دکتر حیدر صیدزاده

Today the importance of human capital is such that the socio-economic capabilities of countries are measured based on creative and efficient human resources. Therefore, investing human resources with the purpose of integrated growth and development is a profitable business with high rate of return. One of the goals of implementing educational-extension courses is to increase the economic profitability of crop cultivation, because the final result of all plans and activities of any enterprise or business is reflected in its economic profitability. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the economic profitability of educational-extension courses and the factors affecting the participation of bread and durum wheat producers in these courses in Ilam province.

This research is applied research in terms of purpose and has been conducted through survey method. The statistical population of this study was all bread wheat (N=4175) and durum wheat (N=1255) farmers of Ilam in 2018. Based on Krejcie & Morgan (1980) sampling table, the sample sizes selected from bread and durum wheat farmers in this study were 351 and 293 respondents, respectively. Of the collected questionnaires, 317 and 261 questionnaires were analyzable, respectively. In this study, the bread and durum wheat farmers were classified into two groups; with and without training courses. Data were collected using a questionnaire. For descriptive data analysis, mean was used and for inferential analysis, mean comparison test, logit regression and economic profitability analysis were used. In profitability analysis, production cost, net income, production profit, and percentage of sales return were used.

The results of this study showed that the average of production cost of bread wheat cultivation in the group of farmers who participated in the educational courses was 1 percent more and the net income of this group was about 5 percent less than the group of farmers without training. In addition, the average profit of bread wheat production in the group of respondents with training was also 5 percent less than the other group. However, the average of production cost of durum wheat in the group of farmers who received the education was 2.2 percent less and the net income from this product in this group of farmers was 7.8 percent more than the group of farmers who had not received the educational courses. The average profit of durum wheat production was 8.7 percent more in the group of respondents with training. However, these differences were not statistically significant and this indicates that in general, educational-extension courses have not succeeded in creating a significant difference in the field of yield and also in increasing the profitability of bread and durum wheat cultivation. Variables including age, education level, years of wheat cultivation, crop yield, average of land ownership, and area under cultivation had a positive effect on wheat farmers' participation in educational-extension courses. These explanatory variables have been able to explain 31.4% of the changes in the dependent variable of attending in educational-extension courses in wheat production.

Although more related studies are needed to identify the reasons for the lack of effectiveness of educational courses in bread and durum wheat in the studied region, it can be concluded that compiling the content of educational-extension courses have not benefited from the results of the new research achievements. In addition, in holding educational courses, the educational needs of the farmers are usually not taken into account and the necessary needs assessment is not done in this field. Therefore, conducting a needs assessment of the target audience before compiling the content of the educational-extension courses is necessary and recommended. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to increase communication and synergy between Extension Coordination Offices in agricultural organizations with Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Centers in order to be aware of the latest research achievements and to take advantage of the experiences of the researchers.

Oak forests of Zagros including Ilam province have exposed of decline in recent years to various reasons such as rainfall reduction, exposure of dusts and pests and diseases. High speed of decline and lack of government funds for combating it, have necessitated to using from local people participation for restoring these forests. Therefore, present study was implemented in order to the survey of affecting factors on local people (villagers) participation in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province.

The present research in terms of purpose has been applied research and in terms of research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study has been including local people in age range of 20-60 years to number 59451 persons and also the sample size has determined 240 persons using the Cochran formula. Due to the large number of located villages in the area of oak forests involved with decline (258 villages) and the impossibility sampling from all of them, the used sampling method has been multi-stage sampling. To analyze the data have used from descriptive statistics techniques (central and dispersion Indicators) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis, regression analysis and one-sample t test). From correlation analysis, regression analysis and one-sample t test have used for determination of the type and intensity of the relationship between each of the independent and dependent variables, the determination effect amount of each independent variables on the dependent variable and the determination of tendency level to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline, respectively.

The results using regression analysis shows that from the perspective of local people, variables of income amount, the dependency amount of economy to forests, amount awareness from forests benefits and amount the sense of ownership relative to oak forests are effective on dependent variable of tendency to participation of local people. Also, the findings indicate that the tendency to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province is less than of average limit.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that tendency to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province is function of variables of income amount, the dependency amount of economy to forests, amount awareness from forests benefits and amount the sense of ownership relative to oak forests

The objectives of this study were to determine adoption rate, adoption degree as well as measuring adoption intensity and intensity of planting irrigated wheat varieties, sale return and net income of planting different wheat varieties. This study carried out in 2016 based on information of irrigated bread wheat cultivars Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 planted during 2009-2015. Data was collected from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and Agricultural Research and Education Center of Ilam by questionnaire. The used indices in this research consisted of adoption analysis and economic criteria of income value of cultivated varieties. According to the results, during 2009-2015, the mean of adoption rate and degree and intensity of irrigated wheat cultivar Chamran were 44.7, 58.6 and 26.2 percent, respectively; for Virinak variety were 0.8, 7.4 and 0.029 percent, respectively; and for Chamran2 variety were 7.3, 7.5 and 2.5 percent, respectively. The mean of increased trend for profit changes of Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 was estimated 37.1, 15.6 and 82.1 percent, respectively. The mean of sale return and cost ratio of cultivated Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 varieties were estimated 73.7, 50.3 and 72 percent, respectively. The mean of benefit-cost ratio of Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 varieties was estimated 3.92, 2.03 and 3.7, respectively. Thus, planting improved irrigated wheat varieties including Chamran and Chamran2 varieties in target region of Ilam province was more profitable than Virinak variety.

The objective of this study is the determination of adoption indices and measurement profitability by Investment Rate of Return (IRR) and economic surplus due to the planting of Dehdasht variety. Requiered data were collected from institutes, organizations, Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resource Centers of targeted provinces by questionnaire in during 2010-2017. In this research,the adoption analysis indices and economic surplus criteria were used. Based on Ministry of Jihad-Agriculture, means of adoption degree of Dehdasht variety in formal seed was estimated 1.3 percent during 2015-2017. Based on the price of durum wheat during study years, means of the change of economic surplus and net present value (NPV) of activity were estimated 602 and 1014 billion Iranian rials.The Investment Rate of Return (IRR) of Dehdasht variety was estimated more than discount rate. In generally, breeding program of Dehdasht variety is economic. It is suggested that in future research planning, researcher select breeding lines through breeding programs and introduce to farmers that not only has high yielding potential compared to the check variety and adapted to the climate but also thay have good resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

This study analyzes factors affecting the average annual income of settled nomads in Ilam province of Iran. The study is conducted in a survey method and its statistical society includes the settled nomads of the province. In addition, the time span of research is the year 2010 and its sampling method is a proportionate stratified one. The study results indicate that independent variables including number of livestock units, dry cultivated land area, irrigated land area under cultivation, and anount of livestock products are significantly and directly correlated with the dependent variable by 99 percent confidence; also, among the independent variable entered into the multiple variable regression model, all the variables except for the last one are found effective on the dependent variable by the confidence of 99 percent. In addition, study findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the average annual incomes of the statistical society and the samples by the confidence of 95 percent.