دکتر محمدعلی حداد

Considering the importance of the stability of solar cells in their industrialization, 2D perovskites in the interface between 3D perovskite and charge transfer layers play a key role in improving the stability of perovskite solar cells. In this research, 3D triple-cation perovskite and 2D PTA2PbI4 perovskite have been used as light absorbing materials in fabricated solar cells. Considering the penetration of moisture from all sides of the perovskite layer, we investigated 3D/2D, 2D/3D and 2D/3D/2D perovskite structures. Experimental results show that the formation of 2D perovskite above the 3D perovskite (2D/3D) in addition to protecting the 3D perovskite layer against moisture, leads to the improvement of the morphology of the perovskite layer. The formation of 2D perovskite under the 3D perovskite (3D/2D) is effective in improving the crystallinity of 3D perovskite. 2D/3D perovskite solar cells have 9.81 efficiency due to the improvement of surface defects and reduction of charge recombination. Besides, 2D/3D/2D perovskite solar cells by improving the crystallinity of 3D perovskite and the double protection of 3D perovskite by 2D perovskite, maintained 98% of the initial efficiency for 240 days.

Identifying and analyzing small components within the oil industry plays a vital role in the extraction, processing, and exploration of crude oil. This study aimed to accurately determine the presence of elements and rare metals in asphaltenes. To achieve this objective, the study employs Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques to precisely analyze the elemental composition of asphaltene samples. Furthermore, EDX analysis revealed significant quantities of Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S) in asphaltenes. Moreover, the LIBS analysis identified 38 atomic and molecular transmission lines from various elements. Molecular structures such as CN and C2, as well as atoms including Iron (Fe), Hydrogen (H), Sodium (Na), Copper (Cu), Calcium (Ca), Aluminum (Al), Cadmium (Cd), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), Potassium (K), Lead (Pb), Magnesium (Mg), and Strontium (Sr), were identified through the examination of observed emission lines.  This research highlights the use of two elemental analysis techniques, showing that oil sediments contain valuable and strategic elemental compounds that can be considered for extracting and processing petroleum products.

Asphaltene is a component of crude oil that creates a variety of problems in the oil industry, including reservoir wettability alteration,, corrosion in the pipelines, and pore plugging. In this paper, asphaltene samples collected from four oil wells in southwest Iran were characterized using Raman spectroscopy to investigate their molecular structures. The recorded spectra were analysed using the integrated intensities of the observed G and D1 modes, utilizing Tunistra and Koenig's proposed model. The analyses result in an estimation of the aromatic sheet diameter (La) of asphaltene samples in the range of 1.3-2.5 nm. The obtained results are consistent with those previously reported for asphaltene samples from other parts of the world. Furthermore, spectroscopic studies of recorded FT-IR spectra of samples allow estimating the structural parameters of asphaltene's Aliphatic, Aromatic, Long-chain, Substitution 1, and Substitution 2 indices with average values of 0.20, 1.36, 0.056, 0.32, and 0.28, respectively.

Drought and regime changes in precipitation and cloudy changes due to climate change and global warming in many world regions have been considered by scientific communities. The impact of solar activities on atmospheric processes, such as solar radiation, sunspots, solar flares, magnetic storms and other cosmic rays, geophysical phenomena on climate change and global warming, is one of the significant issues. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the role and influence of the Sun and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on global warming. The fluctuation of geomagnetic activity is accompanied by solar activity, which includes the transfer of electrons and protons from the earth's radiation belts to the ionosphere. This hypothesis is based on the excitation of Rydberg states of atoms and molecules irradiated by solar radiation. A Rydberg atom is an excited atom that has one or more electrons with very high principal quantum numbers, n. The high electric dipole moment of Rydberg systems is a distinguishing characteristic of these systems. The large dipole moment of Rydberg atoms causes a strong interaction of dipole-dipole radiation in the system. The orientation of two molecules that have a large dipole moment with each other induces dipole-dipole interaction.     The ionosphere totally absorbs magnetic storm and solar wind energy fluxes in the UHF, SHF, and EHF bands, resulting in microwave emissions. In a lower atmosphere, this event reduces the separation of the cluster ions. The amount of created water clusters is highly dependent on the orbital quantum number of Rydberg states with the values of (n≥10). In other words, the probability of cluster ion separation is lower for higher-orbital quantum numbers than for smaller quantum numbers. The effect of microwave irradiation on clustering, water vapor concentration, and the generation of thin and young clouds are investigated in this research. It will be explained that such radiations easily penetrate the ionosphere and induce aggregation of molecules in Rydberg states, resulting increase in supramolecular stability. Furthermore, microwave radiation affects clustering and water vapor concentration, increasing the concentration of water vapor clusters. As a result, the probability of recently formed clusters separating decreases considerably, resulting in the accumulation of these clouds with concentrations of less than 10-15 cm-3.     The current work is a part of the scientific investigations of scientific research and techniques in human capabilities in understanding the impact of solar activity and magnetic storms on atmospheric processes and cloud formation. Ionospheric microwave radiation in the framework of excitation of atomic and molecular Rydberg states has been considered for this purpose. The thin and young clouds generated by solar activity can produce a greenhouse effect, which may eventually play a significant role in periodic global warming on the earth. In recent years, researchers have been attracted to pursue a practical approach, a knowledge-based and reasonable solution to this critical issue. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the basic concepts and physical principles of solar wind and magnetic storms in climate change and improve atmospheric conditions.

The dust and the environmental pollutions caused by dust storms are a serious environmental hazard, particularly in arid and semi-arid civilian regions in the world. Controlling and decreasing the harmful or undesirable effects of dust can be achieved by accurately identifying and analyzing dust samples. For this goal, various elemental analysis methods are commonly used for identifying and characterizing dust materials. The City of Yazd (UNESCO Heritage Center) is located in Iran's central region. It is surrounded by many industrial, mineral sites, and deserts. The city's urban areas suffer air pollution due to seasonal wind, the lack of annual rainfall, and dust storms. Hence, the dust concentration reaches higher than of standard limits occasionally in this city. In this paper, a study to characterize and analyze the falling-dust in Yazd city is reported. Initially, the sampling procedure was conducted at five different locations for two months using marble dust collectors. The size distributions and morphology of dust samples were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction technique (XRD). Moreover, samples' elemental composition was analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and distinctly, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIB). The analysis of SEM images and XRD patterns of dust particles allows studying the dust's size and morphology of samples. The size of 1 to 30 microns was estimated for the dust particles with the maximum size distributions between 2 to 7 microns. Also, capsular, triangular, spherical, irregular, and polyhedral shapes are revealed by recorded particles' images. The XRD analyses show the existence of silicates, carbonates, phosphates mineral groups, calcites, quartz, gypsum, magnesium carbonate, and aluminum phosphates components in samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a non-contact, fast response, high sensitivity, real-time, and multi-elemental analytical detection technique based on emission spectroscopy to measure the elemental composition. The elemental characterization of powder samples was carried out by investigating the emission spectra of breakdown plasma in the sample region. A 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser operating at high energy (100 mJ, 1 to 20 Hz), was focused on the surface of the tiny amount of powder sample to form an emitting plasma. The emission of produced plasma from the sample was collected by eight optical fibers and was detected by the spectrometer. The applied experimental setup allowed to record spectra in the range of 200 to 1200 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.4 nm. In total, 74 atomic emission lines of generated plasma were analyzed. Spectral analysis of obtained spectra enables to identify several elements such as calcium, silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, carbon, and other elements with less abundance such as potassium, sodium, strontium, manganese, titanium, cobalt, vanadium, barium and lead in the elemental composition of dust samples. The results deduced using the LIBS technique agree unambiguously with results obtained by EDX analysis of dust samples in this work. It is found that Laser-Induced Breakdown spectroscopy is a rapid, reliable, and powerful analytical tool for the diagnostic and detection of multiple elements for solid dust samples. Also, this technique is comparable with standard methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for chemical and elemental analysis of urban, mineral, and industrial dust.

In this research, zinc, calcium and cadmium organometallic nanostructures were synthesized as fluorescent materials for the application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). High luminescent ZnQ2, CaQ2, And CdQ2 organometallic nanostructures were synthesized by the simple precipitation method using 8- hydroxyquinoline ligand (8-hydroxyquinoline), cationic surfactant of trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and zinc, cadmium and cadmium salts. The crystalline and amorphous nature of ZnQ2, CdQ2 and CaQ2 organic-metal nanostructures was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized organic-metal complex nanostructures were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) To determine functional groups and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Optical and luminescence properties of the complexes were analyzed by visible and ultraviolet (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The maximum Green-blue emission peaks were observed from ZnQ2, CdQ2, and CaQ2 nanostructures at 498, 488, and 494 nm, respectively. The optical and electronic studies of the samples show that the synthesized nanostructures can be used in liquid crystals displays (LCDs) as well as in light-emitting diodes as an emission and electron transport layers.

Measurement of ionizing radiation in various fields, such as environmental safety, industrial detection processes, radiation protection and medical is very important. Radiation dosimetry plays an important role in determining the amount of energy absorbed and the effects of radiation. Recent optical fiber sensors have been shown to be radiation dosimeters. Our goal here is to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on fiber optics. Thus, in this paper, the effect of electron beam radiation on the loss of light passing through the fiber optics after the end of radiation in the wavelength range of 1300-1550 nm is investigated. Optical fibers with doses of of 22 and 47 kGy were irradiated. All measurements were carried out at a temperature of 25 ± 2 ° C. The results show that the light dissipation of the fiber optically increases with the radiation dose and decreases with the passage of time after the end of radiation.