مقالات رزومه دکتر محسن کشوریان آزاد

China's foreign policy continues its multilateral economic plans in the international arena such as; "Belt and Road Initiative", "Made in China 2025", " Health Silk Road", "Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank" and..., have considered cooperation with European countries. In the last decade, Beijing has established multilateral mechanisms and initiatives at the regional, transregional and bilateral (pivot countries) levels and in the form of these multilateral initiatives, it includes economic, political, and cultural dimensions with different regions, especially Europe. In this framework, the "16+1 Initiative" was defined in 2012 as a complement to the " Belt and Road " by China and Central and Eastern European countries to develop multilateral cooperation. The purpose of this article is to explain the impact of this multilateral initiative on the cooperation between China and the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, and the question of how the multilateral initiative 1+16 is the context of the interwoven cooperation between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CE E) has prepared? The hypothesis is that the 16+1 multilateral mechanism has created a complex network of cooperation between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which has led to positive achievements in specific subject areas. The findings show that China has planned and implemented projects and plans in the form of a win-win game with the cooperation of various groups of the above countries (Balkans, Visegrad, Axis countries), which has resulted in the reaction of other Chinese competitors.

Diplomatic and security dynamics in South and Central Asia and neighboring countries increased after the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan on August 30, 2021 and the Taliban's takeover of Kabul. China, as Afghanistan's neighbor in the past and now, has been particularly sensitive to developments in Afghanistan and has sought to influence developments in various ways. In the last two decades, the Taliban has been the focus of Beijing's foreign policy as an influential group in Afghanistan. Given China's action on the Taliban, it is necessary to clarify China's strategy towards the Taliban after the August 2021 regime. In this regard, through analytical-explanatory method, the question has been asked how China seeks to influence the equations of Afghanistan in the Taliban era and expand cooperation with this group? In response, it is assumed that the Taliban's security threats and economic requirements for China have led it to expand its strategic sphere of influence and access to a strategic partner in the South Asian regional security complex through constructive economic and security engagement in the form of cooperation with the Taliban. Findings shows that security and economic components of the Sino-Taliban relationship were highlighted before the US withdrawal and during the current Taliban regime, with Beijing seeking "constructive intervention and becoming an effective player" in the South Asian regional security complex Through cooperation with the Taliban.

The issue of state sovereignty in the context of developments in international relations has always been one of the main topics discussed by international relations thinkers. After the end of the Cold War and the objectification of globalization, the conceptual and theoretical realm of international relations has shifted to semantics and the field of cultural policy. In the new space, the necessary grounds have been provided for the emergence of various political actors, and the sovereignty of states in international relations has become problematic with the inspiration of the new cycle. Diaspora is one of the categories that have been introduced in the new space as transnational actors and has found an important place in the field of international politics and foreign policy of governments. The article is looking to examine the impact of diaspora actors on the sovereignty of governments. Therefore, with the method of content analysis based on the library technique to answer the question of how in the new cycle of international relations of diaspora actors, it has affected the deconstruction of the sovereignty of the national government? In response, it is assumed that in contemporary international relations, the diaspora has redrawn the sovereignty of the nation-state on the issue of borders, identity, violence, and state-oriented action. The findings show that the sovereignty of the national government in the beam of the policy and practice of the diaspora in the above four categories, in different ways is passing and redrawing itself with new procedures.

The financial order of the international political economy after World War II with the center of the United States and its partners was formed on the basis of the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, and since then the IMF and World Bank have served as key representatives of this order in the world economy. China's rise and expansion of its influence and economic power, It has led us to see more of this actor in the financial field of international political order. The purpose of this article is to study China's financial minilateralism and its impact on the financial order of the international political economy and the analytical-explanatory method will be answered to this question of how China's financial multilateralism has challenged the international financial order since the 2008 financial crisis? In response, it is assumed that after the 2008 financial crisis, China has created a New parallel historical block to the international financial order by spreading the idea of financial multilateralism to abroad, thereby has challenged the hegemonic position of the existing financial order. The findings show that China has tried by normalization and dissemination Chinese ideas through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Unconditional Loan Procedures, the BRICS Finance and Reserve Fund, and financial and monetary cooperation with other countries in the framework of the Silk Road Revival Project organized a new type of financial minilateralism outside institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF and created a new configuration in the historical structure of the international institutional order.

After World War II, the United States and its partners organized a multilateral international order centered on open economic space, multilateral institutions, security cooperation, and democratic solidarity aimed at stabilizing the world economic order, strengthening cooperation, and supporting free trade. It's called the Burton Woods Order. Meanwhile, China's booming economic growth since the 1980s and the adoption of pragmatic economic policies at the international level, especially after the 2008 financial crisis, have greatly affected the global financial and trade and the economic order of Bretton Woods. Examine the dimensions of the impact of the emergence of this new power and its actions on the international financial order. The article shows that China, through its active participation in the liberal world order, has moved to strengthen its position in the international financial order system, which has challenged the dominant position of the United States in the international financial order. Increased influence of China on formal and informal IMF decision-making procedures, addition of the yuan to the fund's Special Drawing Right (SDR) portfolio, widespread bilateral currency exchange agreements with other countries on the basis of the yuan, creation of the Petro Yuan against Petro The dollar and Beijing's active involvement in policymaking in the Group of 20 have been analyzed as evidence of this change in the international financial order, and have shown that the side of the shift in the direction of the gradual emergence of a new international financial order is becoming more prominent. Chinese characteristics are in it, not a fundamental change in the international financial order.

The international trade order was developed In the following Bretton Woods system with the establishment of the GATT in 1948, (1995 World Trade) in the field of international political economy led by the United States and its Western partners with Implement the principles of commercial liberalization. Now, China's economic raising has caused that This state be considered as an effective actor in the international trade order. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the Chinese raising on the international trade order and to answer the question that how has China's raising after 2001 affected on the international trade order? in response, it is assumed that the Chinese raising disrupted the functioning of the multilateral free trade regime and weakened the position of the West and the United States in it, and led to the expansion of regional free trade agreements. The research method is qualitative analysis. Findings show that China with rapid expansion of trade capability, Disrupting entry into the WTO, such as agricultural subsidy disruption, discrimination in support of national companies and so on , And the expansion of regional free trade agreements, The pro-Western multilateral trade regime has affected and And has disrupted it.

Today, many observers, due to expansion of terrorism, especially organized terrorism, try to study origins and methods of expansion of it for containing this problem. Middle East now is a fireplace for growth of terrorism in the world. This research, studies effects of Money Laundering on expansion of organized terrorism in Middle East. The main question of article is “how Money Laundering has helped expansion of organized terrorism (Al-Qaeda and Daesh) in Middle East in 2001-2016.The answer of the article as its hypothesis is that “Money Laundering has helped growth of organized terrorism in Middle East in 2001-2016, through making a secure network for main part of financing and trade of terrorist groups with other people. The article shows varieties and broadness of money laundering technics which is used by organized terrorists in trade and money transfer .This fact stress on mounting challenges that we face now in containing sources of financing organized terrorism in Middle East. The article uses analytical-descriptive method in analyzing data.

Growth and the spread of terrorism in the Middle East region with the formation of al-Qaeda's terrorist network in the 1990s and declaring the caliphate ISIS group in July 2014 converted to as the most dangerous threats against humanity and because of its link with new technologies, has created make a strategic dilemma and has been able to bring about the role of small groups but with complex structures in the international zone. The growth of this phenomenon is needed extensive research Inclusive with a basic look to multiple variables. So the present research tries to concentrating on assumptions and the concepts of critical theory of international relations, explained reasons for growing terrorism in the Middle East region and prove it effectiveness of this theory in the analysis of the phenomenon of terrorism in this area. Thus that question comes up here is this what's the factors of the terrorism's formation in the Middle East region from a critical point of view? Or in international relations how to analyze the Middle East terrorism phenomenon? In reply, it is assumed that according to the assumptions of critical theory, in host governments terrorism as the middle ground level, factors like that the dominance of instrumental rationality and lack of communication in the public sphere and the weakness of civil society, it causes the closure of the social-political space on the pluralistic activists and organized crimes outside the administration government in this area. And at the macro level dominate the hegemony and its influence in the region faced reaction to anti-clockwise forces that this order is excitable anti-system group and emancipating deconstruction on both levels in the form of extreme terrorism Isis and al-Qaeda.

This article studies the Middle East social movements in 2011 according to Critical Theory of the Frankfurt, seeking to demonstrate how Critical Theoryof the Frankfurt School is able to analyze the issues of the international system, including Middle East social movements. Making use of principles, assumptions and concepts of this theory, we attempt to address this basic question as to how Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School can analyze the Middle East social movements. In other words, is it possible to employ Critical Theory as a conceptual and theoretical framework in analyzing civil uprisings in Middle East? An assumption which is taken into account to address this inquiry involves: Is Critical Theory of any avail in being a proper analytical model for social movements in Middle East, regarding the fact that Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School emphasizes on concepts such as variability and transformation by virtue of human action, human knowledge and role of the social subject, liberty, diminishing inequality, upholding justice, improving the social life, deprivation, and public dialogue as to achieve the goal, all of which require revolutionary action. The type of this study is descriptive-analytical. Considering the nature and type of the study, information is compiled through several ways, generally speaking, based on library and internet method. Results are mainly obtained using qualitative analysis.

The political and economic influence of Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union in world and regional interaction can provide a suitable ground for expansion of cooperation and integration between the two but during the past three decades the relations between the two sides not only had great ups and downs but in certain period it had been strained. The purpose of the present article is to examine the role of identity elements that affect the relations of Iran and European Union and also the impact of social and identity element as disintegrative factors in relation between the two. The assumption is that after the Islamic revolution the relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union have been influenced by factors like identity, culture, values, norms and inter-subjective concepts. These influencing factors have led to different outlook and viewpoint towards global problems and pessimistic view towards each other which act as disintegrative factor in bilateral relations. The reason is that the values and norms of Islamic Republic of Iran are derived from Islamic-revolutionary identity which has formed after Islamic revolution. On the other hand the European Union values are based on European identity, liberal Western values and secularism.