دکتر فاطمه رضایی

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-regulation on on motor and social skill of preschool children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental and was a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population of children aged 4-7 years had developmental coordination disorder in Babol city, 30 of whom were selected by purposeful method and after pre-test were divided into two groups of intervention and control by simple random sampling. The Wilson (2007) Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire, Bruninks-Ozertsky (1978) and Gersham Valiot (1990) Social Skills Questionnaire were used to collect data. The groups practiced for 16 sessions, two sessions per week and each session lasted 60 minutes according to the educational method, and at the end of the eighth week, the post-test was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of covariance and SPSS software (version 22) at a significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that self-regulation on gross motor skill (p ≤ 0.001 and F = 11.434), self-regulation on fine motor skill (p = 0.001 and F = 32.820), self-regulation on fine and gross motor skill (p = 0.0031 and F = 10.153) And social skill (p = 0.0046 and F = 12.056) had a significant effect. As a result, self-regulation is effective on motor development and social skill and it is suggested that this strategy be used to improve skills in preschool children with developmental coordination disorder.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of brain breaks on academic progress, self-efficacy, and interest in physical activity of primary school students.

The current research was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design. Its statistical population included fourth, fifth, and sixth-grade female students. Using the cluster random sampling method, 127 students were selected as the research sample and were assigned to two intervention and control groups through a simple random method. To collect data, the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (Morris, 2001) and the Children’s Attraction to Physical Activity questionnaire (Rose et al., 2009), and a researcher-made questionnaire for the educational progress of the participants were used. The intervention group performed brain breaks physical activities twice a day and three days a week for four months, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were evaluated using an independent t-test.

Data analysis indicated that after the intervention (brain breaks), the average scores of the experimental group for three variables of academic achievement (F=3.57, P=0.001), self-efficacy (F=7.65, P=0.001), and interest in physical activity (F=10.72, P=0.001) had a significant difference compared with the control group.

These findings can highlight the need for planners and education officials to pay attention to the importance of the role of brain breaks activities in improving academic progress, self-efficacy, and its effect on the level of interest in physical activities of primary school girls.

The purpose of the current research was to determine the Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit). For this purpose, 190 female athletes (76 people) with an average age of 26.92 ± 6.53 and men (114 people) with an average age of 28.72 ± 6.9, semi-skilled in Semnan city completed the questionnaire online. After the translation-re-translation technique and confirmation of the face validity of the questionnaire by three experts, the initial pilot of the questionnaire was done to fix minor problems. In order to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model, the internal consistency of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its stability using the correlation coefficient using test-retest were used. The results in the reliability estimation of the questionnaire factors showed that the alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire with 16 questions was 0.83 and the internal consistency of other subscales of the questionnaire, which includes intentions, attitudes, mental norms and beliefs, was 0.82 respectively. , it was 0.8, 0.84, 0.82 and 0.83, which is acceptable. In examining the temporal reliability, the results of the intraclass correlation coefficient in all subscales and the overall score of the questionnaire have been evaluated favorably. Therefore, it can be stated that the Persian version of the Doping Attitude Questionnaire in Physical Fitness is considered a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the attitude towards doping in physical fitness of athletes.

Being hospitalized is a restriction that can have a negative effect on the development of the child's areas, including motor and emotional; Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of targeted movement games on the development of fundamental movement skills and depression of hospitalized children.

The design of the current study was a clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test with a control group. The research population consisted of obese children aged 4-7 years admitted to the children's department of Afzalipur Hospital in Kerman province, with various diseases such as diabetes, anemia, rheumatism, and nervous tics, 20 of them were selected purposefully and after performing a pre-test They were divided into two intervention and control groups by simple random method. To collect data, Brunnix-Ozertsky's Motor Skills Test (1978) and Fisher and Long's Depression Scale (1983) were used. Based on the duration of hospitalization until discharge from the hospital, the intervention group based on the length of hospitalization until discharge from the hospital, 7 sessions, 2 hours each day in the hospital game room under the independent variable (targeted movement games), and at the end, a post-test was performed on both groups.

The results showed that targeted movement games were effective in the development of gross and fine motor skills of hospitalized children, and targeted movement games had a significant effect on the depression score except for the subscales (guilt, pleasure).

In general, according to the results of this research, it can be said that the implementation of targeted movement games is a non-drug, new, easy, accessible, and suitable method for improving the movement problems and depression of hospitalized children

Attention to motor skill training approach shows that the type and nature of teaching is one of the most important effective variables in motor skills training. The purpose of this study was the effect of two methods of child-centered and teacher-centered on the development of gross motor skill of third grade elementary students. 53 students of beginner girls volunteered to conduct research with an average age 11.9±.16 that after peforming pre-test, were randomly divided into three experimental groups (deliberate play, deliberate practice, organized competition) and one control group. The groups practiced in accordance with the educational method for 12 weeks and two sessions per week. Was performed mid test at the end of the sixth week and post test at the end of the twelfth week. To collect information, the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (1978) and to analyse the data, at the significant level of P≤0.05, analysis of variance with repeated measures were employed. The results showed that the teaching method has been effective in improving the gross motor skill of the students and its effectiveness in the organized competition group more than the rest of the groups. There was also no significant difference between subscales of the running, balance, bilateral coordination and upper limb coordination in mid and post test and was higher level of strength in the organized competition group from the rest of the groups in post test.

Introduction and purpose:

Teaching method and choosing the best method is one of the most basic principles in education which can help to child's motor development, intellectual and interest. The purpose of this study was the determine effect of deliberate practice and play deliberate and organized competition on the fine motor skill and creativity of 10-9 year old children.

53 beginner girl students were volunteered to conduct research with an average age 9.11 ± ./16 that after pre-test were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group. The groups practiced in accordance with the educational method for 12 weeks and 2 sessions per week. Done mid test at the end of week 6 and post test at the end of 12. To collect information was used Bruininks-Oseretsky test (1978) and Abedi creativity questionnaire (1363) and for data analysis, Combined variance analysis (stage) 3 × (Group) 4, analysis of variance with repeated measures and one way analysis of variance with spss software version 22 at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The results showed that using a variety of teaching methods in experimental groups has been higher on the development of fine motor in deliberate practice than the rest groups and the amount of creativity in the deliberate play group of all groups. It has also been better in deliberate practice group rate of subscales speed and agility in the mid stage and post-test than other groups and was higher in deliberate play group than other groups rate of subscales fluid, expansion, innovation and flexibility in the mid and post test phase.

The results showed that the nature of the learning environment has a useful role in the development of fine motor skills and creativity of the students.

The Effect of Sensory-Motor Integration Training With Help of Interested Parent on Balance in Autism Children AbstractThe pervasive development disorders is one of the most common cases is autism. This disorders include a group of psychological disorders in which social interaction skills and communication skills have been destroyed. With consider to high costs of treatment for autism, the use of alternative therapies suitable for autistic patients, especially children, and improving their quality of life is one of great importance. The aim of the present research is to determine the impact of course of sensory-motor integration training with help of interested parent to improve balance improvement of children suffering from autism. For this purpose, 24 autism children aged 6-10 years selected to this study and participated to sensory-motor training for 10 weeks. Participants asked to 2 stages of pre-test and post-test for balance skill. They were evaluated based on Laklak and Tandem Gait test. In order to analyze the effects of the research protocol, the analysis of variance with repeated measure and the scheffe post-hoc test was used at the significant level of P≤0.05. The results showed that sensory - motor integrity training significantly improved the static and dynamic balance skill and parent-centered approach have had higher benefits in improving dynamic balance with positive effects through manipulation of psychological features such as sense of belonging and solidarity, motivation and higher assurance.

Mental toughness is the ability to increase the flow of the positive energy against obstacles. The aim of the present study was to compare mental toughness of male and female skilled and novice climbers. 130 climbers that were randomly selected and divided to skilled and novice groups. Data were collected through Mental Toughness Questionnaire of Sheard, Golby and Van Wersch. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test (P≤0.05). The results showed that the main effect of skill was not significant but the main effect of gender and interaction between gender and skill were significant. Further analysis on the data showed that the highest mean belonged to the male skilled climbers in confidence component and the lowest mean belonged to female novice climbers in control component. Male skilled climbers were also significantly higher in all three subscales of confidence, control, and stability than female skilled climbers. So, it is suggested that according to the nature of climbing which is an endurance and risky exercise, merely being skilled at developing the mental toughness of climbers was not a criterion and other factors such as gender and its interaction with skill play an important role as well.

The aim of this study was investigating the role of feedback to successful and unsuccessful trials in focus of internal and external attention on performance and learning long badminton service. 44 female students were volunteered with a mean age of 16/1±./76 as sample for this study. After performing the test subjects were randomly divided into four experimental groups. All groups did during 6 acquisition phases according to the planning instructions long service badminton task. Before performing service group’s focus of internal attention repeated through self-talk “the pull back” phrase and group’s focus of external attention, “target” word. The subjects received knowledge of performance feedback after every 3 trails tailored to with their groups, after successful or unsuccessful trials. 48 hours after the acquisition phase was performed retention and transfer tests. Data were analyzed using Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA in the acquisition phase and two-way analysis of variance (p≤ 0.05) in the retention and transfer tests. The results showed that the progression was significant during the acquisition phase, the interaction effect the focus of attention with the type of feedback both the acquisition phase and retention and transfer tests. So that, in internal focus of attention condition, the group of feedback to unsuccessful trails and in the external focus of attention conditions, the group of feedback to successful trails had better learn. it is suggested that during the teaching motor skills and the use of feedback to successful and unsuccessful trails, the focus of attention is also to be considered.

The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of OMSAT-3 questionnaire. For this purpose، 480 athletes with different levels of skill in 10 sport fields، individual and team، were chosen by random sampling and completed the questionnaires. The method of the research was as follows: first، with use of translation-back translation methods، face validity and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaires were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire، Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire، and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items and percentile points was used for normalization. The results of research showed that first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis، Cronbach alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient of Persian version of OMSAT-3 questionnaire supported 3-factor and 48-item structure of the initial questionnaire، and confirm construct validity، internal consistency and temporal reliability of OMSAT-3.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motivational self-talk as one of the psychological strategies. Motivational self-talk is a type of self-talk that appears to improve performance and control arousal level through increased drive and effort and positive motivation in performance. This study tried to investigate the effect of motivational self-talk on performance of simple and complex skills. Using a quasi-experimental method, 42 physical education students (20-25 years old who had passed basketball 1 and 2 units) were selected to participate in this study. Then, they were randomly divided into two equal groups (experimental and control) and completed a 15-minute warm-up and task practice. Firstly, the subjects performed a pre-test (without self-talk) including basketball passing test (AAHPERD, 1996) as simple skill and basketball passing test (AAHPERD, 1984) as complex skill. Then, the participants performed a post-test using self-talk with the above tests. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t test and paired sample t test by SPSS 11.5 at α≤0.05. The results showed no significant difference between experimental and control groups in pre-test in the performance of simple (P=0.703) and complex (P=0.512) skills so both group were at the same level of performance. Motivational self-talk improved the simple skill in the experimental group (P=0.001). A significant difference (in favour of experimental group) was observed in the improvement of the simple skill in the post-test of both groups (P=0.004). Also, motivational self-talk improved the performance of complex skill in the experimental group (P=0.001). A significant difference (in favour of experimental group) was observed in the improvement of the complex skill in the post-test of both groups (P=0.048). The mean difference in the simple task (Δ x =0.94) and in the complex task (Δ x =0.48) between the two groups showed that the mean difference of simple skill was higher than the complex skill. Generally, the results showed that motivational self-talk improve the performance of both skills while it influenced simple skill more than complex skill.