دکتر سارا نامجو

Pain interference is one of the important characteristics of chronic pain that determines the type and route of treatment. However, limited information is available about interventions efficacy on pain interference. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on activity and emotional pain interference in patients with primary headache.

A clinical trial was conducted in 2017 and 2018 Imam Hossein hospital in the city of Tehran, Iran. Then, using the sampling judgment among 94 in patients with chronic headache, 85 were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: MBCT (43 patients) and control group (42) and were evaluated in two stages. The Numeric pain rating scale (NRS) Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), were measured. All data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The results were reported using intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses and completer samples.

In ITT analyses statistically significant were found for emotional pain interference

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory polyarthritis with multiple clinical symptoms and psychological problems, such as depression. Psychotherapy can play an important role in achieving therapeutic goals.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence, depression (CBT-AD) and negative illness representations in people with RA.
A clinical trial was conducted in Rheumatology’s clinic in a Shariaty hospital in Tehran during 2016-2017, Iran. Then, among 151 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 28 patient were selected using the sampling judgment and half of them were randomly assigned to the CBT-AD (14 patients) and the others were in the control group (14 patients).
Psychological questionnaires including the illness perception questionnaire-revised, beck depression inventory and general adherence Scale were measured. All data were analyzed by independent t-test, Chi-square and multivariate covariance analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the baseline, post-test score between two intervention and control groups in three dimensions of illness representations (P CBT-AD is a potentially efficacious approach for individuals with RA struggling with depression at the same time, which leads to a reduction in depression, an increase in adherence and correction of negative illness representations.

Phantom limb pain has vague nature and causes many problems in physical health, mental function and health-related quality of life in people with amputation. While medical and physical therapy and recurrence often associated with temporary effects, Psychotherapy may lead to more lasting results. In this paper, after reviewing the phenomenon of phantom pain, with Functions, pathophysiology, explanatory theoretical viewpoint To evaluate psychological interventions with special emphasis on the Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been completed.
Based on the methodology of reviewing resources, Research literature
In PLP was reviewed through PsycInfo, Medline and Cochrane Library sites between 1999 and 2016 using keywords, phantom limb pain, treatment, psychotherapy. From articles, references and related books, items that had well-known and experienced authors, and have been repeatedly cited, were selected.
The PLP related concepts, different approaches and effective psychological treatments are presented.
Several factors affect PLP and, according to theoretical foundations, there are several causes and the effectiveness of different therapies has been emphasized in the research literature. EMDR as a reference psychotherapy and a method consistent with the approach derived from neurology is distinct from classical psychotherapy and as a therapeutic model adapted to events and unresolved problems that are Chronic and resistant to treatment.

Limb amputation is often an inevitable procedure in the advanced condition of various diseases, which may result in trauma or infection with a dramatic impact on a patient’s life. After the physical loss of a limb, patients experience several limitations. Limp amputation disturbs the integrity of the human body and causes low self-esteem due to reduced mobility and pain. Central nervous system changes seem to be the major determinant of phantom-limb pain, though psychological factors may influence the outcome. The two main aspects of one’s perception of his/her appearance are body image and self-esteem. The importance of the concepts of body image and self-esteem lies in the fact that a person feels that his or her body image will affect interactions, playing a significant role in his/her social and interpersonal relationships. A new therapy that emerged independently of neuroscience, though it coheres well with the kind of approach implied by neuroscience, is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). In this method, change is driven by a combination of bottom-up sensory stimulation and top-down attention processes and cognitive reevaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of systematic desensitization and reprocessing on pain, body image and self-esteem in amputees with phantom limb pain.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Iranian Red Crescent Society - Tehran Province. The participants were recruited through purposive sampling. A total of 47 amputees who suffered from phantom limb pain were selected initially, of whom 39 patients were judged to meet the inclusion criteria. Yet, only 26 patients continued to participate in the research project up to the final assessment phase. In order to protect the participants’ rights, the participants were asked for a written consent for participating in the research project. Then, using the random placement method, the researchers assigned half of the participants to the EMDR condition (N=13), namely, intervention group, while the rest were assigned to the control group (N=13). The EMDR method was applied for each patient individually at consultation room of Technical orthopedic clinic (Arsham Teb Clinic in Tehran) during weekly 90 minute sessions for ten weeks. The dependent variables included the results of pain intensity tests, body image and self-esteem, which were measured in the intervention and control groups in similar and double-blind conditions.
Psychological questionnaires including revised scale in Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), the Rosenberg Self-esteem (RSE) & Mc-Gill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) were administered to the patients. The intervention group was treated for 10 sessions (90 minutes each session) with Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), while the control group received only the Treatment-As-Usual (TAU), namely, talk therapy. Various statistical tests including partial correlation and MANCOVA were utilized.
Covariance analysis results indicated that the pre-test and post-test difference score among the two intervention and control groups in three areas of pain (F=177.2 and p The obtained results revealed that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing reduced phantom limb pain in amputated patients. Besides, it was revealed that it was an effective therapy for improving self-esteem and body image. Therefore, its use as a therapeutic and alleviative method could be suggested for patients suffering from phantom limb pain. Unexpectedly, the partial correlation results showed this treatment does not have any direct effect on self-esteem and body image. To sum up, by reducing dysfunctional cognition about disability and amputation, EMDR therapy can also reduce phantom limb pain and perception of defects and dissatisfaction of body while enhancing self-esteem. Yet, in the absence of pain reduction, it is not effective on some self-image dimensions.

Negative emotional representations are under effect of current information processing and memory, mood and many other factors, The aim of this study is to determinate the efficacy of eye movement desensitization reprocessing on reduction PTSD symptoms and negative emotional representations in these patients. This present semi-experimental 32 patients among 50 chosen patients with road accident in Taleghani hospital emergency in Kermanshah, Iran using purposive sampling (judgment) A composed EMDR protocol was used for patient injured in traumatic event. The testing group get treatment during 8 sessions and each session for one weak. the control group had TAU during 4 sessions with psychologist. psychological questionnaires including revised scale in IES-R, BDI(II) and BAI were given to the patients and kolmograph smirnoff and ANCOVA statistical tests were applied as well. The mean of PTSD in the treatment group was 63.12 ±9.34 before the intervention, whereas it was 18.12±4.54 after the intervention. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The result showed that EMDR has main full effect on decreasing the symptoms of PTSD as well as decreasing negative emotional representations in patient suffering from PTSD, In other words, patient of this group are less symptoms and as well as anxiety and depression. The result showed that elements of EMDR based on AIP Model, can useful through having the influence on integration information processing of traumatic event symptoms in patients with PTSD.

Back ground & Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a kind of psychotherapy effects on the negative memories un processed that associated with stress and trauma and were the core of abnormalities related to trauma. People use their autobiographical memories for assemble effective solutions in order to popular problems. Dysfunctional problem-solving and over-generalized autobiographical memories are important negative results of these problems. The aim of this study was to determine the EMDR efficacy on PTSD symptoms decrease and enhance of problem- solving skills and over-generalized autobiographical memory. In this study, a semi-experimental design (randomized controlled trials) were used in the random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups, the possibility of measuring changes in the intervention was possible. this study was Double-blind. Among 50 chosen patients in this study about ones tending to participate in the research were randomizing put in to testing and control groups. A modified EMDR protocol was used for patient injured in traumatic event. the testing group was wider treatment during 8 sessions and each session for one weak. the control group was put in the queue and the members of the group had appointment with psychologist for TAU during 4 sessions. psychological questionnaires including revised scale in IES-R, SPSI-R & autobiographical memory test (AMT) were given to the patients and kolmograph smirnoff and ancova statistical tests were apprized as well.. The results showed that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing has main full effect on decreasing PTSD symptoms as well as decreasing the amount of over general autobiographical memory representations in women with post traumatic stress disorder, In other words, the EMDR group patients are less symptoms and complete problem solving skills. The result showed that elements of EMDR based on ALP Francis Shapiro, and trough having the influence on integration of traumatic event information and identifying the number of symptoms in patients having PTSD.

Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is a persistent factor in depression that correlates with ruminative thinking, functional avoiding and pathological executive control. Depression is one of mental health problems that tend to be chronic and recurrent. In this way, the study of the history of life is the most important point that is forgotten in previous researches. The aim of this study was to measure the effectiveness of efficacy of memory specificity training (MEST) on overgeneral autobiographical memory changing and to improve the psychological aspects associated with depression regarding to childhood history. Among 64 patients with major depression and childhood traumatic experience, 24 patients were selected and randomly assigned to two groups. The intervention group received five weekly sessions and control group remained in the waiting list. At baseline, both groups completed Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Persian version of Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Brief Hospice Inventory (BHI), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-R) and Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Repeated measures and partial correlation tests were implemented. Depression scores reduced from 27.83 ± 4.82 (in pre-test) to 17.00 ± 6.07 in post-test and 12.91 ± 4.18 in follow-up (P = 0.01). Specific memory means was elevated from 3.5 in pre-test to 5.5 in post-test and 7.0 in follow-up (P = 0.01 for all). Memory specificity training treatment can, with reducing the overgeneral autobiographical memory and enhancing the memory specificity, redound to improvement of depression and associated psychological variables as instance rumination, avoidance and avoidance-based problem-solving.