دکتر مجید قنبری

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) with high production potential in acidic soils and adapted to soil and climatic conditions of Guilan province, is a calcareous, thermophilic and moisture-loving plant whose leaves are the main part of this plant in terms of economy and utilization (Taiefeh et al., 2013). Various studies have shown that the yield of green tea leaves and its physiological and biochemical properties depend on factors such as soil type, altitude, season, climatic conditions, and the amount of water available to the plant and the consumption of macro and micro elements (Owuor and Bowa, 2012). One of the prominent issues in the production of crops and orchards, including tea orchards, is strengthening their resistance to dry conditions, and among them, water deficite stress is the most common type of environmental stress that affects plant growth and production (Kirigwi et al., 2004). The element copper is very important in the growth and production of quality tea, so that by interfering with the oxidation of green tea leaves, it directly affects the taste and color of tea (Singh and Singh, 2004). Zinc as a major factor in the activity of many enzymes involved and play a major role in the structure of proteins that regulate transcription in leaves of tea plays, hence, reduce the concentration of zinc in the tea plant reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and adjust the performance of antioxidant enzymes (Upadhyaya et al., 2013). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of application of copper and zinc nano-fertilizers and irrigation water deficiency on different morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of tea plant in garden conditions. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in selected tea research gardens of Rudsar city under the supervision of Tarbiat Modares University Department of Agronomy in 2018. Factorial combinations of three treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control, IR1), 30% (moderate stress, IR2) and 45% (severe stress, IR3) of FC depletion) and four foliar application (FA1: use distril water, control, FA2: Copper nano-chelate (0.5 mg per one liter of distilled water), FA3: Zinc nano-chelate (2.5 mg per one liter of distilled water) and FA4: Copper nano-chelate + Zinc nano-chelate) were considered. The applied drought stress levels were determined between the field capacity and the permanent wilting point of the soil in the tested area to determine the plant response to different soil water levels (Mokhtassi-Bidgoli et al., 2013). The amount of chemical fertilizers required was determined based on the results of soil test (Table 1) and the amount of nutrients harvested by tea plants (Table 2) (Sedaghathoor et al., 2003). The results of this study showed that the interaction of irrigation regimes and foliar application on green leaf yield, photosynthesis rate, proline concentration, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were significant. Under moderate stress conditions, optimal green leaf yield and plant photosynthesis rate were obtained from the combined foliar application of copper and zinc nano-fertilizers. Also, under severe stress conditions, the highest amount of antioxidant activity and proline concentration was observed in the combined spraying of copper and zinc nano-fertilizers. Total chlorophyll decreased fewer than 62.5 and 75 % under moderate and severe stress conditions compared to the control treatment. In general, it can be concluded that the application of combined foliar application of copper, zinc foliar application and foliar application of zinc increased 58.40, 32.54 and 31.28% of green tea leaf yield compared to the control under moderate stress conditions, respectively, that Demonstrates the ability of copper and zinc micronutrients to increase green leaf yield, photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrate and protein concentrations, as well as increase the activity of antioxidants in stress conditions and in resistance to tea plant and reduction of dehydration damage in tea gardens is very effective.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nutrient spraying is one of the common methods of supplying nutrients to higher plants, whose efficiency is greater than soil fertilizer use when soil conditions are poor (Hay and Porter, 2006). Mn, as an activating factor in many enzymes, especially the enzymes involved in photosynthetic processes in plants. Manganese deficiency reduces growth, necrosis, and early fall of leaves (Tewari et al., 2005). Zn acts as part of the enzyme structure or as a cofactor. It is used to make RNA, DNA metabolism of carbohydrates, oils and proteins (Shahrokhi et al., 2012). In this regard, in order to investigate the effect of Zn Nano-fertilizer in combination with Mn Nano-fertilizer on improving sunflower resistance under water deficit conditions by measuring changes in yield, yield components and biochemical properties of sunflower.

This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Research Farm in 2019. Factorial combinations of four treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (mild stress), 45% (moderate stress) and 60% (severe stress) of FC depletion) and four spraying (Control (distilled water), Zn, Mn and Zn+Mn Nano-fertilizer) with 4 mg.l-1 concentration were considered. Drip irrigation (T-tape) was applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively.

The results showed that the interaction between irrigation regime and spraying was significant in harvest index, peroxidase, seed protein, seed oil and oil yield and in other traits the main effects were significant. Co-application of Zn and Mn Nano-chelates in panicle and stem diameter, grain yield, photosynthesis rate and protein yield increased 26.69, 29.77, 34.37, 61.30 and 57.17%, respectively. Spraying of zinc and manganese nano-chelates also improved grain yield and protein yield by 17.86 and 36.68%, respectively, under severe stress conditions.

In general, it can be concluded that the application of Zn and Mn Nano-fertilizers is effective in increasing grain yield, protein and oil yield and photosynthesis under stress conditions and it is very effective in resistance to sunflower plant by reducing the activity of stress enzymes and reducing severe yield loss. Finally, co-application of zinc and manganese Nano-fertilizers depending on the stress areas is recommended for optimal performance.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is widely spread all over the world due to its many characteristics, especially its ability to adapt to different climatic conditions and occupies the third position after wheat and rice in terms of crop area. Currently, maize is cultivated in more than 240 hectares of Iranian land (Gheţe et al., 2018). Super Sweet Corn is a monocotyledonous, annual, single plant of the family poaceae, which is widely used in agriculture and industry (Gheţe et al., 2018). Abiotic stresses affect different aspects of plant growth, such as reduction and delay in germination, decrease in development rate, decrease in plant organs growth, and decrease in plant life duration and finally decrease in dry matter production. Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nitrogen is one of the major nutrients in biomass determination and crop yield through impact on leaf area index (radiation intake) and photosynthetic capacity per leaf area unit (Compelo et al., 2019). Potassium in physiological applications including: carbohydrate metabolism or starch formation; protein metabolism; control and regulation of various essential minerals activities; Stomach and water play a key role (Tisdale et al. 2003). This study was carried out to investigate the effect of urea fertilizers combination with solopotass fertilizers on yield and yield components of Super Sweet Corn in different irrigation regimes.

This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Varamin Agricultural & Livestock Complex in 2016. Factorial combinations of three treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (moderate stress) and 45% (severe stress) of FC depletion), four nitrogen fertilizer rate (zero (un-fertilized control), 150, 200 and 250 kg.ha-1) from urea and four potassium fertilizer rate (zero (un-fertilized control), 100, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) from potassium sulfate were considered. Drip irrigation (T-tape) was applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Plant to plant distance within each row was 8 cm. The irrigation schedules were based on soil moisture discharge of field capacity at the root zone of Super Sweet Corn with a depth of about 30 cm.

The results of this study showed that three-way interaction of irrigation time and chemical fertilizers was significant in leaf length and diameter, grain number, 1000 grain weight, photosynthesis rate and catalase enzyme. In moderate stress conditions, the highest grain yield was obtained from 150 kg urea and 200 kg solopotass, respectively. The highest photosynthesis rate and catalase activity were observed in the control treatment under severe stress conditions.

In general, it can be concluded that application of 150 kg urea and 200 kg solopotass increased 37.89 % grain yield compared to control under moderate stress conditions, respectively, that indicates the ability of chemical fertilizers to increase yield and yield components as well as increase photosynthesis rate under stress conditions and is highly effective in the emergence of resistance to super sweet maize plant and severe yield loss. Finally, application of 150 kg urea and 200 kg solopotass on the moderate stress conditions is recommended for optimum yield.

Legumes are the most important source of vegetable protein supply. Seed bean contains 25-22 percent protein, and it has a high nutritional value for human which is a major source of protein supply in most modern societies. Today protein deficiency is one of the acute nutritional problems in the diet of millions of people in developing countries. Bean ranks third after pea and lentil in Iran as one of the developing countries with dry and semi-arid climate. Moreover, as to the weeds management of the cropping systems, weeds are controlled by hand as an earliest means, and by airplanes, chemical pesticides, hormones, and viruses as the most complete tools. Various studies show that weed control treatments especially hand weeding treatments caused higher yield than control treatment, indicating the importance and priority of hoeing in the cultivation of beans. Mulch as a new phenomenon in agriculture has caused a fundamental change in the use of chemical pesticides, controlling weeds in fields, preventing soil erosion, and increasing water penetration in soil layers. Also, the use of plant mulch can compensate soil nutrients and increase the organic nitrogen content of the soil. The advantages of using plants mulch could be increasing soil nitrogen for the main plant, protecting soil erosion, increasing soil quality, reducing evaporation, and increasing water penetration in the soil, improving water use efficiency, maintaining good soil temperature and suppressing weeds. Considering the growing need for weed control in bean fields through non-chemical and mulch applications as an ecological alternative for sustainable agriculture, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tea waste mulch and weed control on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of bean. 

This study was conducted at the Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University, with a factorial experiment using a RCBD with three replications. Five time of weed control including no weed control, and weed control every 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks and three rates of tea waste mulch at 0, 5 and 10 ton.ha-1 were used. Common bed preparation techniques such as plowing, disc and leveling was done in a land area of 1000 m-2. The dimensions of each plot were 4 m by 3 m. The planting was carried out on March 20, with a density of 25 plants m-2, with a spacing of 50 cm between the planting rows and eight centimeters on the planting row. The first irrigation was carried out immediately after planting using T-tape. The next irrigation intervals were every 5 days.

The results showed that the combined effects of weed control and tea waste mulch on all measured traits were significant. Also, the two-way interaction of these factors was significant for soluble carbohydrate, starch, number of pods per plant of bean and dry weight of weed. The highest yield and yield components of bean were observed in weed control once per week and 10 tons tea waste mulch per hectare. The highest photosynthesis rate and water-soluble carbohydrate content was observed in the same treatment. Weed control reduced the competition of weeds with bean and could provide more resources to the crop. Thus, the application of tea waste mulch affects the absorption of nutrients by the roots. Other studies reported that dandruff mulch, such as mulch, was more effective in control of weeds than light cleared mulches due to the lack of light on the surface of the soil and produces good grain yield. The researchers reported that the highest grain yield was obtained from mulch clichés treatment, which were categorized by black and white plasterboard treatments in a statistical group.

The results of this study suggest that weed control and application of 10 tons tea waste mulch per hectare could improve photosynthesis rate, reduce protein content and increase starch and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of bean seed. Weed control once per week after bean emergence and application of five and 10 ton ha-1 mulch reduced weed dry weight by 45.48% and 74.12%, respectively. Finally, application of 10 tons tea waste mulch per hectare and weed control every 2 weeks is recommended for bean fields. Overall, it appears that application of tea waste mulch and weed control at the beginning of emergence was superior for seed production comparing to the late weed control and without mulching.

Medicinal herbs are of particular importance in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Indian Cheese Maker has strengthening, liver repair, anti-inflammatory properties and is useful in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, wounds, neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Evaluation of seed quality as a propagating organ and the most important input for crop production and medicinal products has a special place in seed production, control and certification. Studying germination and biological properties of seeds of medicinal plants and methods of breaking dormancy in them are among basic and primary studies of domestication of medicinal plants. In the meantime, scrubbing with abrasives changes the integrity of the seed shell and allows the seeds to be permeable to water and gases. The researchers stated that the dormancy of seeds containing inhibitory metabolic materials can be reduced by removing the seed shell through mechanical scarification and osmopriming. For this purpose, the effect of scarification and potassium nitrate on germination and enzymatic properties of Indian Cheese Maker was evaluated.

This study was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications during 2015-16 at the laboratory of Department of Agronomy, Tarbiat Modares University. Potassium nitrate solution (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg.l-1 from KNO3), scarification (un-use and scarification with soft sanding) and osmopriming durations (8, 16, 24 and 32 hour) were experimental factors. The experiment was performed on Indian Cheese Maker seeds, landrace of Khash. Petri dishes were placed in a germinator at 25 ° C and in full lighting for 14 days. In this experiment, germination rate and percentage of germination, mean of germination time and daily germination, seed vigority, alpha and beta amylase were measured.

The results of the experiment showed that in scarification, the highest germination percentage (69.47%) was obtained by seed priming at a concentration of 1.5 mg.l-1 potassium nitrate for 19 hours under abrasion. In scarification, germination rate increased at 16 and 32 hour, 0.62 and 1.17 No.day-1 for each mg.l-1 of potassium nitrate. The highest daily mean germination (0.15) was observed at 1.5 mg.l-1 potassium nitrate and 24 hour time and decreased to 8 hours mean germination time (7.39 days) by reducing pretreatment time. Also, the highest mean germination time (9.35 days) was observed in 32 hours pretreatment with potassium nitrate and the highest mean germination time in non-scarification condition (9.13 days) and in scarification condition decreased with mean of germination time (8.04 days). The activity of alpha and beta-amylase germination enzymes was affected by different concentrations of potassium nitrate and scarification and at high concentrations of potassium nitrate the activity of these enzymes decreased.

In general, application of potassium nitrate osmopriming, by improving the activity of germination enzymes and increasing seed germination properties of Indian Cheese Maker, increased the activity of hydrolyzing enzymes in the endosperm of germinated seeds, which reduced the mean germination time, increased germination rate and germination percentage. In general, seed scarification with low concentrations of potassium nitrate at 16 to 24 hours is recommended for breaking seed dormancy of Indian Cheese Maker. 

Germination rate and percentage of Indian Cheese Maker seed were monitored by osmopriming and scarification. The role of α and β amylase germination enzymes in accelerating dormancy breaking of Indian Cheese Maker was studied. Mean time and mean daily germination during the dormancy breaking process of Indian Cheese Maker were estimated.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mulch application from organic matter residues in forest area, rice fields, tea and peanut orchards and irrigation water deficit on different morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of forage sorghum in field conditions. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in selected research farms in Deilman area of Siahkal city under the supervision of Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Agronomy and Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Extension Experts in 2018. Factorial combinations of three levels of water deficit stress 15%, 30% and 45% of less than FC and six organic mulch, no mulch, rice straw mulch, paddy rice husk mulch, peanut shell mulch, tea waste mulch and leaf mold mulch were used. The results showed that under moderate stress conditions, rice straw mulch and rice paddy husk treatment showed the highest forage yield and plant photosynthesis rate of 39.13 and 26.65%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Also, under conditions of severe stress, rice straw mulch, rice paddy husk and peanut shell mulch increased the economic efficiency of water and dry weight of weeds by 63.48, 55.21 and 46.40%, respectively, compared to the control. Application of organic matter mulch, especially rice straw, rice paddy husk and peanut shell mulch, prevented a reduction of 6.08, 13.70 and 16.75% of grain yield compared to the control under moderate stress conditions, respectively. In general, organic matter mulch has a high ability to increase grain and forage yield, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant activity and economic efficiency of water, as well as reduce field weeds in stress conditions and make a significant contribution to improving drought resistance in Forage Sorghum. Finally, the use of organic matter mulch in the cultivation of forage sorghum under seasonal drought stress conditions is recommended.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers application on reducing the effects of water deficit on Pearl Millet under field conditions.

The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in selected farms under Agronomy Department of Tarbiat Modares University with cooperation of Lahijan Agricultural Jihad (Kolashtajan Agricultural Extension Office) in 2019 year. Planting date was 9 April 2019. Treatments included three levels of stress include irrigation times (15 (control), 30 (moderate stress) and 45 (severe stress) percent depletion of available soil moisture and four levels of bio-fertilizer (control, nitroxin, BARVAR phosphate-2, nitroxin + BARVAR phosphate-2).

The results showed that plant height, chlorophyll a and b, grain yield and catalase activity were significant for different irrigation regimes and bio-fertilizers, harvest index, photosynthesis and peroxidase activity were significant for interaction of different irrigation regimes and bio-fertilizers. Combined application of nitroxin and BARVAR phosphate-2 increased 13.12% plant height, 40.54% and 45.83% chlorophyll a and b, 19.29% seed yield, 30.62% photosynthesis rate, 41.12% and 36.18%, catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity of pearl millet under different irrigation regimes.

Experiment results showed that improvement of morphological, physiological characteristics and increasing the resistance of pearl millet to drought stress conditions due to the use of bio-fertilizers. In general, by increasing vegetative growth and leaf chlorophyll content, increasing plant photosynthesis rate and increasing the activity of stress-resistant enzymes, the application of nitroxin and BARVAR phosphate-2 bio-fertilizers can be considered suitable for improving the quantitative performance of pearl millet under moisture stress conditions in Guilan plain areas.

Legumes are the most important source of plant protein and Mung bean has a high nutritional value for humans, as it produces seeds containing high protein percentage. The major problem of salinity in seed germination of higher plants is due to excessive amounts of sodium chloride, osmotic pressure, disruption of nutrient uptake and transport, and direct effects of ionic toxicity on the membrane and enzymatic systems that in turn reduce germination. External use of methyl jasmonate can modulate the effects of various stresses, such as salinity and drought, by increasing the antioxidant activity of the seed. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate and salinity stress on germination and enzymatic properties of Mung bean.

This study was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications during 2015-16 at the laboratory of Department of Agronomy, Tarbiat Modares University. The experimental treatments included four methyl jasmonate solution (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and four salinity stress levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 dS/m salinity from NaCl). Petri dishes were placed in a germinator at 25 ° C and in full darkness for 14 days. In this experiment, germination rate and percentage, time to reach 50% germination, alpha and beta amylase, catalase and peroxidase were measured.

The results of the experiment showed that the lowest rate of slope and final germination percentage were obtained in 50 and 100 mM solutions of methyl jasmonate. In terms of T50, an increase of 4.7 days was observed per one dS/m increase in salinity stress and the lowest T50 was estimated at a methyl jasmonate solution concentration of 78.68 mM. In terms of the activity of germination enzymes, reduction of 0.031 μmol/ml/min per 1 dS.m increase in salinity stress and the highest amount of α-amylase were estimated 72.6 μmol/ml/min at a methyl jasmonate solution concentration of 73.33 mM. Also, the lowest activity of β-amylase enzyme was 0.79 μmol/ml/min at a concentration of 5.6 dS/m salinity stress and the highest activity of β-amylase enzyme was estimated to be 1.7 μmol/ml/min at a methyl jasmonate solution concentration of 86.67 mM. The highest activity of catalase (25.7 ∆A/mg protein/min) was observed at 14.72 dS/m salinity stress and the lowest activity of catalase enzyme (8.9 ∆A/mg protein/min) was estimated at 5.88 mM methyl jasmonate solution. The highest activity of peroxidase enzyme (22.06 ∆A/mg protein/min) was at 24.3 dS/m salinity stress and the lowest activity of the enzyme peroxidase (2.5 ∆A/ mg protein/min) was determined at a methyl jasmonate solution concentration of 266.66 mM.

In general, pre-treatment of methyl jasmonate can reduce the germination time, increase the rate of germination and reduce the oxidative stress in salt stress conditions by improving the activity of germination enzymes, increasing the activity of enzymes, increasing the activity of hydrolyzing enzymes and increasing the easy availability of seedlings to nutrients during germination. Highlights: 1- Germination rate and percentage and morpho-physiological changes of Mung bean seed as affected by methyl jasmonate were investigated. 2- The role of alpha and beta amylase germination enzymes in accelerating the production of Mungbean seedlings under saline conditions were estimated. 3- Methyl jasmonate- induced catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity in resistance to salinity stress were estimated.

Oilseeds after grains are the second most important source of energy for human societies and the meal produced from the industrial process of oil production is also considered to be one of the important items in livestock feed, poultry and aquaculture in terms of protein richness. (Yassari et al., 2014). Soybean (Glycine max) is an annual dicotyledonous, from Poaceae family and one of the most important oily seeds that is widely used in agriculture and industry (Yassari et al., 2009). Abiotic stresses affect different aspects of plant growth, such as reduction and delay in germination, decrease in development rate, decrease in plant organs growth, and decrease in plant life duration and finally decrease in dry matter production. Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Soil microorganisms are effective in fixing nitrogen in air and dissolving insoluble phosphates, as well as synthesizing growth stimulating hormones such as indole acetic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, as well as the synthesis of vitamins and amino acids, and increases yields (Viscardi et al., 2016). Considering that most of the country's lands are affected by drought stress and soybeans are susceptible to drought stress, as well as due to the use of biofertilizer as a kind of drought stress resistance strategy and its effect on soybean growth and development, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum in combination with Pseudomonas putida on yield and yield components of soybean and its hormonal changes. The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of Azotobacter nitrogen fixation bacteria in combination with Pseudomonas putida phosphate solubilizing bacteria on reducing the effects of irrigation water shortage on soybean cultivars under field conditions. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Tarbiat Modares University in 2015. Factorial combinations of four irrigation regimes (15% (control), 30% (mild stress), 45% (moderate stress) and 60% (severe stress) of available soil moisture depletion) and four soybean seed inoculation groups (control or without bacteria, inoculum with Azotobacter, inoculation with Pseudomonas putida, and inoculation with both bacteria) were considered. Drip irrigation (T-tape) was applied The row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Plant to plant distance within each row was 8 cm. The irrigation schedules were based on soil moisture discharge of field capacity at the root zone of soybean with a depth of about 30 cm. The results of this study showed that main effects of irrigation regimes and biofertilizer were significant for all traits except grain number per pod. The highest pod number per plant, grain yield, phytohormones such as indole acetic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins and ABA were obtained from combined application of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas putida. The highest pod number per plant, grain number per pod, grain yield, phytohormones such as indole acetic acid, gibberellins and cytokinins were observed in non-stressed control, while the highest ABA was found in severe drought stress. Azotobacter alone, Pseudomonas putida alone, and the combined application of both bacteria increased 25%, 30% and 42% seed yield, respectively, in comparison with control. In general, it can be concluded that these microorganisms are able to increase yield and yield components, the phytohormones such as indole acetic acid, gibberellins and cytokinins, and plant resistant under water deficit conditions and decrease severe yield losses.

Legumes are one of the most important crops to be effective in amending and fertilizing soils. Among legumes, bean, lentil, chickpea, broad bean and pea are most susceptible to salinity (Cobely, 1996). Abiotic stresses affect different aspects of plant growth, such as reduction and delay in germination, decrease in development rate, decrease in plant organs growth, decrease in plant life duration and finally decrease in dry matter production. Among abiotic stresses, salinity stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of legumes in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of salinity is the reduction of water content of plant tissues. Reducing water availability is due to an increase in the osmotic potential of salt in the root zone (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Seed priming is one of the methods for improving seed quality in which the seeds are exposed to water under controlled conditions, so that different metabolic and physiological activity occur at different levels of moisture inside the seed for germination before the radicle emergence and then seeds are dried to reach initial moisture (Farooq et al., 2006). To evaluate the effect of salinity and seed aging on germination characteristics of bean seeds, Sadri variety, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in Agriculture Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan in 2014. The treatments consisted of two groups of seeds (natural and aged) and five salinity treatments (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1). Before testing, seeds were disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 minutes (Ghanbari et al., 2016) and washed three times with distilled water. For aging, dried beans were exposed to a temperature of 41 °C and high relative humidity (100%) for 72 hours in an oven placed in a desiccator. Then, 25 seeds were put in each sterile petri dish with filter paper. To each petri dish, five milliliters of NaCl solution with potentials of 2, 4, 6, 8 dS/m were added and distilled water was added as control treatment. After applying the treatments, the petri dishes were covered with parafilm and were placed in the germinator at 25 °C in the dark for 8 days (Ghanbari et al., 2016). The results showed that there were significant differences between treatments for all the variables. In addition, the interaction of seed aging with salinity stress had highly significant difference at the probability level of 5% of plumule fresh weight and there were significant differences at the probability level of 1% for radicle and plumule dry weight, allometric index, seedling tissue water percentage and seed vigor, while regarding of means and percentage of germination and plumule length were not observed significant differences. Research on the effect of seed aging and salinity stress on bean germination characteristics showed that increasing the aging period and increasing levels of salinity stress negatively affected the bean germination characteristics and by the effect on plant water relations, toxicity due to ion accumulation, plasma reduction, molecular structure change of nucleic acids and decreased activity of enzymes eventually led to decreases in germination indices (Ghanbari and Karamnia, 2016). Increasing levels of salinity stress and aging the seeds reduced the activity of germination, mean time and germination percentage, and seedling growth. the results of seed deterioration can be destroyed the buildings the cell membrane with attack free radicals produced due to lipid peroxidation over the period deterioration noted. Therefore, seed aging and increase levels of salinity stress on the germination and its related factors in bean seed had a negative impact and through its impact on plant water relations, toxicity of ion concentration, reducing the plasma membrane integrity, change the molecular structure of nucleic acids and reduction of activity of enzymes eventually reduced the germination indices.

The purpose of this study, Evaluation effect of Azotobacter nitrogen fixation bacteria in combination with Pseudomonas putida phosphate solubilizing bacteria on reducing the effects of irrigation water shortage on soybean cultivars under field conditions has been studied. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Tarbiat Modarres University during 2015-2016. Irrigation treatments included optimal irrigation, mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress based on 15, 30, 45 and 60 percent of available water depletion respectively from the establishment time to the end of the growth period and four levels of soybean inoculation with bacteria (control or without bacteria, inoculum with Azotobacter, inoculation with Pseudomonas putida, and inoculation with both bacteria) are considered. The results of this study showed that the main effect of irrigation regime on all traits except 1000 seed weight and the main effect of bio-fertilizer were significant except for 1000 seed weight, seed nitrogen and oil on all traits. From the test results, one can conclude that Azotobacter alone increased 17.9% seed yield, Pseudomonas putida alone increased the yield of 32.4% and the combined application of both bacteria increased the grain yield by 39.8%. In general, considering the non-insignificant effect of bio-fertilizer interaction on levels of water stress, it can be concluded that under favorable irrigation conditions and under drought conditions, the application of bio-fertilizer is effective in improving yield and yield components, protein and oil yield of soybean.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydropriming and seed aging on germination and enzymatic properties of pinto bean under salinity stress as factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Two groups of seeds (i.e., non-aged and aged seeds), two hydropriming treatments (i.e., hydro primed and unprimed seeds) and six salinity treatments (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dS/m) were the experimental factors. The results showed that the highest mean time and percentage of germination, plumule length and vigor were observed in the control (i.e., distilled water) and hydropriming treatments. Maximum root length and percentage of seedling water were obtained in the control (i.e., distilled water) and aged seed treatments. In addition, in terms of radicle dry weight, the highest amount was observed in salinity of 4 dS/m and non-aged hydro primed seeds. The highest plumule dry weight was observed in salinity of 6 dS/m and allometric index in salinity of 8 dS/m for non-aged seed and aged seed without hydropriming, respectively. An increase in the levels of salinity stress and aging the seeds increased the malondialdehyde and reduced the activity of germination, mean time and germination percentage, and seedling growth. Seed hydropriming reduced the peroxidation of the cell membrane and generally improved the speed and uniformity of germination, aged and natural seeds vigor under both salinity and optimum conditions. As a result, hydropriming can increase the tolerance of bean seeds to salinity at the germination stage and increase the germination capacity of stored seeds for cultivation.

In order to evaluate the effect of tea waste extracts (non-consumable human remains of tea factories) and salinity induced by Caspian sea water on germination and enzymatic activity of bean, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. The tea waste extracts at 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of stock) with EC (0.45, 4.56, 9.12, 13.78 and 18.16 ds/m, respectively) used as the first factor and the salinity stress at 5 levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent of the Caspian sea water were used as the second factor. The results showed that the effect of treatments on all of variables were significant. In addition, the interaction of salinity stress with tea leaf waste had significant differences in average and percent germination at 5% level and in root length, allometric index, percentage of seedling water and seed vigor, while, there was no significant differences in shoot length. With increasing levels of salt stress and increasing the amount of tea waste extract, average and percent germination, seed vigor, activity of germination enzymes were decreased (treatment of 100% Caspian Sea water and 20% tea waste extract), while malondialdehyde increased. Control treatment (distilled water without extracts of tea waste) with the effect of hydro-priming had the highest germination and enzymatic activity and the lowest levels of malondialdehyde. In general, salt stress and allelopathic effect of tea waste extracts on germination and its related characteristics in seeds of bean were negatively affected, however, seed hydro-priming improved germination and related characteristics.

Legumes are the most important source of vegetable protein supply. Mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) produces seeds contain 22-25 percent protein and high nutritional value for human and also is a major source of protein in most modern societies. Rapid seed germination and emergency, is an important factor determining the ultimate yield of the plant. Salinity is the most important non-life-threatening of plants, especially in the bean. Drought has affect plant growth by reducing water potential in the root zone or create toxicity the sodium and chlorine ions in seedling and or through nutrient imbalance by decrease in absorption rate or a reduction in the transmission rate of the shoots. Nowadays the seed pretreatment technique has introduced as an agent for improvement, seed germination and plant establishment under environmental stress. Seed priming with using pure water is a very simple and cost-effective method that reduce the time required for water absorption in seeds, the mean and percent of germination is improved and expedited emergence and establishment of seedling.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydropriming on germination component of mung bean under salinity stress, with a factorial experiment using a RBD design with four replications. The hydropriming at 4 levels (0, 8, 16 and 24 hours) and the salinity stress at 5 levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dsi/m were used. Before running the test, seeds were washed with a solution of 10% sodium hypochlorite disinfectant for 15 minutes and then 3 times with distilled water.To hydropriming, Seeds were soaked according to levels specified time in distilled water at 25 °Celsius (room temperature). Then 25 seeds were placed within a sterile Petri dish with filter paper. The potential of zero bar was used for distilled water. Five ml of NaCl solution with the potential of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ds/m was added to each petri dish. Then petri dishes were coated by parafilm and placed in Germinator at 25 ° Celsius and in the dark for 8 days. The average and percent germination, the radicle and plumule length, fresh weight and dry weight, allometric index, seedling water percent and seed vigor of mung bean were measured.
The results showed that there were significant differences between treatments for all the variables.In addition, the interaction of hydropriming with salinity stress had a highly significant effect on radicle and plumule length, fresh weight and dry weight, allometric index, seedlings, water percent while there was no significant differences in treatments for average and percent germination and seed vigor. Mean comparisons showed that the highest percentage of germination, radicle and plumule length, dry weight and seed vigorwere related to distilled water and 24 hours hydropriming treatment. The highest radicle and plumule fresh weight and allometric index were related to distilled water and 8 hour hydropriming. The lowest of seedling water percent was related to distilled water and 24 hour hydropriming. The lowest traits were observed in plants under salinity stress at 8 dsi/m and non-hydropriming except seedling water percent. The results of this study showed that with increasing of salinity all indicators of germination decreased. Hydropriming treatment improves seed germination indicators under salt stress in mungbean plant. Hydropriming improves cell division and growth seedling, increases the rate of net photosynthesis and protein synthesis and with modification of osmotic balance fixes turgor pressure in seedling and prevents plasmolysis of seedling. Hydropriming by increasing the availability of ATP, increase the integrity of cell membranes, change membrane components such as fatty acids and prevent spills out of the seeds during seed priming and thus increase seedling growth can improve germination indices.
Since the hydropriming is easy, low cost and low risk method, can be used as an effective strategy to increase the germination percentage, speed and uniformity of germination (McDonald, 2000), emergence of seeds and improving quality and quantity of the yield under the adverse conditions (Ma et al., 2006) and increase resistance to salinity in plants.