مصطفی مسعودی نژاد

Today, one of the concerns of the architectural education system is to find a way of learning that can produce efficient and competent graduates. Therefore, according to the nature of the field of architecture, experiential learning as a fundamental model in the skill-oriented architecture education process and its application in the architecture curriculum requires special conditions and contexts, whose identification, analysis and evaluation form the main goals of the present research. The current research is a survey- quantitative research and considered to be applied in terms of its objective. In this research, first, the basic components of the research were collected and categorized, and then evaluated in the form of a questionnaire in order to rank, obtain opinions and check the extent it addresses this issue in the architecture education system. To determine the validity of the research questionnaire, its face and content validity and reliability were examined through Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was calculated to be above 0.7 in all cases. The statistical population of the research was selected from a group of university professors, prominent architectural experts in private and governmental organizations, and undergraduate architecture students in the architecture faculties of Kermanshah and Ahvaz in a purposeful and accessible manner. Based on the findings, lesson-oriented, inclusive-oriented and teacher-oriented components formed the experimental learning platforms of architecture. The results of the evaluation of the current situation show that there is a major gap between the current and the desired situation of providing experiential learning platforms in the architectural education system of Iran, and the arithmetic mean of the data of all components showed an inappropriate level in providing the platforms. Based on the results, it is necessary to review and modify the quality of learning platforms as much as possible based on the experimental approach.

In today's context, the issue of identity in urban public places remains a significant concern for mankind. The spiritual aspirations of individuals and their reflection in the design of public buildings are pivotal for identifying these spaces. Therefore, designers can contribute to the restoration of citizens' collective identity by emphasizing physical and functional quality, aiming to increase social interactions and facilitate cultural and social events in public spaces. This article employs a combined method, integrating a descriptive approach to explain the key quality criteria of urban collective spaces and a survey method to determine the relationship between variables and the intensity of their impact. Seven key criteria emerge as crucial for shaping, validating, and recognizing the identity of a place from the audience's perspective within collective spaces. To expound on these criteria, a total of 31 sub-criteria and 34 criteria are considered, analyzing the impact of various variables in relation to the study's scope. Ultimately, by discerning the effects of these factors on enhancing the identity of collective spaces, the article provides insights into the intensity of each variable's impact and a metric for measuring the improvement of urban collective spaces.

the current research has been conducted with the aim of explaining the competency model of architecture graduates using a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach, in three stages of open, central and selective coding.The statistical population of this research was made up of 21 university professors and prominent architectural experts in the private and government sectors by purposeful and snowball sampling.  According to the findings, the number of 130 conceptual codes and 40 sub-categories in the form of 6 main categories in the paradigm model including the cultivation of capable and competent architects as the central category, causal conditions (design and idea generation skills, specialized knowledge and awareness, research, coaching and development of others, Administrative skills, entrepreneurial skills, communication-social skills, business and leadership skills, mental ability, architectural professional ethics and personal skills), contextual factors (resources and facilities, motivational models and academic training), intervening conditions (process and type of training, interactions and communication patterns, structural facilities and equipment, legal and support infrastructure), strategies (model education and learning, creating wide communication networks, culture building and social needs assessment), consequences (professional response, educational response, individual response) have been placed. The dimensions, components and indicators calculated from the current research can be used as a framework to make changes in the educational programs of architects and guide the architectural education system in order to improve the professional capabilities of architecture graduates. It can also be used as a reliable framework for evaluating and recruiting architects in the professional world.

Architecture in Shushtarhas evolved as the result of centuries of living experience in a region with a hot and semi-arid climate, representing a brilliant climate-responsive approach. A most valuable architectural strategy in this city is a type of brickwork (khavun-chini) which not only enhances the beauty ofthe structures but also caters to the climatic needs.The main objective of this research is to identify, document, and analyze the patterns and projection elevations of the khavunbrickwork in Shushtar. Using quantitative and descriptive-analytical approaches, 70 patterns from the facades of historical buildings in Shushtar, particularly from the decorative elements of main entrances and courtyard walls, mostly attributed to the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods,were studied. These patterns were documented through field studies in the historical fabric of the city as well as library research. Based on the obtained images, their patterns were drawn using AutoCAD software, and the collected data were uploaded to Excel to create analytical diagrams and perform quantitative analyses.According to the results, the average area of these patterns was found to be 0.45 square meters. Furthermore, the constituent elements of the khavunbrickworkwere introduced, and the role of each component in shaping each pattern was determined. The elevation of each pattern projectionwas calculated, and ultimately, the average elevation of the patterns was found to be approximately 35%. With the help of the results of this research, the conservation and reconstruction process of the khavunbrickworkscan be facilitated and shortened. Since the calculation and analysis of their constituent elementsare provided in this study, the amount of materials needed to produce each pattern can be calculated by referring to the tables in this article. Since the extent of the projection is a significant variable in the size of the shadow produced by that brickwork, the available data can also be utilized in assessingthe thermal efficiency and value of any brickwork.

The houses of the Qajar period in Rasht are valuable examples of traditional Iranian houses with different spatial configurations from those of other parts of Iran. Visual connectivity is a crucial factor in shaping the concept of domain in residential spaces. Houses have different visual qualities according to their designs and provide different experiences of space. This study aims to investigate the concept of domains by analyzing indicators of visual connectivity of indoor relationships in these houses. The research uses the descriptive-analytical method with logical reasoning of software outputs. In the first step, the houses were divided into four groups according to their designs, and then two samples were selected from each group with a total of eight. For coherence purposes and the comparative study of the samples, three common spaces of the veranda, reception room, and bedroom were analyzed. In the second stage, visual quality indicators including visual connectivity, viewing distances, and intelligibility were extracted from the research literature. In the third stage, visibility graph analysis, axial maps with cones of vision, axial lines, and connectivity and integration diagrams were produced in the Depthmap software. The results show that the visual connectivity values of spaces are different resulting in the creation of perceptual domains and spatial hierarchies. By examining the visibility cone indicators in the houses, it was observed that more adjacency with walls, less spatial complexity because of convexity of shape, and visual and physical accessibility make a space (such as the veranda) more connected with other spaces. On the other hand, lower values of the mentioned indicators create more privacy (such as in the bedrooms). Therefore, the indoor spaces of the extroverted houses of Rasht, while transparent, have visual and spatial boundaries that create a hierarchy of domains.

Given the importance, background and position of the concept of "justice" in Islamic teachings, popular culture and traditional Iranian architecture, and considering the positive effects that the perception of justice has on society. The importance and necessity of looking at architecture from the perspective of "justice" especially in housing, seems more and more necessary. Humans spend most of their time in residential spaces, and these are the most important urban elements that impact people's perception. Considering the perceptual relationship, we can say that there is a significant relationship between the architecture of residential buildings and the perception of justice. There is also a direct relationship between how citizens' mental values about housing relate to what they perceive and perceive as the physical components of housing, which leads to a perception of justice or injustice. Since, the perception of justice depends on the presence of individuals and the mentality that individuals have towards the concept of justice and what they observe. So there is a two-way relationship between objective and subjective indicators. With these interpretations, it is the observation of objective indicators and their comparison in the minds of individuals that form the mental indicators.

The research method in this research is of a combined type according to the research and based on the method in the first part is qualitative and in the second part is quantitative. In data analysis, content analysis, Delphi and survey methods are used. Has been.

Findings show that not all people have the same perception of the concept of "justice" and each person has a different definition. Therefore, the perception of justice is not the same for all people, but all people believe in common contexts and factors in the architecture of residential buildings that affect the perception of justice. As a result, the priority of influencing each component on the perception of justice of individuals varies according to contextual factors such as age, gender, marriage, employment and income status, education and residence of individuals among citizens.

We divided components affecting the perception of justice by individuals through the architecture of residential buildings into two categories: objective and subjective. The differences in objective indicators such as building scales have led to differences in the mental indicators of citizens in different residential areas of Tehran, which is important in the mental indicators obtained from the research, such as individual rights and neighborhood rights, The feeling of security is also visible. All the mentioned factors such as order, proportions from the point of view of experts and citizens are factors that exist in all residential buildings that are perceived as a whole and engrave a mental image of themselves on the mind of the audience that there is a direct relationship between these factors and There is a perception of justice. The status of mental indicators related to housing and affecting the perception of justice shows that the sense of security, attention to peace and respect for individual rights and neighborhood are ranked 1 to 3, respectively, in the objective indicators affecting the perception of the world: Adaptation to human needs and disabilities, building scale, building stability are ranked 1 to 3.

Statement of the problem: 

following the increasing growth of the urban population and rural migrations in recent decades in Iran, the face of housing and the quality of residence have changed. The development of this phenomenon without proper planning and not paying attention to issues such as cultural factors in the interactive space of the settlement leads to the emergence of behaviors from the residents that disrupt and destroy the residential culture. that only paying attention to quantitative issues and ignoring quality in residential spaces has aggravated problems in these spaces and as a result has caused residents to be dissatisfied with their residential environments.

The present research has evaluated and measured the impact of the role of culture components and elements in organizational housing architecture and residents' sense of satisfaction. In this research, the effect of culture components on satisfaction was analyzed in two organizational residential complexes of Ahvaz police force.

The type of the current research is applied and the research method is descriptive and correlational. Field method (questionnaire) was used to collect the required information. The number of people selected for the statistical sample size based on the simple random sampling method and according to Cochran's sample size formula is considered to be 285 residents. After collecting the data, in order to analyze them, the information using the method Statistical techniques and Spss 21 software have been subjected to statistical analysis.

Based on this, the results obtained in the quantitative part indicate a meaningful relationship between components such as spatial aspects, safety and peace, human aspects, social and cultural identity, and functional aspects in two residential complexes according to the respondents

Urban open spaces are areas where collective life takes place. In order to attract more citizens to these spaces, especially in tropical climates, the study of thermal comfort conditions is considered. Since heat sensation and perception vary from person to person outdoors, a quantitative approach to dealing with thermal comfort alone is not enough; Rather, it is important to pay attention to the psychological components of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological components in individuals and the category of thermal comfort.

The present study was conducted by a combined method including descriptive method to explain the components of thermal and psychological comfort and survey method to determine the correlation between research variables. After conducting field surveys by a questionnaire by random method (using Cochran method) and measuring devices of climatic indicators, the weather conditions of different parts of the route On the 11th and 12th of Bahman 1398 (7 am to 1 am), measured and with the help of the Global Climate Index (UTCI) in the Karun River It is analyzed in Ahvaz.

 Evaluation and analysis of the extracted data show the effect of psychological components on the thermal response of individuals in different conditions. In fact, the mood of people in open spaces affects their thermal evaluation of the environment.

According to the research findings, the mental and psychological states of people in different conditions can have different and even unexpected thermal response both in the range of thermal comfort and outside it. Finally, solutions can be provided to better design urban spaces, to attract more audiences and arouse their sense of satisfaction.

Contemporary housing architecture in Iran in small towns and major cities is a multivariate issue. Among the various architectural practices, housing is both more effective and more influential than others. Housing, the formation of experimental projects, and the design and construction of new organized concepts of housing have taken place. The concept of the organizer is a solution that has already been discovered and tested in different contexts. One of the areas that need to conduct scientific research in various fields of architecture and urban planning due to the nascent structure of architecture and urban context, is the city of Ahvaz, which contains various examples of organizational corporate housing due to the development of various industries. This study aims to identify the architectural space, especially in the housing sector, establish patterns and components in organizational construction in the contemporary period, strengthen the existing cultural elements, realize the values in architecture in newsite and recognize the works. The study also seeks a systematic plan to find new principles based on the concepts used based on the research method. Therefore, by considering these concepts, it intends to recognize the architectural components of desirable housing, which in other words are considered as internal and external factors, intends to know the characteristics of the concepts of architecture and urban planning in the residential complex. The main strategy of this research is based on the use of mixed methods, which are a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This conceptual model will explain the concepts of organizing corporate housing, which will result in identifying and introducing general principles in terms of quantity and quality in corporate housing. The present mixed research method includes interpretive, descriptive methods, content analysis in the theoretical part and correlation methods, and field methods in the case studies. Statistics and descriptive and inferential findings to take appropriate quantitative and qualitative measures have been collected on the one hand according to the opinion of residents and on the other hand based on the opinion of experts and specialists, respectively. The result of the presented study is to explain the model containing the concepts of organizing the housing of oil company through the relationship between the quality characteristics of housing and the organizing components in this complex. Based on the research hypotheses, experts are focusing on the characteristics of the formation of organizational components and characteristics of corporate housing expressing the principles and concepts of infrastructure and residents, carefully meet their needs and wants in the field of housing and the surrounding area play an important role in the process. After introducing the results of both theoretical and experimental areas, it was found that considering the concepts of housing organizer from only an internal or external dimension could not lead to the full formation of housing concepts, and to achieve the desired corporate housing components concept must have a good link between human factors. Physical-social factors and managers, officials, and experts in the field of architecture and urban planning to be established.

This study seeks to examine the satisfaction of spatial quality in the mental aspect that culture includes. Using the post-construction evaluation method by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each set can help. The purpose of this study is to obtain a model that can be used to assess the spatial quality of each residential complex in accordance with the culture of its inhabitants. Therefore, the research using qualitative and analytical research method and library information collection method seeks to answer the question: how can a poe model be set up, based on which the level of satisfaction with the spatial-cultural quality in residential complexes Did you measure? The research findings indicate that many cultural issues fall into the perceptual or subjective category. This does not mean that the role of other material (objective) characteristics should be ignored. Meanwhile, the role of time and future needs that may occur in a housing is one of the things that play an important role in the level of satisfaction of independent users. Based on the final conceptual model, the characteristics and their selection in the evaluation of residential complexes in terms of cultural-spatial quality of each study sample can be achieved. These characteristics have the ability to be tested in each case by a questionnaire so that the amount of each can be measured.

In the central yard of historic houses of Kashan, geometry and proportions are the most important factors in providing light to adjacent spaces. To measure the optical performance of these yards it is necessary to know its geometrical properties. The article by the method with expression of geometric and proportional principles and rules related to the central yard in the use of daylight spaces, proportional to its performance in the selected sample. Factors such as geometric shape, length, width, height and specific ratios R_1= ambient / height and R_2= width / length or (PAR), SAR = width / height, sky boundary and angle of view of the sky relative to the pop-up and its effect They are based on the optical performance of the yard. The results show that the dominant geometry of yards, rectangles and squares is with corners Proportional values R1, R2 exceed the suggested minimum for proper illumination of space; Also, the SAR and the viewing angle of the openings to the sky are proportional to the performance of the spaces and the need for their lighting. As a result, in Kashan homes, light is given higher priority than its climatic function, and adjacent central yards enjoy natural daylight and almost uniformity with adequate light penetration for most of the day. Yards are able to provide a daylight factor of more than 1.5-3 for adjacent spaces, which indicates the compliance of its geometry, proportions and spatial scale in order to provide adequate lighting for these houses.

One of Kashanchr('39')s historical architectural achievements has been the use of skylights in historic houses. Research has shown that these skylightschr('39') quality and performance are related to factors such as their type, distance from other openings, size, and materials, cut-off Angle, area of illumination created, number, and amount of their efficiency. The article used these factors for evaluating the impact of these skylightschr('39') performance. The present study, based on library and field studies, analyzes the effect of skylightschr('39') performance on the architecture of the house of Boroujerdi as a selected example. The results show that skylightschr('39') performance has been influential on architectural proportions through the number, size, and area of the space illuminated by it. Also, the three-component structure of skylights determined the geometry and architectural form of related spaces, and formalization was a part of the design of skylights in Kashan, which was a solution to direct light into the building; Also; the distance of the skylights from each other shows that the scale and dimensions of the space have been formed in relation to them and the efficiency factor of 50% of the skylights shows the acceptable performance and correct choice of their materials in providing light.

Varied harsh climatic conditions in different areas of Iran calls for researching different vernacular architectural methods used to gain thermal comfort with the least consumption of energy. The study of vernacular architecture strategies can provide some solutions for contemporary design. This study uses field measurements to analyze the thermal performance of shavadoons (a kind of underground space used widely in the vernacular architecture of Dezful and Shoushtar in Iran). Variables such as temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and mean radiant temperature of the shavadoon in the Souzangar House were measured and analyzed for this purpose. CFD analysis was performed using DesignBuilder based on temperature contours derived from field measurements. The results indicate that thermal comfort conditions are achieved in different seasons, and the mean radiant temperature is relatively stable especially during the summer due to the high thermal capacity of the soil. The impact of air velocity, which pushes out humidity from the shavadoon, is very little, rather negligible, in these spaces.

The province of Khuzestan and ancient city of Dezfool are from among the most prosperous regions of Iran. Inhistorical perspective, there are lots of traditional monuments which show the quality of rich and valuable history ofthis ancient region. Dezfool has a hot semi-arid climate while in Köppen climate classification called “BSh”. Dezfoolhas extremely hot summers and mild winters, therefore the weather in summer is harsh. The level of rainfall ishigher than most of southern Iran, especially in winter to spring time. In other words, harsh climatic circumstancesof Dezfool made a necessity for its traditional architecture to be closer and closer to compensating outdoorsituation. In traditional architecture of Iran, buildings were planned by adoption of different approaches in order tofit the needs and demands of its inhabitants. Thus rethinking about the meaning of “Home” in valuable culture ofIran, might be considered as a source of inspiration for contemporary architecture in general, and for contemporaryarchitecture of developing countries such as Iran especially. It is very important to explain that nowadays morethan ever, learning from eco-friendly concept of traditional architecture is significant to make a better future forcontemporary architecture of developing countries such as Iran.This paper is to show the leading role of climate in outlining contemporary architecture. Therefore eleven exemplarof Dezfool houses in Qajar era selected by purpose as case studies of the paper. The research team organizeda questionnaire for data gathering from among eleven invaluable houses which selected by purpose in Dezfool.Focus discussion group (FDG) was set in order to interpret the questionnaire in which five experts gathered tocollaborate and find the possibility of role climatic issues in outlining contemporary architecture of Dezfool in Qajarera. Contemporary architecture of Dezfool in Qajar era might be called one the most prosperous periods in whichconsiderable number of valuable buildings are made by the hand of its wise architects. Literature review of thepaper shows that in Iranian culture, home is an illustration of peace and prosperity for family members to keepthem safe and relax especially in harsh climate such as south-west of Iran. It is very important to explain thatsome classical issues like balance between building and urban scale, separation of public and private sectors ofhouse, spatial sequence and socio-cultural could easily be identified in traditional architecture of Iran especially inKhuzestan and Dezfool in Qajar era.The results of the paper show that the main parts of Dezfool contemporary houses such as entrance, vestibuleand corridor, yard, porch, hall, bedroom, belvedere etc. show that all these parts have a lot to do with climatewhile those are from among the most leading elements of architectural identity in this region. The results indicatethat some classical issues like balance between building and urban scale, separation of public and private sectorsof the house, spatial sequence and socio-cultural issues have a lot to do with climate in contemporary houses ofDezfool in Qajar era.... Keywords: Climate, Contemporary Architecture, Dezfool Houses, Qajar Era.

Today, due to increasing the population of large cities such as Tehran, the demand for housing, has been increased.The imbalance between supply and demand of housing has increased the price of housing which caused citizens tolive in small apartments. This issue reduces the quality of life in these homes. The quality of the human environmenthas an enormous effect on his health. Most research in the field of health psychology has shown that, there is a directrelationship between the quality of the residential environment and social harms such as suicide, mental disorders,drug addiction and criminality. One of these qualitative factors is the quality of daylight. Being exposed to adequatedaylight has an enormous effect on the health of body and the human spirit. Due to the high density and compressibilityof buildings and also aerosols and air pollution that cause low access to daylight, attention to the appropriate use ofdaylight in the cities such as Tehran is more critical. On the other hand, in tall apartments, residents have not accessto some open spaces such as yard and during the day, they live in closed space of apartment. Therefore, the designof windows as the only source of daylight are very important. So, the conditions of suitable daylight in residential areasand the way to create it, are considered in this article.The study area of this article is small apartments in Tehran. Because of the high price of housing in Tehran, theseapartments are considered by many citizens. Regarding to the limitation in access to the yard and outdoor living space,attention to improvement of environmental quality, especially attention to daylight is more important.The determining standard characteristics of daylight in residential areas is one part of this research. In this field withstudying credible sources and standards, required data is collected. The most important index is a daylight factor thatis equal to the average daylight in interior space in the proportion to outdoor daylight. Appropriate daylight factor forbedroom, work and study rooms, living room and kitchen respectively is equal to 1%, 5%, 2.5% and 2%. Identifyingthe common spaces of small apartments in Tehran and theirs area, is the next step. For this purpose a number ofsmall residential apartments in the various parts of Tehran were selected and the different dimensions of theirs spaceswere investigated. Finally, to determine the proper size of windows, the daylight simulation and calculation software(DIALUX) has been used. In this software, Tehran's geographic information (latitude and longitude) and the status ofair pollution in Tehran and the data related to glass of window (common windows that used in this apartments ) suchas transparency coefficient and the reflection coefficient of glass, were imported and according to the standard daylightfactor of bedroom, living room and kitchen, for each of these spaces,the calculations have been performed and theoptimal window size for each of these spaces in proportion to the internal surface area is presented.... Keywords: Daylight, Health of Body and Spirit, Residential Apartments, Tehran

Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) origins in the United States and it has been used in one or more forms since the 1960s. This metod is defined as the process of evaluating buildings in a systematic and rigorous manner after they have been built and occupied for some time. POE is a method of looking for recognition the performance of built buildings and knowing satisfaction of their users. This recognition is very useful to avoid repeating the mistakes and also is important to test new ideas. In this method, assessing the user satisfaction is very significant. Satisfaction is one of the most important approaches that in recent decades have been proposed in environmental quality issues. Two of the effective factors on the life satisfaction is social and cultural factors which are related to beliefs, customs and social conditions of the residents. Due to profound impact of Islam on beliefs and culture of a wide part of the Iranian population, this article aims to assess privacy as one of the most important factors influencing satisfaction in social and cultural issues. Privacy is the quality of being secluded from the presence or view of others or the condition of being concealed or hidden. The idea of privacy as a property of a built environment is related to the advent of the humankind. In Islamic teachings, privacy has been given a holy value and caring about privacy starts with believers themselves. There is an inherent tendency in human being towards privacy, the most important of which is realized at home. Therefore, if privacy is trespassed at home, it may no longer serve as a home. In this article to evaluate the criteria of satisfaction and Privacy and doing Post Occupation Evaluation about it, the New Shoushtar residential Complex is selected. This complex is designed by contemporary architect, Kamran Diba, and won the Aga Khan award in 1986 and located in shooshtar city. According to the scientific findings from authoritative resources, abservations and interviews with the experts, some questions as a questionnaire are extracted. Then questionnaire is completed by 32 individuals who are selected by cluster sampling. Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when “natural” but relatively homogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. In this technique, the total population is divided into these groups (or clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is selected. Then the required information is collected from a simple random sample of the elements within each selected group. This may be done for every element in these groups or a subsample of elements may be selected within each of these groups. A common motivation for cluster sampling is to reduce the total number of interviews and costs given the desired accuracy. Assuming a fixed sample size, the technique gives more accurate results when most of the variation in the population is within the groups, not between them. In this research, the questions are adjusted in two architectural and socialissues. The satisfaction of the privacy issues and the reasons for changes in the set of openings is investigated. Finally, obtained results are presented in tables and are assessed and evaluated by expert-choice software (a decision-making software that is based on multi-criteria decision making working according the AHP method). The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. It was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s and has been extensively studied and refined since then. It has particular application in group decision making, and is used around the world in a wide variety of decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare, shipbuilding, education and architecture. The results reveal the impact of recognition of cultural factors in the design process. Moreover, the issue of privacy as an important cultural factor, playing a key role in creating the sense of security and safety for users, althoughin the design of New Shoushtar residential complex, it has received little attention.The residents’ satisfaction from privacy issues is low and it caused many problems in the openings because of the lack of security sense and psychological comfort. Need more space for living and lack of yard in some units are other reasons of some issues in the design of this complex.However management role in transforming from designing to construction is important, it seems that in this complex, lack of management, irregularitiers and lack of progromming are seriuos problems.