دکتر مرتضی براتی

Metaphor in the West countries is an issue that has been examined from a variety of perspectives. In the Islamic rhetorical tradition, metaphor has a more limited realm for its definition and application. All the metaphor theorists, both in the West and in Islamic rhetoric, believe that metaphor, in addition to the literal meaning, has a secondary and figurative meaning, but there are two opposite views. Donald Davidson and Mohammad Reza Isfahani do not accept this basis. In their views, metaphor, in addition to the literal meaning, has no other meaning, and the issue of metaphors relates to their application and is related to the effect that makes this application in a particular context. Many articles and treatises have been written about Davidson's theory, while the theory of Sheikh Isfahani remains unknown even among the Iranian rhetoricians. This article deals with the similarities of Davidson's theory and Isfahani's view.

Abdul Qadir Jurjânî, with his two famous books, is the most important scholar of Islamic rhetoric. He is the founder of rhetoric in the Muslim world. One of Jurjânî’s most prominent accomplishments is his comprehensive classification of metaphors. First of all, Jurjânî distinguishes between non-expressive and expressive metaphors, and then presents subclasses for expressive, or “useful”, metaphor. Most writers before Jurjânî used a particular kind of metaphor to present examples for clarifications in their discussions, but Jurjânî distinguishes different kinds of metaphors whose mechanism he does not reduce into a single one. In his classification, Jurjânî approaches metaphors innovatively. This article aims to study this classification from a fresh perspective.

The author of this paper attempts to show the origin of hermeneutics, its definition and the difference between classic and new hermeneutics in the west. This paper also intends to describe hermeneutics in Naser khosrow's poetry and the belief of the poet about this term and also describe who can do hermeneutics. To do this, attempts have been made to use instances from his poetry.

Attempts to define poetry have occupied the minds of many writers for a long time. Although all people believe in the existence of poetry، but there is not a consensus on what it is. The diversity of definitions about poetry has led some writers to know basically poetry undefinable، for a widely accepted definition has not yet provided. There have always been some kinds of poetry which have broken the restrictions of existing definitions and have found clear inconsistencies to the traditional criteria of poetry. A short contemplation on proposed definition about poetry helps us to reach this “Poetry creates wonder in language by language itself.” Therefore any wonder the poet creates in the language can be called poetry. Expressing his emotions، imaginations and visualizations with the help of his profound thoughts، and using the musical potential of the terms، the poet creates wonder in language and makes the audience or the reader to share with him. This undeniable fact in the realm of poetry has resulted in an explicit consensus on poetry definition between belletrists in East and West، so that they seem to accept the mysterious nature of poetry as a proved fact.