اکرم فتوت

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of training courses on the efficiency of forensic medical staff in Khorasan Razavi, taking into account the mediating role of leadership styles.

This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on the statistical population of Khorasan Razavi forensic medical staff with a sample size of 111 people utilizing three standard questionnaires of Arab educational effectiveness, Hajizadeh staff efficiency and Likert leadership styles. The collected data were analyzed employing correlation tests, simple regression, and structural equations with the help of SPSS version 21 and Smart PLS software.

The results of the study indicated that educational effectiveness (P=0.00 and β=0.591) and leadership styles are effective on employee efficiency (P=0.00 and β=0.595) ;leadership styles have a mediating role on the relationship between educational effectiveness and employee efficiency (1.96

One third of the effect of training courses on the efficiency of employees is influenced by the variable of leadership styles. It is therefore necessary to include the training of managers in training programs in order to adopt more effective styles to enhance the efficiency and productivity of employees.

Social health is one of the most basic health indicators of any society, which is affected by the issues that people face, including those applying for gender change. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the social health of people applying for gender reassignment in comparison with transsexuals and normal people.

This comparative causal study was a cross-section research employing the Keyes standardized questionnaire. The research population was conducted in three groups of gender change applicants who referred to the forensic medicine of Mashhad, who were confirmed to have gender identity disorder during 2017, and according to that two groups of gender change and normal people were included in the study. The research data were compared using ANOVA test and Spearman and ETA tests were utilized for the correlation of non-parametric variables.

In the general dimension of social health, no significant difference was observed between the three studied groups (P>0.05), in the two dimensions of social affinity and cohesion, there was a significant difference between the three groups of gender reassignment applicants before the operation, the gender reassigned group, and normal individuals so that in the aspect  of cohesion, the mean of transgendered people is significantly higher than normal people (P=0.03) and also in the facet  of correlation, the mean of people with gender dysphoria before surgery is significantly less than that of normal people. (P=0.03). Meanwhile, a moderate relationship was found between the level of education and that of social health of people (r=0.55).

Before the operation, people suffering from sexual boredom are less interested in their social life and the world around them compared to that of normal people, which is caused by their despair and hopelessness in accepting their desired social identity. It is therefore necessary to identify and treat these people before entering the field of social life.

Direct observation of invisible injuries sexual assaults is accompanied by some difficulties. One of the most important solutions to solve these difficulties is using colors, such as toluidine blue, as a discrimination factor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toluidine blue coloring techniques to detect anogenital injuries. To this end, a comparison was made between the direct observation technique and the toluidine blue coloring technique.

This descriptive and prospective interventional research was applied to all cases claimed to be assaulted sexually in 2015. Subjects were selected employing the census procedure, and data were collected using a checklist containing demographic characteristics, level of detected injuries, and time elapsed after the abusive event. Data analysis was performed via Excel and SPSS software.

Out of the total number of cases studied in 2015, 40.8% were male and 59.2% were female. In addition, the age ranges of male and female subjects claimed to be assaulted sexually were 8-23 years (14.45±4.2) and 12-52 years (21.9±9.8), respectively. The color effect in the detection of the chafes injuries consequent from the sexual assault were helpful in 37% and 44.7% of vaginal and anal examinations, respectively.

This study showed that the use of toluidine blue in anal examinations is more effective than genital examinations in diagnosing injuries that exist in the form of abrasions and scratches.  The effectiveness of color was correlated with the place of rape, the body size of the rapist, and the time interval between the rape and the examination.

Gender dysphoria is a strong and persistent desire of the patient to be in the role and position of the opposite sex. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the demographic, biological, familial, and psychosocial factors affecting the incidence of gender dysphoria.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among transgender applicants referred to the Forensic Medicine Organization of Khorasan Razavi Province during 2015-2019, of which 238 people participated in the study by available sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with an interview. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and descriptive statistics methods (frequency and percentage). 

Most of the female transgender applicants were single, aged 18-22, with a diploma, unemployed, with the predominant right hand with a history of self-harm and drug use. The highest frequency was reported in biological factors related to pregnancy stress, level of activity in childhood, history of severe trauma to the fetus and use of hormonal drugs by the mother. In family factors, the highest frequency is related to the average and poor socio-economic status of the family, normal and cold relations of parents with each other, parents' advisory role in life decisions, normal and cold relationship of parents with role models, being the last child, having at least one sister And a brother and the birth of a child of the opposite sex before the birth of the sample, education and occupation were respectively diploma and free for fathers and diploma and housewife for mothers and a history of psychiatric problems in parents. In psychosocial factors, most of the factors include reminding others about the similarity of behavior and personality to the opposite sex, feeling similar to the opposite sex, achieving real identity, imitating the opposite sex behaviors, playing and intimacy with heterosexuals, parents' lack of attention to doing Games of the opposite sex, contact with a heterosexual parent as a child, practical suicide attempts for being trans and damaging the primary genitals, and other cases.

Based on the research findings, it can be hoped that by educating and informing families and individuals in the community about the problem of gender dysphoria of this group of people and how to deal with them properly with the aim of supporting families with children with gender dysphoria and rejection Failure to do so, appropriate financial and social support of transgender organizations to perform gender reassignment surgery and the treatments needed by this segment of society, to take appropriate action to reduce their social problems and harms.

Direct observation of invisible injuries sexual assaults is accompanied by some difficulties. One of the most important solutions to solve these difficulties is using colors, such as toluidine blue, as a discrimination factor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toluidine blue coloring techniques to detect anogenital injuries. To this end, a comparison was made between the direct observation technique and the toluidine blue coloring technique.

This descriptive and prospective interventional research was applied to all cases claimed to be assaulted sexually in 2015. Subjects were selected employing the census procedure, and data were collected using a checklist containing demographic characteristics, level of detected injuries, and time elapsed after the abusive event. Data analysis was performed via Excel and SPSS software.

Out of the total number of cases studied in 2015, 40.8% were male and 59.2% were female. In addition, the age ranges of male and female subjects claimed to be assaulted sexually were 8-23 years (14.45±4.2) and 12-52 years (21.9±9.8), respectively. The color effect in the detection of the chafes injuries consequent from the sexual assault were helpful in 37% and 44.7% of vaginal and anal examinations, respectively.

This study showed that the use of toluidine blue in anal examinations is more effective than genital examinations in diagnosing injuries that exist in the form of abrasions and scratches.  The effectiveness of color was correlated with the place of rape, the body size of the rapist, and the time interval between the rape and the examination.

Growth in jurisprudence and civil law refers to the queen and the psychic states of a person whose possessor has the psychic quality of being able to recognize the benefits and harms. The aim of this study was to compare emotional intelligence and coping skills in adolescents under 18 years of age referred to forensic medicine in Khorasan Razavi in order to evaluate the growth rate with 18-year-olds in 2019.

The present study is a descriptive design. The study population included all persons under 18 years of age who referred to the Khorasan Razavi Forensic Medicine Organization in 1398. Sixty people were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Lazarus Stress Coping Skills. These questionnaires were also administered to the control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software and T-test and analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of adolescents under 18 and 18 years in the variables of emotional intelligence and its subscales (P<0.001). Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups in the variable of coping with stress and its subscales (P<0.001).

Considering the significant difference between emotional intelligence and coping skills between the two groups, it seems that these factors have a significant impact on coping with stress and stressors, poor impulse control and decision making, transactions that lead to self-harm and Or has others who deny them the qualification to grow.

Intentional homicide is one of the crimes committed by resorting to aggression.

The purpose of this study was to investigating the relationship between Personality disorders and intelligence quotient in offenders of intention homicide referred to the Khorasan Razavi Forensic Medicine Organization in 2018-2020.

This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all intentional homicide offenders referred to the Khorasan Razavi Forensic Medicine Organization in the years 2018-2020, of which 105 people participated in this study as available samples. Data collection tools were the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) and the Ravenchr('39')s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). The findings were analyzed with SPSS 21 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics.

Correlation coefficients between intelligence quotient and personality disorders showed that among the personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder with intelligence quotient was negative and significant relationship (p = 0.01, r =- 0.24).

Based on the results, it can be said that most of the offenders of intention homicide, male, married, cycle, with antisocial personality disorder and loss of intelligence to the extent of borderline intelligence, these variables can play a decisive role in crime. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to these issues in the development of the provincechr('39')s criminal policy, along with providing psychological services.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographic factors and self-esteem among women victims of spouse abuse and its necessity to review it legally.

  The statistical population of the study was all women who suffered from spouse abuse in Mashhad in 1395. The sample consisted of 200 women suffering from domestic violence that via convenience sampling and volunteers were selected. To collect information from the checklist of demographic factors, a questionnaire measuring violence against Haj Yahya women and Cooper Smith's self-esteem was used. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation and multiple hierarchical regressions by SPSS software version 19. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between demographic indicators and spousal abuse, so that variables such as low level of education in the couple and the number of children in the negative direction and addiction in the couple in the positive direction predicted spousal abuse, but self-esteem was not able to predict spouse abuse.

identifying the effective factors in the occurrence of spousal abuse with government intervention and formulating policies for coping can help to design more targeted programs to reduce and prevent this phenomenon by taking measures to reduce spouse abuse, which is the same as primary prevention.

Background and Many clients who seek abortion therapy (due to fetal abnormality) fail to obtain permission due to late diagnosis of fetal abnormality and subsequently encounter numerous problems. The aim of this study was to find out the factors affecting this late diagnosis following a solution to prevent it. This study was performed by descriptive-analytical on all clients for abortion therapy in Legal Medicine Center of Mashhad during 2014 and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and EXCEL& SPSS software using descriptive statistics including average, mean, percentage and frequency of description by t-student test if parametric and non-parametric of variables using U Mann Whitney and chi-square tests were analyzed. Out of 600 distributed questionnaires, 558 items were completed and included in the study. Findings showed that 558 items of 13.1% of clients did not receive the permission of abortion therapy and received 85.1%. Also 13.3% after the nineteenth week and 86.7% before nineteenth week have been visited. The comparison of these two groups showed that in the dimension of individual variables, family size (p value = 0.01) and type of abnormality (p value = 0.01), in the dimension of individual empowerment variables, education (p value = 0.017), husband’s education (p value = 0.05), mother’s education (p value = 0.05) and father’s education (p value = 0.002), husband’s job (p value = 0.02) and income (p value = 0.03) and in the dimension of structural variables in the area of residence (p value = 0.02), use of care 1 and 2 during pregnancy (p value = 0.00), use of health home (p value = 0.01), problem access to the treatment center (p value = 0.02) had a significant difference in the two groups. The couples, who have low socioeconomic status and consequently less awareness than other groups of society, need advice and information concerning how to follow their health of during pregnancy. Guidance of mothers timely with fetal abnormality requires timely detection of abnormalities following regular visits and timely diagnosis by the clinician. This is completed by compiling a schedule for pregnancy and providing the necessary education and awareness to the health authorities at health centers, especially for health care homes and families, is achievable. However, abnormalities that occur during late pregnancy and cause late referrals require fundamental and specialized studies to shorten the diagnosis time.

Congenital anomalies are originated during the egg fertilization or embryonic development and can cause life-lasting disability, illness, or mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anomalies based on fetal indications using the abortion cases permitted by forensic medicine organization and their related factors.
This descriptive-analytic study was performed upon 550 mothers referring to the Mashhad Forensic Medicine Agency in 2015 due to fetal anomalies. The data collection tool was a checklist covering personal information, maternal pregnancy status, and fetal condition, which was designed using the opinions of professional experts. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using Chi-square test. The confidence interval was considered at 95%.
The most common fetal anomalies observed in this study included central nervous system (CNS) anomalies (37.6%), followed by fetal renal (23.1%), genetic (14.7%), orthopedic (7.1%), gastrointestinal (6.1%), respiratory (6%), hematologic (5.9%), heart (4. 3%), and infectious (4%) disorders.
the most common fetal disorder was related to the central nervous system. This disorder, which is unrecoverable, affects the body during the whole lifespan. Regarding this, the provision of people with education and awareness in this respect will have a significant effect on the prevention of these disorders in the whole society. Given the fact that the abortion permission can be issued before 20 weeks of gestation, it is essential to enhance mother's awareness about paying attention to the risk factors and the importance of performing fetal health examinations.

Introduction& The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among murderers who were referred to the Psychiatric Commission of the Legal Medicine Office of Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, for evaluation of their mental status from March 2013 to March 2015.
The research is a descriptive – retrospective one. The studied population in this research were the murderers referred to the Legal Medicine Office of Khorasan Razavi from March 2013 to March 2015. A check-list was designed on the basis of the content of their records and the results declared by the Psychiatric Commision, and the needed quantitative and qualitative data were gathered and recorded, and finally the findings were analyzed using SPSS software and chi2 test.
In this study, a total of 90 cases were investigated that 44 (49.4%) belonged to the first year and 45 (50.6%) to the second year. Fifty five point two percent of them had a history of addiction or continued drug abuse. Among these murderers 17.2 % had a record of psychiatric disease diagnosed by a psychiatrist. 31.8% had a history of taking psychiatric drugs, 17% had a history of psychiatric hospitalization 70.1% were cases of self injury and 28.7% had a history of suicide attempts, while 31.8% had some form of mental disorder and 12.8% were diagnosed as not responsible for his actions.
According to the results of this study 61.7 % of murderers had no major psychiatric disorders but this does not mean that these people are mentally healthy, since they are not sufficiently skilled in communication skills and problem solving, anger control and overall judgment. This points to the need for planning community mental health promotion, life skills training (stress management, anger management, etc.) and prevention of violent crimes such as murder.

Lack of precise definitions for terms such as volition and discernmentfrom that point of view of law and psychology; the need to conform the definitionswith mental disorders; disagreement among the experts to determine the penal responsibility of the mental patients according to section 149 of the Islamic penal code of Iran, were the main causes of carrying the present study out.
This study used focus groups techniquein five meetingsparticipatedby psychiatrists, lawyers and judges. In each meeting the text of the section 149 of the Islamic penal code of Iran was given to audience and they were asked to define the terms of will and discernment that are mentioned in this section.
Findings & Applied definitions of volition and discernment are achieved by summarizing the comments presented by judges, psychiatrists and lawyers, including: will “a kind of mental ability coupled with intelligence that is the direct source of behavior and in conjunction with power leads to free choice versus compulsion and coercion “. If the agent does not have the power, the act does not occur and power without will leads to an act that is not regarded as volitional and authority cannot be regarded as action. The power of discernment may also be described as “the ability to understand the nature of the actions and understand and predict the consequences for themselves and others and recognize the difference between permissible and forbidden”.

The purpose of the present article is to consider the independent single girl’s life style. First, it has been considered the single girl’s life style utilizing the ideas of theorizers like Torstein Veblen, George Zimel, Max Weber, Adler and Pierre Bourdieu and then it has been done an experimental study through a mixed approach. This research was done via quantitative and qualitative methods. The statistic sample of research is included the girls between 19-45 and resident in Tehran. The inhabitants in the private pensions were studied through the questionnaire and those living in apartments and personal houses were investigated via interview. The reasons and grounds of independent life of the single girls are divided into four branches:  the first branch is related to the girls who have chosen this lifestyle without any special force. The second is tied to the girls who preferred to be independent due to inappropriate atmosphere of family and society such as: dispute among family members or the disagreement of family and society towards some of the wants of them. The third branch has to do with the girls who are independently migrated because of lack of job in their hometown. The last one is concerned with the girls who live independently thanks to the force of job in another city by a governmental organization. In this article, it has been considered the quality and quantity of the girls’ lifestyle.