassium (3 % K2O) in different pre-anthesis stages (maximum tillering, booting, and both stages) was considered as treatments. Foliar application of distilled water was considered as control. Results revealed that the grain yield and grain protein yield were increased in treatments which nitrogen and potassium was applied in pre-anthesis stages compared to control treatment. Foliar fertilization in booting stage resulted to the highest amount of grain and straw nitrogen. No significant effect of foliar fertilization was seen on potassium amount of grains. Foliar nitrogen application had no significant effect on agronomic and physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of nitrogen. However, nitrogen uptake efficiency increased by 14.8 % compared to control treatment in maximum tillering stage. The highest amount of grain protein (11.6 %) was related to foliar application of nitrogen in both maximum tillering and booting stages compared to control. Overall, it could be concluded that maximum tillering and booting stages are the best pre-anthesis time for foliar application of nitrogen and potassium on cv. Bahar-1 hybrid rice.

Limitation of water resources has led to unusual waters applications and the use of high-efficiency irrigation systems such as drip irrigation in some areas. The mismanagement of water resources has caused increases the accumulation of salts in the soil. Due to the executive limitations of field experiments such as high cost and timeconsuming, using of simulator models for studying different management scenarios is recommended. Purpose of this research is evaluation of the salt transport in heterogeneous heavy soil and unsteady conditions with estimating hydraulic and solute transport parameters using inverse solution with the HYDRUS-2D model.
Drip irrigation system was applied as a line source and was done with water salinity of 1.279, 2.5 and 5 dS/m. Soil profiles were drilled to 40cm depth and networking with dimensions of 10 × 10 cm was performed. 48 hours after irrigation. In order to check the status of solute, sampling from beneath the tape and horizontal distance of 20 cm from the tape was used to determine the salinity of the soil saturation extract. ECe observed values of field experiments were compared with ECe simulated values using statistical indices i.e. nRMSE and CRM.
Simulated soil salinity values were slightly lower than the observed values. Also it was observed that the maximum amount of salinity was in the surface layer of soil, this could indicate the need for salt leaching in cases such as the early stages of plant growth which is more sensitive to salinity. According to HYDRUS model estimations, ranges of longitude dispersion coefficient (DL) and transverse dispersion coefficient (DT) were between 24.57-39.56 (cm) and 0.1298-5.2680 (cm), respectively; These differences in coefficients of different may be due to the soil heterogeneity and the high spatial variability in soil transformation parameters. Ranges of nRMSE for beneath the tape and the horizontal distance were between 2.79-18.49% and 3.084-20%, respectively. Simulations placed in good to excellent category. Ranges of CRM for beneath the tape were between -0.049 and 0.097 and the horizontal distance were between -0.065 and 0.081.
Despite heavy soil texture and soil heterogeneity in the study area andaccording to statistical indices i.e. nRMSE and CRM, HYDRUS-2D model could estimate satisfactorily the hydraulic and the solute transport parameters using inverse solution and simulated salinity with good quality; Thus, this model can be used as a suitable tool for the design and management of drip irrigation with saline and brackish water.