دکتر عیسی جبله

Lobesia botrana (Lep., Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran and the world. Sex pheromone plays an important role in tracking and controlling this pest and is inevitable to get the best time for spraying and prevent indiscriminate spraying. In this study, changes in the population density of grape-eating larvae and the peak time of insect flight in different generations of the species were investigated by installing pheromone traps in the garden of Kashmar Research Center in Khorasan Razavi province through 2020. In this study, four peak points of adult insect flight were recorded. The first flight peak was reached on April 15, and then reached the peak of the second flight with a decrease on June 3, and after this peak on July 7, the peak of the third flight occurred, and finally on September 5, the fourth peak of the flight was observed. After the last peak, due to the gradual decrease in temperature and lowering of the average temperature from the minimum thermal threshold, the flight activity of moths decreased and from mid-October onwards, the trap hunting stopped. The results also showed that the highest percentage of damage was related to the third generation and the lowest percentage of damage was related to the first generation L. botrana. It is recommended that the first specific spraying against grape clusters in the region for the second and third generations could be 5-7 days after the formation of the flight peak.

Cydia pomonella is one of the most important pests of apple orchards in Iran and the world. Its damage to apples is of considerable economic importance, as it reduces the quantity and quality of fruits. The larvae of this insect do the most harm, and the larvae eat mostly on apple seeds, but it also feeds on apple flesh tissue until it reaches the seeds. Sex pheromone plays an important role in tracking and controlling this pest, so using pheromone traps to get the best spraying time and prevent indiscriminate spraying is inevitable.

In this study, the population changes and determining the peak time of flight in different generations of Cydia pomonella in the gardens of Kohsorkh region of Khorasan Razavi province were investigated. As a result, four pheromone traps were set up in the region's apple orchards in 2018, and the number of insects caught in the traps was counted at regular intervals.

 According to the observations, the time of the emergence of adult insects of this pest was in the first decade of May, and their flight continued until the first decade of October. The apple worm moth had four peak flight points. Studies conducted in this study showed the existence of four generations for this pest in the Kohsorkh region.

Two damaging generations of codling moth is recognized, one in late spring (after petal fall) and the other in midsummer. Feeding by the larvae of the latter causes most fruit damage. Using pheromone traps containing the sex attractant of the female moth can improve treatment timing. Insecticides are most effective when administered 10 to 14 days after peak flights are identified in pheromone traps using this method. The findings of this research revealed the four peaks of complete insect flying. The first flight peak emerged on 17 May, followed by a sharp decrease to the second flight peak on 14 June. After this peak, in terms of warmer weather, the activity of the pest was reduced. The trap hunting process decreased, and in the period from June 20 to July 14, it remained unchanged and reached zero. The third happened; then, the hunting continued with fluctuations and finally on September 8, the fourth peak of the flight was observed. After the last peak, regarding the gradual decrease of temperature and lowering of the average temperature from the minimum thermal threshold, the flight activity of moths decreased and from 10 October onwards, the trap hunting stopped. The third and fourth generations had the highest hunting rate and the first and second generations had the lowest hunting rate.

In this study, the effect of Lixusincanescens on five sugar beet cultivars on five sugar beet cultivars (Shkoofa, Flores, SyRobustus, Silvetta and HilleshogMonatunno) in the year 2019-2020. Sampling was performed every 8days from early July to mid-September. At each date, the experimental sample of larval damage on the petiole, the number of eggs and larvae were counted, and at the end of the experiment, the yield and sugar titer were analyzed. The results showed, the significant difference between larval damage on the petiole, the number of eggs and larvae, yield and sugar grade result on the studied cultivars at the level of five times the probability of meaning. The lowest larval damage index on petiole was in Shokof (2.5) and Silvetta (2.5), and the highest in Monatunno (6.25) and Flores (5.5); The lowest number of eggs per plant in Shokofa (2.25) and Silvetta (3.25) and the highest in Monatunno (5.25) and Flores (5) The lowest number of larvae in Shokofa (1.75) and Silvetta (75/75) and the highest was observed in Monatunno (6.25) and Flores (5) cultivars. The highest density of eggs and larvae was observed in the sixth (August 11) and seventh (August 19) sampling. The highest yield and sugar content were observed in Shokofa and Silvetta cultivars and the lowest in Monatunno and SyRobustus cultivars. The results of this experiment can indicate that Shkoofa and Silota dances can be the best option in virus management due to the least amount of petiole damage, egg and larval density.

Watermelon with a vast area of cultivation is one of the most important products of the North Khorasan Province and the city of Esfarayen. In these areas, Tetranychus urticae can be considered as one of the most important pests of this product; the uncontrolled use of chemical pesticides causes the population to become resistant to pesticides and remains; poisons are very important for their fresh food; Plant nutrition quality hosts a factor influencing pest growth and reproduction. In order to investigate the effect of nutrition in field conditions on different biological stages of T. urticae, an experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (chicken manure, cow manure, sheep manure, NPK, NPK + Humic acid, Humic acid and control) in Three sampling times were performed in 2015 in Esfarayen city. The results showed that the largest population of T. urticae in chicken manure on biological stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult), respectively, with an average (34.1 ± 27.12, 78.1 ± 04.12, 35.1 ± 04 . 8 and 69.1 ± 73.12) and the lowest number in the NPK + Humic acid fertilizer granulation in biological stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult), respectively (67.0 ± 16.4, 55.0 ± 88.2, 38.0 ± 18.2 and 67.0 ± 07.5) was observed. The results of this research granular fertilizer treatment Humic acid and Humic acid + NPK granulated onion fields in order to control the two-spotted spider mite is considered

 Fig mite, Eotetranychus hirsti Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of fig trees in Iran and most parts of the world. This pest causes the leaves to fall and reduce the quantity and quality of the product. Several different insecticides have been used to control this mite. Due to the consumption of fresh fig and in order to produce healthy crops and to develop non-chemical pesticides, the application of coconut botanical soap (Palizin® SL70%), red pepper extract (Tondexir® EC85%), and propargite (Omite®, EC57%,) were tested in the fields of Bardaskan region, during 2015-2016. The botanical insecticides (1500 & 2000 ppm concentrations), propargite acaricide (2000 ppm) and water were sprayed over the whole canopy during July to August. Samplings were carried out one day before and 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after spraying. At each sampling time, the total number of egg, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) of fig mite on 4 leaves per tree were counted. Treatments were compared based on mortality rate and efficacy percentage. Data was analyzed based on a completely block randomized design using SAS software. Mean comparison was done using Tukey's test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between all treatments and different times, on all developmental stages of fig mite. Based on the field studies, the application of botanical components, including the red pepper extract, compared with the propargite acaricide, caused a further decrease in the population of fig mites. The highest mortality rates for eggs, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) of fig mite were observed in red pepper extract and coconut botanical soap treatments, and the lowest mortality rates was recorded in control treatment. The mean efficacy percentage of red pepper extract (2000 ppm) treatment for eggs, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) were 97.9, 95.1, 92.2 in 3 days, 98.7, 94.2, 93.5 in 7 days, 96.0, 88.9, 89.3 in 14 days, 98.8, 93.7, 92.8 in 21 days and 97.1, 96.8 and 92.7 in 28 days after spraying, respectively. Also, the mean efficacy percentage of coconut botanical soap (2000 ppm) treatment for egg, larvae and active stages (nymph and imago) were 88.9, 89.2, 87.0 in 3 days, 89.2, 87.7, 86.3 in 7 days, 87.1, 86.0, 87.6 in 14 days, 86.6, 83.5, 83.4 in 21 days and 87.5, 87.6 and 90.9 in 28 days after spraying, respectively. Therefore, red pepper extract (Tondexir®) spraying with 2000 ppm concentration, over the whole canopy of figs trees, were effective in decreasing fig mite damage.

Barley is one of the world's main sources of nutrients for human and animal, and E. integriceps is one of the most important pests reducing its yield. This study was conducted on different barley genotypes to identify the genotypes that are resistant to Sunn pest. The study was a randomized complete block design with three replications that was conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Neyshabour Agricultural Research Center. The results showed that the highest number of E. integriceps was recorded in genotype 3 and the lowest number of E. integriceps was related to genotypes 2 and 6. Genotype 13, with the important indices of grain yield under non-stress condition (Yp) and genotype 10, with the important indices of grain yield under stress condition (Ys) in the region, were identified to have high yield potential and low sensitivity to E. integriceps. Yp had a positive and significant correlation with the mean of productivity (MP), geometric mean (GMP), and stress tolerance index (STI). YS had a positive and significant correlation with all indices except stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance index (TOL). Therefore, the MP, GMP, and STI were the only indices that showed a positive and significant correlation with Yp and Ys. In conclusion, based on the results of this study, genotype 20 can be nominated as a E. integriceps-resistant genotype in Neishabour region. Genotype 1 can also be reported as a sensitive genotype to E. integriceps with low yield.

In recent years, biotechnologists and entomologists have emphasized the bioengineering of insect proteins and the applied of their products in the treatment of diseases and modern medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-bacterial and hemolytic activity of E. ceratoniae larvae. To stimulate carob moth larvae immune system, standard strains isolate B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis and E. coli were injected. The hemolytic activity of the extracted induced and non-induced hemolymph after 24 hours of injection, to two methods of optical absorption (A) and radial diffusion (RD) on fresh blood of human, sheep and hen; and the antimicrobial effect to radial diffusion method on E. coli was assayed. The results showed that the induction extract had antimicrobial activity in comparison with non-induced extracts. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in E. coli-induced extract (sub filter extract at a concentration of 2 mg / ml) with an average of 22.7 ± 0.34 mm diameter of non-growth holes. The highest hemolytic activity was in hen blood with total mean 6/39 ± 1/24 in A method and 5/64 ±1/25 in RD method. The results of this study showed that the extract of the carob moth larvae had a very low hemolytic effect on red blood cells, and the antimicrobial activity of the extract on E. coli was different according to the type of induction pathogen. According to the results of this study, this insect can be a good candidate for further study in complementary studies of antimicrobial activity.

According to the export of saffron (Crocus sativus. L) and superiority of organic products in the market, this study performed in order to assessment natural methods in control of saffron mite which is a major pest of saffron, was conducted in the saffron institute of Torbat university in 2014. In this research has been studied effect of Bromopropylate and Propargite acaricides and Rosemary essential oil and Stinking assa resin on development steps of Rhizoglyphus robbini in four doases and six different times the peresence of acaricide (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours) in the factorial on complete randomized design and four replications. The laboratory condition was determined at photoperiod 16:8, humidity 65 ± 5 percentage and temperature 27 ± 2°C. Analysis results of data variance showed that the effects of treatments on mortality of egg ،larvae and mature mites were significant at the 1 percentage probability level. Also that Bromopropylate has maximum mortality percent among larvae and mature saffron mite. Also in this experiment time increasing and concentration increase mortality of larvae’s significantly. As well as the maximum percent of eggs failed to hatch related to Rosemary essential oil. Also larvae mortality percent was more than mature mite that had significant differences at 5% probability level. In this study was found Stinking assa resin has the greatest impact on the egg also Propargite and Bromopropilate have created the highest mortality on the larvae and adults respectively.

The Sunn pest, E. integriceps, is the most important pest of wheat fields in Iran. In order to investigate the lines of Durum wheat in terms of resistance to E. integriceps, was conducted experimental in 2016, Neyshabour Research Center. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 20 genotype: 18 lines of durum wheat, two cultivars of Dena control and Parsi wheat cultivar. According to the results, the highest number of overwintered adults of E. integriceps was located in genotype 1 (Dena wheat) and the lowest in genotypes 12, 2 (Persian wheat) and 16. The highest number of damaged leaves was in genotype 11 and the lowest number was in genotypes 16, 10 and 6. Investigating the traits of number of sprouts showed that genotypes number 1 and 6 had the highest and lowest number of buds respectively. The days to spike emergence and number of days to physiological treatment were affected by the treatments. The highest number of days until the appearance of spike was genotype number 18 and the least of these traits were genotypes number 9, 1, 11 and 14. The maximum length of peduncle was recorded in genotypes Number 11, 9 and 15, and the lowest peduncle length was observed in genotypes1 (Dana), 16, 18 and 19. There was no significant difference between the 20 genotypes in terms of yield, biological yield and harvest index. Genotypes 1, 13 and 18, along with the important indices of Yp, Ys and GMP in the region with high production potential and low sensitivity to E. integriceps Genotypes adjacent to SSI and TOL sensitivity indexes (Genotyp 4) are also low 1000 seeds weight. Weight of 1000 grains in non-activity of E. integriceps condition (Yp) had a positive and significant correlation with geometric mean (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield index (YI). Weight of 1000 seeds in terms of activity of E. integriceps (YS), was a positive and significant correlation with all indices. Accordingly, the mean of productivity (MP), geometric mean (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and yeild index (YI) were the only indices that showed a positive and significant correlation with grain yield in terms of E. integriceps activity and E. integriceps inactivity. Finally, within the scope of the study, three genotypes 1, 13 and 18 were sunn pest tolerant genotypes in Neyshabur region and genotypes 4, 7 and 15 were susceptible to sunn pest with lowest 1000 seeds weight.

Multicellular organisms live, by and large, harmoniously with microbes. The cornea of the eye of an animal is almost always free of signs of infection. The insect flourishes without lymphocytes or antibodies. A plant seed germinates successfully in the midst of soil microbes. How is this accomplished? Both animals and plants possess potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, which they use to fend off a wide range of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. What sorts of molecules are they? How are they employed by animals in their defence? As our need for new antibiotics becomes more pressing, could we design antiinfective drugs based on the design principles these molecules teach us?

Grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is the most important pest of vineyards in Iran, that by laying eggs in the leaf tissue, feeding on leaves and transmission of viral pathogens, weaken the trees and reduce the quality and quantity of grape production. To reduce the use of chemical insecticides, application of mineral compounds was tested in a vineyard in Khalilabad region (Khorasan Razavi Province), in 2015. Treatments included kaolin (5% concentration), sulfur WP (3000 ppm), sulfur dust, a mixture of kaolin and sulfur WP, phosalone insecticide (1500 ppm), and control (water spray), respectively. Spraying times including late April, early May and mid-July, Samplings were carried out one day before and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after spraying. At each sampling time, the total number of leafhopper adults and nymphs on 5 leaves per tree were counted. Based on the field studies, mineral compounds application reduced the leafhopper population at all spraying intervals. The mean percentage of leafhopper population reduction was observed in treatments including kaolin, kaolin and sulfur mixture, phosalone insecticide, sulfur WP, sulfur dust and control in 3 days after spraying, 89, 86, 57, 25, 25 and 3 percent, respectively, and also in 21 days after spraying, 48 , 47 , 17 , 7 , 12 and 2 percent, respectively. Therefore, kaolin (Sepidan® WP), with 5% concentration, or kaolin and sulfur mixture spray over the whole canopy of trees could be used successfully to reduce leafhoppers population on grape.

Grape berry moth (GBM), Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller) is the main pest of most vineyards in Iran and the world. Sex pheromone, it has played an important role in the control and detection of this pest. Many factors effects on yield pheromone trap. In this study, were investigated the effect of trap type and color, height, direction and base of placed trap, dose response dispenser in the field on trap efficiency. For this purpose, experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Mazdeh region of Khalilabad city in 2014 year. The results showed that, there was no significant difference in male capture between treatments, in trap height, direction, color, and dose response. The maximum capture was observed in 1.5 meter height (1.78±0.66), delta type (1.95±0.45), transparency trap (1.70±0.14), west direction (4.37±1.26) and 2 dispensers in trap (0.94±0.41). Also, the maximum capture was observed in traps placed on base vine (1.58±0.19). Based on this study, it is suggested for monitoring trap GBM, usage of delta trap with 1-2 dispensers in trap placed on west direction and 1.5 meter height on vine tree.

The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae is one of the main pests that attack storing crops. This polyphagous species attacks several other stored host crops such as pomegranate, almond and pistachio. In this study, the fumigant efficacy of Eucalyptus globulus and Artemisia cina essential oils is tested on the Carob Moth E. ceratoniae. After collecting infested pomegranate and rearing insects in laboratory conditions of 27 ±2 C°,16:8 (l: D) and 60 ±5% relative humidity, the efficacy of oils was evaluated on the insects. Results show that the toxicity of essential oils on the eggs (LC 50, LT 50 values) was not significantly different. The fumigant toxicity of E. globulus (LC50 = 5.92μl/l air) was greater than A. cina (LC50 = 12.95 μl/l air). And lethal time values (LT50) were (10.47 h) and (60.27 h), respectively. According to this study it is possible to propose essential oil as alternative pesticides in pest controlling programs

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are social insects with more than 12,000 species, 365 genera and 27 subfamilies. As the most successful living organisms on Earth, have a very positive impact on soil ecosystem. Identification of ant species was performed in Kadkan and Jolge Rokh, Torbat Heydarieh, by sampling from June - September 2016. The samples were first identified in the laboratory using available identification keys and morphological characteristics such as oral fragments, tentacles, seams and body hairs. Then they were sent to Nihat Aktac, Turkey for confirmation of identification. In this study, 12 species belonging to 7 genera in 3 subfamilies were collected and identified. The scientific names of the species and their subfamily and genera are as followed: Subfamily Myrmicinae: Messor structor (Latreille, 1798); Messor ebeninus Santschi, 1927; Messor caducus (Victor, 1839); Monomorium kusnezowi Santsci, 1928; Crematogaster sordidula Nylander, 1849; Crematogaster subdentata Mayr, 1877 Subfamily Dolichoderinae: Tapinoma karavaievi Emery, 1925 Subfamily Formicinae: Lasius neglectus Van Loon; Boomsma and Andrasfalvy, 1990; Formica cunicularia Latreille, 1798; Cataglyphis aenescens (Nylander, 1849); Cataglyphis nodus (Brulle, 1833); Cataglyphis niger (Andree, 1881).

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel class of antimicrobial agents because AMPs efficiently kill a wide range of species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, via a novel mechanism of action. One representative problem is the hemolytic activity of AMPs. Hemolysis is the premature destruction of erythrocytes. The hemolysis assay is used to determine the hemolytic effect of a test compound. Hemolytic activity should be investigated in the process of identifying antimicrobial peptides of insects and future therapeutic applications. In this study, for hemolytic activity of the body extracts larvae Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), 5 ml of fresh human, sheep and hen blood was added to a heparinized tube. The hemolytic assay was then carried out according to the methods reported in previous studies. The absorbance at 567 nm was then measured. Triton X-100 (0.1%), which yields 100% hemolysis, was used as a positive control. The results were compared with the control. Human and sheep red blood cells showed good tolerance while exposed to the body extracts larvae E. ceratoniae. The body extracts had no significant hemolytic effect in the concentration range (0.5–2 mg/ml) against human and sheep blood, but had a little hemolytic effect against hen blood. The results showed that hemolysis activity varies according to blood type. Also, the body extracts larvae E. ceratoniae did not have a hemolytic effect on red blood cells. As a result, it can be a good candidate as an antibiotic in complementary studies.

Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of cotton which reduces the quantity and quality of the product. Several different synthetic insecticides have been used to control whitefly by farmers. To reduce the use of chemical insecticides, application of kaolin particle film was tested in cotton farms in Kashmar region in Khorasan Razavi province. Different concentrations of kaolin clay (Sepidan® WP 95%) (3 and 5%) and Thiacloprid෩浪枭蚸 insecticide (Proteus® OD 110) (1000 ppm) were sprayed two times over the whole canopy of cotton at 3–4 week intervals from August to October. Based on the field studies, kaolin (5%) application reduced the whitefly nymphs population and deterred ovipositionat all spraying stages. The mortality percentage for whitefly nymph, in 3 days after spraying, were 67.2±2.9, 87±1.3 and 18.1±4.5 for kaolin (3%), kaolin (5%) and Proteus treatments, respectively. The percentage of oviposition deterrence, in 3 days after spraying, were 36.4±5, 57.4±3.5, and 53.5±2.2% for kaolin (3%), kaolin (5%) and Proteus treatments, respectively. Also, control ability for whitefly nymph and oviposition deterrence for psylla, up to 21 days after spraying,inkaolin treatments were appropriate compared with chemical insecticide treatment, so that, the efficacy percentage on nymph were 30.9±3.6 and 35.1±3.6 and the rate of oviposition deterrence were 92.6±1.6 and 38.3±5.5%, in the kaolin (5%) and Proteus treatments, respectively. Therefore, kaolin (Sepidan® WP 95%) spray over the whole canopy of cotton (5% concentration), could be used successfully to reduce whitefly nymph and its oviposition on cotton.

The aim of this study was to introduce species and sub-species of Coleoptera، Cetoniidae family، as one of the important and useful components of the ecosystem. Activities of insects of this family could be regarded as health indicators in an ecosystem. The present study was performed on the duration of emergence of adult beetles from April to mid and late August in different areas in Gazvin Province، and was repeated from July 2008until September 2013. Sampling was done by direct collecting by hand and trapping methods. Preparation of insects for their preservation in collections and final determination of the specimens was conducted at the Arthropods Museum of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Overall، a total of 12 species and sub-species of 7 genera were collected. Potosia cuprea mehrabii (Montreuil & Legrand، 2008)، is reported as the only endemic Cetoniidae taxa in Qazvin area.