دکتر سید مهدی سجادی

The common residence of Hawrāms and Kurds, as well as some lexical similarities between the two dialects, which arose from the extensive Kurdish borrowing of Hawrāmi throughout history, led to a misapprehension among scholars about the origin of Hawrāmi. Therefore, linguists express different views about the position of H;Qrîmi in the Iranian languages, especially its genetic relation to Kurdish. In the meantime, the distinction between language and dialect within Hawrāmi is still problematic. However, studies show that Hawrāmi, a northwestern branch of New Iranian languages, is an independent language with many dialects or accents and does not belong to Kurdish.

Motion is one of the most fundamental human,s experiences. So it seems to be expressed as a universal concept in all languages of the world. According to Talmy,s lexicalization patterns theory(1985, 2000), languages are divided into two types concerning motion expression: verb-framed and satellite-framed. In verb-framed languages the core component of motion event, path, is expressed in verb and the manner of motion in satellite but in satellite-framed languages the reverse of this happens. The aim of this paper is to study the position of the Hawrami language in Talmy,s two-category typology. For this purpose, 140 Hawrami motion verbs (simple and non-simple) have been collected through interview with 20 native speakers over 30 years old and analyzed. Data analysis indicates that the Hawrami language challenges Talmy,s two-category typology since the semantic elements of path and manner are lexicalized in the verb root nearly equally. In other words, Hawrami has the characteristic of both verb-framed and satellite-framed languages and so it cannot be placed exactly in one of Talmy,s two types. It is better that its behavior in expressing motion event be evaluated with regard to the continuum of manner salience (Slobin, 2004) and path salience (Ibarretxe-Antuñano, 2004). Thus Hawrami is placed in the middle parts of these two continuums. Moreover, as the pattern (motion path manner) is the third most frequent lexicalization pattern in Hawrami, this language also has the characteristic of equipollently-framed languages (Slobin, 2004).

This paper aims to study the place of stress in word classes and its functions in the Hawrami language, one of the new Northwestern Iranian languages. I have interviewed ten illiterate native speakers of this language aged between 30 and 80, and have collected the data in a recording of about five hours. Furthermore, written materials within this domain and my linguistic intuition as a native speaker are used as sources of research literature. Data analysis indicates that stress is distinctive in this language and has three functions: 1. It changes the meaning of the word. 2. It changes the grammatical category of the word. 3. It is the distinguishing factor of grammatical gender in nouns and adjectives having the same formal markers. The grammatical gender in the masculine and feminine nouns ending in the vowels [a] and [i] and masculine and feminine adjectives ending in the vowel [a] is identified by the place of stress.

The true understanding of a word requires using the different semantic methods so that through them, the exact description of that word can be found. One of these methods is sense relations such as semantic opposition. The purpose of this article is to study semantic opposition in Quran. For this work, 106 opposite word pairs have been extracted and gathered from different sources especially “Tafsire Noor” by Mostafa Khorram-del with their frequency and verses in which they have used and then have been analyzed according to six types of semantic oppositions agreed by linguists. For the reason of the limited size of the article, mentioning all these word pairs was refrained and several instances have been mentioned for every type of semantic opposition. Studying and analyzing data indicates that the six types of semantic opposition, that is gradable, complementary, symmetrical, directional, lexical, and semantic contrast are found in Quran and gradable, complementary, symmetrical, lexical, semantic contrast, and directional ones have the most and least frequency respectively. In some cases, there is overlap among these oppositions. The use of semantic opposition can be effective in the true translation of Quran words. The issue of most of these oppositions is human and his moral and educational affairs.

The Natural Semantic Metalanguage, originated by Anna Wierzbicka, is a decompositional approach in lexical semantics for semantic analysis which has, so far, been applied to over 30 languages all over the world. Cliff Goddard is its main representative next to her. The claim is that there is a small core of basic and universal meanings called semantic primes which can be expressed by words or other linguistic expressions in all languages and can be used as a means for analyzing the meanings of complex language-specific and culture-specific words. In this approach, lexicon (semantic primes) and a specific syntax (combinatorial grammar) are used for semantic analysis. The purpose of this article is to introduce this approach to readers and researchers working on Iranian languages and dialects. Then, the semantic analysis of some words in Hawrami language was conducted and it has been shown that this approach is a very appropriate theoretical tool in describing and explaining semantic nuances and cultural burden of lexicon in different languages.

The purpose of this article is to study and describe the consonantal phonological processes in common words between the standard Persian language and Hawrami language (Hawramane Takht dialect), one of the members of the new northwest Iranian family of languages. For gathering data, we have done and recorded an interview with ten native speakers, men and women, literate and illiterate, aged between thirty and eighty for about five hours. Furthermore, we have used one of the writers, linguistic intuition who is the native speaker of this dialect and written sources in this connection as the background of the research. The data has been analysed within the framework of generative phonology and transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "IPA". The research is analytic descriptive. By analyzing data, the different kinds of consonantal phonological processes like assimilation, deletion, insertion, fortition, lenition, and metathesis were studied. The most frequent consonantal phonological processes were deletion, lenition, and assimilation and the least frequent ones were insertion, metathesis and fortition respectively.

The syllable is structured in every language according to the specific rules of that language. The purpose of this article is to study and describe the consonants and vowels, the syllable structure and consonantal clusters in the Hawrami language (the dialect of Hawramane Takht), one of the members of the new northwest Iranian family of languages. For gathering data, we have done and recorded an interview with five native speakers, men and women, literate and illiterate, aged between thirty and seventy for about five hours. Furthermore, we have used one of the writers, linguistic intuition who is the native speaker of this dialect and also the written sources in this connection. The research has been done synchronically and is analytic - descriptive. The data has been transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "IPA". In the end, 30 consonants and 8 simple vowels were identified. One of the other results of this research is the syllable structure in this dialect that is (C)(C)V(C)(C) in the deep structure. There aren,t more than two consonantal clusters whether in the syllable initial or final position. In syllable structures with one consonant in their onset, the consonants /ɫ/, /r/, and /ɹ/ cannot occure in the onset of a syllable. Therer aren,t syllabic consonants in this dialect and only vowels can function as the nucleus of syllable.