عبدالرضا سعیدی

Neshani is one of Sohrab Sepehri’s poems which have attracted the critics more than any piece of his poetry; however, despite frequent criticism, the readers do not yield a convincing interpretation of the poem.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and criticize Neshani so as to arrive at an interpretation based on an organic whole. The authors, through discourse analysis and according to the relation of the combination of the signs, endeavor to offer a new reading and interpretation of the poem. To this end, the more significant signs, among others, have been picked out and their relationship with the other signs has been studied in the horizontal axis.
The current analysis proposes a clear interpretation of Neshani. An examination of the poem shows that it holds philosophical and psychoanalytic motifs. The rider’s progress towards eras of pre-Oedipal (maturity) and pre-language (rustle) indicates that Sohrab’s attitude towards human beings and the world resemble the philosophical and psychoanalytic outlook of Freud and Lacan. The phrase of “the branch of light on his lips” signifies language which in Lacan’s panorama regarding psychic growth of the subject expresses ‘symbolic order’ in the infant’s growth. ‘Maturity’ which matches ‘name-of-the-father’ in Lacan’s terminology, along with the ‘infant’, evokes Lacan’s mirror stage to the mind. Furthermore, the mentioned issues and also the term of ‘myths’, which is somehow related to the historical man and collective unconscious of human beings, paves the way for a Jungian and Freudian analysis of the poem.

Sohrab Sepehri (1307-1359), the Iranian poet and painter collected his poems in a book entitled Eight Books. His view towards God, nature, good and evil, fair and foul has attracted the attention of critics. "The Green Space" and "Us Nil, Us a Look", the two last volumes of Eight Books, are more important since, in the development of his poetic process, they are considered as his mature works. The aim of this paper is to analyze Sepehri's "The Primeval Call" based on Lacan's psychological theory. The analysis of "The Primeval Call" shows that Sepehri has tried to recognize the truth with the help of not only the Oriental Mysticism and Zen Buddhism but also the western philosophy and psychology, especially of Lacan's psychological theories. Language represents Lacan's symbolic order and the combination of "wordless expansion" representing the beginning and the narrator's end represents the pre-language period, which very well corresponds to Lacan's theory. The emphasis of the narrator of the poem to go to the "wordless expansion" implies that word or language is a hindrance in the way of recognition; thus the narrator tries to remove it.

The differences seen in different edited copies of the works of art created centuries ago are not inevitable; and also this issue is something usual for the literary scholars. These differences happen mainly because of the illegibility of the old manuscripts or because some parts have been erased during the course of time. Some differences are also the result of the changes the editors and the compilers have applied to these texts based on their own interests. Hafiz’s Divan is no exception. This article tries to study the following lines by Hafez: Life-givers are the lovely Persian-speakers،O Saki! Give this good news to the old pious masters. These two lines have been interpreted differently. In some editions «pious masters» is used instead of “pious rends”; so different interpretations have been done based on different words used in these two lines. This article compares different editions of these two lines in different sources and tries to justify the preference of “pious masters” over “pious rend”. Studying these two words in relation to the whole Divan and also to the other parts and pieces of these two lines shows the priority of employing “pious masters” over “pious rends”.

Human life is one of the main subjects that philosophers and poets have presented similar and sometimes different opinions and theories. Hereafter, hedonism, seclusion, abstinence from pain, achieving love and living repeatedly have been in the poets and scholar's thoughts. The purpose of this article is to show similarities and differences of the poet's life perspectives, and how this has been manifested in their poems. It is concluded that although there are slight differences, they bear many similarities. Their perspectives on life in their primary works are different from their latter ones and this indicates a sense of depression in their first literary works and turns to a sense of hope in their last works; an experience that can be valuable for anyone.

The supercritical carbon dioxide is applied in many separation processes as solvent. Due to this applicability of carbon dioxide, in this study, it is applied to oil refinery. In order to find the maximum efficiency, the experiment was conducted in the ranges of 150-210 bar of pressure, and 35-65°C of temperature. Based on this study, the changes in pressure show strong effect on the efficiency, and when it increases the efficiency increases, too. Despite of the pressure, when the temperature increases at a constant pressure, the density of supercritical carbon dioxide decreases. As a results, its solubility in decreases and the oil viscosity and mass transfer rate from oil increases. According to the results, the optimized operational condition to get the highest efficiency is investigated as 210bar of pressure and 45°C of temperature.

Jacques Lacan (1901-1980), contemporary French psychoanalyst, plays an important role in promulgating Freud’s theories. He accepted Freud’s opinions on the unconscious, spread them and declared that the unconscious has got a structure like that of language. He specifies the procedure of the growth of a child from the birth till adulthood in a framework of recognizing the psycho and language and through such terms as “imaginary order”, “symbolic order”, “mirror stage”, “loss” and “object petit a”. The goal beyond penning this paper, further than surveying and criticizing Sepehri’s Presence Till Infinity through Lacan’s psychoanalytic approach and burrowing through the scientific information imbedded in the work, is to inspect the applicability of Lacan’s psychoanalytic approach to this piece of poetry. According to the presence of certain conspicuous signs such as “words”, “quotation”, “word”, “speech”, and the main theme of the poem (the change resulted from the birth of language) which is the base of Lacan’s theories, we have come to conclusion that this approach to analyzing this poem is applicable.