فاطمه منصورزاده

The theological and ontological issues are one of the most important issues in the supplications and prayers of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT). Focusing on the supplication of “’Arafa” as well as narrations, this research study seeks to examine the validity and position of theological arguments from Imam Hussain (PBUH)’s point of view. The themes of prayer include three types of knowledge (empirical, rational, and intuitive). Imam (PBUH) acknowledges empirical and rational knowledge to God, but repeatedly warns that they are not enough, because these knowledge focus solely on sense and reason and are deprived of intuitive and illuminating knowledge. The basic and complete knowledge is the intuitive knowledge that God shines upon the heart of his servant. Of course, form the viewpoint of the Imam (PBUH), knowing the essence of God totally is impossible.

In the discussion of mingled modalities of the fist figure, Avicenna thought that the mode of conclusion doesn’t follow major premise just in two modes (the combination of proper minor with existential major and proper absolute minor premise with affirmative necessary) while according to the Khaje Toosi's thought, other modes, including attribute major (one of the general and specific conditional or general and specific conventional), don’t follow the mode of conclusion as well. Studying the works of the ancient logicians, we find out that the number of the modes comes up to 42. Identifying mode of conclusion, logicians are agreed on 31 modes, but disagreed on their rest 11, though none of them considered the conclusions of these 11 modes as followings of the major. The present thesis is studying the mentioned 31 modes, their standards/criterions and the logician's reasons of the mode of conclusion. In addition, the issue of those 11 modes would be discussed later in an independent survey.