دکتر محمد تقی شیبانی

Due to lifestyle changes and increased anxiety consumption of zolpidem has increased among young people. Zolpidem is the second sleeping medication used in the world. the harmful effects of this drug on the reproductive system have been proven. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E against zolpidem injuries on male reproductive system.

In this experimental study forty eight adult male mice NMRI strain at a mean weight of 25±5 grams were divided into one control and seven experimental groups. Zolpidem was prepared in distilled water. The control group received distilled water (as solvent of zolpidem) The groups 1, 2 and 3 received zolpidem at the doses 5, 10 and 20 (mg/kg of body weight). The group of 4 received (100 IU/kg of body weight) vitamin E and the groups of 5,6 and 7 received Zolpidem+ vitamin E for 35 days. One day after the last gavage, the treatment groups were sacrificed, the hearts were dissected and blood samples were obtained. Then the sperm parameters MDA, TAC and testosterone were evaluated.

Significant reduction in the count, motility, number of live and mature sperms at high doses were observed. DNA damage was increased, which vitamin E could result in improvement. The total antioxidant capacity and testosterone levels decreased while the amount of malondialdehyde level in the serum increased. Administration of Vitamin E improved MDA, TAC and testosterone level.

Zolpidem can increase the free radicals and weakens the body's antioxidant defense system, zolpidem causes disorders related to sperm parameters in high doses and therefore is able to impair the physiological function of male reproductive system. On the other hand, vitamin E, which is a fat-soluble antioxidant, can improve the damage and eliminate reproductive disorders.

In this study, performing for the first time, the tracheas of 5 Caspian seals were examined. For macroscopic study, the appearance features of the tracheas and the position of their cartilaginous rings were carefully examined. For microscopic examination, after the usual histological procedures, 6-micron sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid Schiff, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff and Alcian blue and studied with a light microscope. The macroscopic results showed that the tracheal lumen was elongated in an oval shape, but in the anterior surface of the trachea the cross section was completely round. The cartilaginous rings are C-shaped, but the cartilages located caudal to the cricoid cartilage appear as complete rings. The number of cartilaginous rings in 5 samples was between 85 and 95 cartilages, and their complete rings are about 28. The histological results showed that the epithelium is pseudo stratified columnar with many goblet cells. The lamina propria consists of loose connective tissue containing dense lymphatic tissues and the submucosa is composed of dense connective tissue. The presence and density of the collagen and elastic fibers in the submucosa seem to be higher than in the lamina propria, and a wide vascular network with lacunal spaces and valve-like structures can be seen in the connective tissues of the trachea. The muscles of the trachea are mainly oriented in the longitudinal direction and the cartilaginous rings in the dorsal region of the trachea overlap in several layers.

Aspartame is one of the synthetic sweeteners widely used in the food industry as a sugar substitute in recent decades. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of aspartame on histological and histomorphometric changes in the stomach in BALB/C mice.

In this study, 24 BALB/C mice aged three weeks were selected and divided into three experimental groups that received 0.3 ml aspartame solution at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, and a control group that received drinking water with the same condition up to nine weeks of age. Eventually, some tissue sections were prepared from the stomachs and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method. After histological evaluation, the necessary images were prepared and the histomorphometric examination was conducted using an optical microscope equipped with Axiovision software. The thickness of mucosa, submucosa, musculature, and depth of pits was measured and the frequency of parietal cells was calculated in the dimensions of 6.25 × 104 μm2.

Histological results indicated destruction and disruption of the mucosal epithelium and gastric pits and atrophy of gastric glands including glandular cells. In the histomorphometric examination of the non-glandular part, only the thickness of the mucosa had a significant difference in the group receiving the highest dose of aspartame compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, in the evaluation of the glandular part, mucosal and muscle thickness in all three experimental groups and the submucosa thickness in the glandular and non-glandular parts in the experimental group (400 mg body weight) showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the depth of gastric pits increased significantly and the frequency of parietal cells had a significant decrease in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Although aspartame may partially play a protective role by decreasing parietal cells, it should be noted that higher doses of aspartame could induce tissue changes in different layers of the stomach. Therefore, it is recommended to use it with more caution.

Aspartame is a kind of artifical and non-sugar sweetener that is used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. This study was done to determine effect of Aspartam on histomorphometric alterations, kidney function and expression of Bcl2, Bax, Caspase 3, P53 Genes in Mice.

In this experimental study, 36 adult male NMRI mice were allocated into four groups including control group and three experimental groups. The mice in the control group received 0.3 ml of distilled water by oral gavage for 90 days and the experimental groups received 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg aspartame, respectively orally and daily. One day after treatment, blood and kidney tissue samples were taken to evaluate biochemical, histomorphometric alterations and gene expression.

Renal capsule diameter, glomerulus diameter and height of the epithelial layer of distal and proximal tubules were significantly reduced in treated groups compared to control group with increasing dosage of aspartame (P<0.05). However, the size of the urinary space and the diameter of the lumen of distal and proximal tubules were significantly increased in treated groups in compared to control group (P<0.05). The level of blood nitrogen urea (BUN) and creatinine significantly increased treated groups in compared to the control group with increasing dosage of aspartame (P<0.05). Also, with increasing dosage of aspartame, Bcl2 gene expression significantly reduced in treated groups in compared to the control group (P<0.05) however expression of Bax, Caspase 3 and p53 genes were significantly increased in treated groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Aspartame can cause changes in biochemical, histomorphometric indices, expression of Bcl2, Bax, Caspase 3 and P53 genes in mice kidney.

Aspartame is the most famous and widely used artificial sweetener which is extensively used in food stuffs. Many controversial reports are presented on the toxisity of aspartame on different body tissues; nonetheles, little data is available about the the side effects of Aspartame on the reproductive system. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of aspartame on sperm quality and oxidant parameters in mice.
 

This study wsa carried out on 36 adult male NMRI which were randomly assigned into four groups of nine mice. The three experimental groups received Aspartam with the doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg, by oral gavage for 90 days. The control group was considered as well. The blood samples were collected from the heart 24 hours after the last treatment and sperm quality parameters including, count, motility, viability, chromatin condensation, abnormality, and DNA damage were evaluated.
 

The results indicated a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and testosterone, as well as a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in 80 and 160 mg/kg groups, compared to the control group (P<0.01). Aspartame reception decreased the number, motility, viability and maturation of the sperms (P<0.001) and increased abnormality and DNA damage to sperm in 80 and 160 mg/kg groups, compared to the control group (P<0.001).
 

The findings of the present study revealed that aspartame consumption could lead to decreased sperm quality and negative changes in oxidant parameters.

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener which is being consumed by over 200 million people in the world and also is widely used in foodstuffs and medicines in more than 90 countries. On the other hand, there are a great number of contradictory reports about its toxic effect on variety of tissues. However, there is a few of information about the adverse effects of aspartame on adrenal glands, so the present study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of aspartame on the adrenal glands in male mice. A total of 36 adult male NMRI mice weighing between 20 to 25 g were randomly divided into four groups of nine each. For three groups, aspartame was administered orally with the doses of 40 (low dose), 80 (medium dose) and 160 (high dose) mg/kg.BW respectively for 90 days by gavage. Also a control group was considered. 24 hours after the last treatment, histological and histomorphometrical alterations were evaluated by digital microscope. Also, specific stains of periodic acid schiff, trichrome masson and toluidine blue were used to determine carbohydrate compounds, amount of fibrosis and the number of mast cells in adrenocortical tissue. In the high dose group, aspartame led to disorganization of cellular orders in zona glomerulosa, and zona reticularis. Besides, aspartame could induce cellular disorganization and disintegration in cellular columns of zona fasciculata in medium and high dose groups, and also inflammatory and necrotizing centers of zona fasciculata were observable. There were some necrotizing centers in central region of adrenal gland, in medium and high dose groups. Histometric changes revealed a significant increase in the number of mast cells, the size of spongiocytes, and the thickness of zona fasciculate and zona reticularis. Also it caused a significant decrease in the larger diameter of medulla of the adrenal gland in medium and high dose groups. There were no significant changes in the thickness of zona glomerulosa and adrenal capsule. Histochemical study with masson's trichrome revealed that aspartame could induce increase in fibrose tissue in the high dose group. Also with periodic acid schiff staining, there were no sensible changes in relation with carbohydrate compounds in all groups. The findings of this study showed that aspartame as an oxidant, in medium and high dose groups, could induce negative effects on histomofometric parameters and caused tissue damage in the adrenal gland. It also increased the number of mast cells and fibrosis of the adrenocortical tissue.

  Aspartame is a low-calorie synthetic sweetener that is consumed by 200 million subjects worldwide. In recent years, negative effects of aspartame have been shown on various tissues of the body. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long term consumption of aspartame at different doses on histological and histometrical structure of ventral, anterior, and dorsal lobes of prostate gland in adult mice.

In this experimental study, 20 adult male mice were divided into four groups, including control group (without treatment) and groups receiving aspartame (at doses of 40, 80, and 160mg/kg/bw) by gavage for 90 days. First, the mice were euthanized, then, blood samples and tissue of the prostate lobes, were collected for histomorphological and histochemical studies. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, were used to compare the means in the studied groups.

Histological and histometrical results were indicative of a significant decrease in cell count and epithelial height of the secretory units in ventral, anterior, and dorsal lobes of the prostate in aspartame groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Percentage of parenchyma to ventral lobe of prostate gland showed a significant decrease in aspartame groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). A significant decrease was seen in serum testosterone in dose-dependent aspartame groups compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Aspartame has a negative effect (even at low doses) on the histopathological and histometrical structure of prostate gland, especially the ventral and anterior lobes. However, further clinical studies are required to evaluate the negative effects of aspartame in human

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) as a well-known hemolytic compound causes toxicity in different tissues. The present study aimed to evaluate the probable protective effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) and vitamin E (vit E) against the damage caused by PHZ in mice kidney.
The adult male mice were divided into eight groups, with 8 mice in each group. The control group received normal saline (0.1ml/day, IP). The second group received PHZ (60mg/kg/48h, IP). The third group received PHZ along with vitamin E (100mg/kg/day, IP). The fourth group received ethyl pyruvate (40mg/kg/day, orally) along with PHZ, and the fifth group received vitamin E and ethyl pyruvate at the same dose as the previous groups, along with PHZ. The sixth group received vitamin E, the seventh group received ethyl pyruvate and the eighth group received vitamin E and ethyl pyruvate, with the same doses as previous groups, without the PHZ. After 35 days of treatment, serum and kidney tissue were sampled for serological, histological and histomorphometrical study.
PHZ treatment caused a significant elevation (P It seems that EP and vit E, as free radical inhibitors, decreased the kidney toxicity induced by PHZ in mice.

Argyrosomidae family and the species Argyrosomus hololepidotus due to having high protein levels, are among the most valuable aquatics in the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and the coasts of Khuzestan. Lymphoid tissues are of the most important tissues in fish which their evaluation is important in health and disease investigation. Unlike mammals, fish lack lymph nodes and also there is not hematopoietic tissue in their bone marrows, so hematopoiesis is done in their spleen and kidney. In this study, 6 Argyrosomus hololepidotus were provided from the Persian Gulf. Tissue samples from the spleen with 5mm thickness were prepared and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then tissue sections were prepared in 5-6 μ and after H&E staining, the structures of the capsule and parenchyma of spleen were studied histologically. In order to confirm the results and findings of this staining, some other specific stainings such as PAS, Masson trichrome and silver staining were used. Microscopic results showed that tissue structure of spleen parenchyma was consisted of white pulp, red pulp, melano-macrophage centers and ellipsoid capillaries. Much of the red pulp is occupied by sinusoidal capillaries full of erythrocyte, which indicates the spleen in Argyrosomus hololepidotus serves as a source of blood reservoir.

Argyrosomus hololepidotus belonging to the family Sciendae is one of the most valuable fish species from both commercial and nutritional aspects. Nonetheless, scarce data are available on its biology, macroscopic morphology and microscopic features. The objective of this study was investigating morphology of digestive tube and accessory glands in Argyrosomus hololepidotus. For this a total of six fish from the Persian Gulf shores in Mahshahr were provided and immediately their abdomens were opened and subjected to morphological and topographical study.Digestive tube consists of a short esophagus, a saccular stomach, leaf like pyloric caeca, sigmoid intestine, rectum and finally anus. The liver possesses three distinct lobes including right lobe, a short middle lobe and along left lobe. A gall bladder is also observed in vicinity of the right lobe. On the basis of the results of the present study, regarding to the feeding route in Argyrosomus hololepidotus, digestive tube has a short length and besides greater bulk of the stomach compared to the other parts is significant.

Wheat sprout contains a high amount of antioxidants, vitamins (especially vitamin E), minerals and phytoestrogen compounds. Use of medicinal herbs in reducing heavy metal toxicities has increased worldwide. In recent years, negative effects of lead on the male reproductive system and sperm fertility parameters have been shown broadly.
This study investigated the effects of wheat sprout extract (WSE) and vitamin E on sperm parameters and testicular oxidative stress in rats exposed to lead acetate.
Thirty-five rats were divided randomly into seven groups: G1 (control group) received 1 ml/kg/day of normal saline, G2 received 20 mg/kg/day of lead acetate, G3 and G4 received 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day of WSE respectively, G5 and G6 received 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day of WSE respectively with 20 mg/kg/day of lead acetate, and G7 received 100 mg/kg/day of vitamin E with 20 mg/kg/day of lead acetate. After 35 days, rats were sacrificed and blood, sperm, liver and testicle tissue samples were collected for histomorphological and histochemical studies.
Results showed that count, motility and viability of sperms increased following the administration of 200 mg/kg/day of WSE (p Results of the current study show that dose dependent WSE significantly prevents testicular toxicity and oxidative stress effects of lead acetate.

In recent years, the effects of lead have been shown on the male reproductive system and sperm fertility parameters. To treat of human problems and the pains, medicinal plants have been considered. The wheat sprout contains high amount of vitamins, minerals and phytoestrogens compounds. This study investigated the wheat sprout effects on sperm quality in rats exposed to lead. For this purpose, 30 healthy adult male Wistar rats (220 ±20 g) were divided randomly into six groups: G1 (Control group) received 1 ml/kg/day normal saline, G2 received 20 mg/kg/day lead acetate (intraperitoneally), G3 and G4 received 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day wheat sprout extract (orally) respectively, G5 and G6 received 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day wheat sprout extract (orally) respectively along with 20 mg/kg/day lead acetate (intraperitoneally). After 35 days, the rats were sacrificed using chloroform and sperm samples were taken from the caudal of the epididymis. Sperm total count, motility, viability, nuclear maturity, and DNA damage as the sperm quality parameters were determined. For statistical analysis, data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software. The results showed that sperm count, motility and viability were decreased and percentage of immature sperms was increased significantly following administration of the lead (P

Soybean as a cheap protein and without side effects has been introduced to food industry. This study carried out to determine the effect of diet containing soybean on histology and histomorphometry of duodenal villi and serum levels of Calcium, Phosphorus and Glucose in mice.
In this experimental study, 30 female immature BALB/c mice with 3 weeks of age were randomly allocated into control, and experimental 1 and 2. The control group was fed a diet with complete protein. Animals in the experimental 1 and 2 were received a diet of complete protein with 40% soybean and 20% soybean, respectively. After 3 months the mice were anesthetized and blood samples were taken from the heart for determining serum level of Calcium, Phosphorus and glucose. Duodenum specimens from were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Tissue structure of duodenum in experimental groups in compare to control group was not significantly changed, except for some scant specimens who showed some degrees of destruction in villi apicese. In histomorphometrical evaluation, the thickness of sub - mucosa and musculature were significantly increased in experimental groups compared to the controls group (P Long term consumption of soybean can induce significant alteration in serum Calcium and glucose level, thickness of sub mucosa and musculature, the height of villi and depth of crypt in duodenum.

Regarding to economic value ​​of meat, use of unauthorized animal tissue is possible in meat products. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the efficacy of histological examination in qualitative and quantitative detection of minced meat fraud by means of mixing avian skin and adipose tissues.
In this experimental study, the avian skin and adipose tissue samples of 5, 10, 15, and 20% in minced meat were prepared individually. Then sampling and histological examinations were performed. The mean proportions of the surface areas of avian skin and adipose tissues were calculated at five different points of each section and statistical analysis was done by ANOVA.
The avian skin and adipose tissues were observed in all samples in different percentages. The quantitative results of histological examination of minced meat samples containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% of avian skin and adipose tissues revealed the respective efficacy of this technique to be 8.48 ± 6.15, 11.91 ± 7.32, 16.96 ± 7.93, and 20.54 ± 8.15% for avian skin tissue and 2.92±3.69, 4.24±5.18, 7.21±7.02, and 9.8±10.16 for adipose tissue (p The present study showed that histological technique has ability to determine the quality and quantity of avian skin mixing values in minced meat products. Although this method showed an acceptable adequacy in qualitative determination of the adipose tissue, however, it has no sufficient adequacy in assessing the quantity of this tissue probably due to dissolution of fat in xylene during the staining process.

One of the most artificial sweeteners is Aspartame which is commonly used in a variety of foodstuffs.
This study has been carried out in order to evaluate the effects of Aspartame on histology and histometry of duodenum.
Forty female Balb/C mice, 21 days of age were selected and initial weight was determined. The treatment groups received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Aspartame for 6 weeks, control group received only distilled water. At the end of experiment, the mice were reweighed. Then the duodenal tissue sections were prepared and stained with H&E. Besides the histological study, histometric data were collected by a light microscope equipped with Axiovision software.
The body weights in treatment groups (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) were 5.57±1.18, 4.47±0.89 and 5.84±0.57 respectively, which in comparison with the control group (9.38±0.81) showed a significant difference (p Based on this study, it can be concluded that Aspartame can cause some histological and histometrical changes in duodenum.

Argyrosomidae family and the species Argyrosomus hololepidotus due to high valued protein are among the most valuable aquatics in the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and the coasts of Khuzestan. Lymphoid tissues are of the most important tissues in fish which their identification is important in health and disease states. Unlike mammals, fish lack lymph node and also there is not hematopoietic tissue in their bone marrows, and so mainly Hematopoiesis is done in their spleen and kidney. In this study, 6 pieces of Argyrosomus hololepidotus were provided from the Persian Gulf. Some samples from the spleen up to 5mm thickness were prepared and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then tissue sections were prepared in 5-6 μ and after H&E staining, the structures of the capsule and parenchyma of pronephrose were studied histologically. In order to confirm the results and findings of this staining, silver staining was also used. Microscopic results showed that tissue structure of Argyrosomus hololepidotuspronephrose was consisted of hematopoietic tissue, lymphoid tissues and kidney tubules. Pronephrose lymphoid tissues are also consisted of reticular supportive tissue and lymphocytic parenchyma cells.

Nowadays the consumption of meat and animal carcasses in most countries is increasing. Regarding to economic values ​​of meat, usage of unauthorized tissues in minced meat by jobbers is probable. Therefore; the present study was performed in order to detect unauthorized tissues in minced meat.
In this study, a total of 20 samples of trade frozen minced meat was purchased from various stores in Yazd city.Then each sample was divided into three parts and then one piece was taken from each part. The tissues were fixed in 10 % neutral-buffered formalin and were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into 6 µm sections and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histological study.
The skeletal muscle tissues were visible clearly in all samples. Although, connective tissue, adipose tissue and smooth muscle were seen but unauthorized tissues were not detected in any sample. Just in one sample, the residuals of the skin tissue was showed and in another sample , possessed bone tissue and in half of the samples the residuals of visceral organs were seen. In addition, some sections of the ligament were found.
The present study showed that the meat which has been used in preparation of this product had not premium quality. Due to importance of health and quality of meat, detection of unauthorized tissues in this product with histological technique is suggested.

One of the most valuable fish in Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, and territorial (coastal) waters of Khozestan, a province in the southwest of Iran, is Argyrosomus hololepidotus. In fish, skin is the first line of defense against the external environment and furthermore makes possible natural physiological functions inside the body. In this study, six Argyrosomus hololepidotus were used for microscopic analyses. The samples were prepared from 0.5µm cuts from the fish dorsum and later they were dyed in toluidine blue, H & E, PAS, AB (pH=2.5) and AB (pH=2.5)-PAS. For transmission electron microscopic analyses, the samples were dehydrated and embedded in resin after primary and post-fixation. Later, cuts with the thickness between 50nm to 80nm were prepared and dyed in uranyl acetate. The result of the light microscopic analysis showed that the fish’s epidermis is composed from goblet, epithelial, and superficial-squamous cells. Their dermis contains spongiosum and compactum layers. The subcutis does not exist in some parts and it is thin in some parts. The results of the electron microscopic analyses showed that goblet cells include mucosal drops. The superficial squamous cells have micro ridges that keep in touch thorough tight junctions and the cytoplasm of epithelial epidermis cells has filaments that keep in touch via desmosomes. In addition, the result of histochemical analysis showed that goblet cells, superficial squamous cells and epithelial cells reacted positively to PAS and AB dyes with pH 2.5.

Introduction and In the modern world, soybean as a valuable meal is used for providing protein and some essential body needs. The stomach also as a part of alimentary canal has its own role in mechanical and chemical digestion. The objective of this study is evaluation of the effects of soy meal on histological and histometrical features of the stomach and also on biochemical factors of blood serum.
In this experimental study, a total of thirty immature female mice of Balb/C were selected at three weeks of age. Subsequently, on the basis of three types of diets, the mice were divided into three groups as; the group A or control, fed on a diet of full protein, the group B fed on a diet of 40% soy meal and the group C fed on a diet of 20% soy meal. After three months, the mice were anesthetized, and blood samples were obtained from the heart for determining the serum level of some hematologic factors such as urea, total protein, cholesterol and LDL. Then the stomach was removed, some tissue sections were prepared and stained with H&E. After histological study, the stomach was subjected to histometric evaluation. A light microscope equipped with Axiovision software surveyed the histometric data and the thickness of mucosa, submucosa, musculature, also depth of the pits and the number of parietal cells were measured. For data analysis, one way ANOVA was used to compare the control group with experimental groups and Tukey test was used to compare the groups with each other. The significance level was considered as pFindings: Soya bean consumption didn’t cause histological changes. In the more precisely histometric study, the results showed that in non-glandular portion of the stomach, between the control group compared with the groups fed on soy meal, there was significant increase in thickness of mucosa in the experimental group B (676±99.45) compared with the control group (427±77.53) and also in thickness the muscular layers in the experimental group C (233.30±84.69) compared with the control group (104.05±11.71), (p It seems that long-term consumption of soybean could affect on the stomach mucosa and proliferation of parietal cells and also could decrease the serum levels of cholesterol, urea and LDL.

Aspartame، as a synthetic sweetener، has been widely used in food products during the recent decades and renal excretion of aspartame lasts several days. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose-dependent effects of aspartame on morphometrical and histometrical changes of the kidney in immature mice. 24 immature female Balb/C mice، were randomly categorized to three experi-mental and one control groups of 6 mice each. Experimental and control groups received aspartame100، 200 and 400 mg/kg/bw respectively and distilled water with the same method for 21 days. At the end of the experiment، the mice were weighed and anesthetized their right kidneys were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. body weight difference showed significant decrease in experimental groups of 100، 200، 400 mg/kg/bw (1. 43±0. 198، 1. 64± 0. 281، 2. 60±0. 388) respectively compare to the control groups (4. 65±0. 139)، length، width، diameter and weight of kidneys had significant decrease between experimental and control groups (p<0. 05). In the case of histometrical changes، the diameter of glomeruli، diameter of renal corpuscles and the height of epithelium of proximal and distal convoluted tubules showed significant decrease in experimental groups compared to control group (p<0. 05). The diameter of urinary space and lumen of proximal and distal convoluted tubules، experimental groups showed significant increase compared to control group (p<0. 05). This can be concluded that aspartame can induce morphometrical and histometrical changes in mice kidney.

In order to study development of nephrons in larval and fingerling stages of sturgeon (Acipenser persicus), a total number of 60 samples of larvae and Fingerlings were randomly collected and immediately were fixed in Buin’s fluid. After routine histological procedures and sectioning at 5-6 micrometers, they were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and studiedunder light microscope. The results showed that in one day after hatching, the abdomen was filled with yolk sac which was disappeared in the next days and the growth of organs was developed. Renal corpuscles were observed during the first week. Renal corpuscles and urinary tubules were obvious after fourth day of hatching. During the next days, the kidneys progressed gradually to the caudal parts and also the tubules and renal corpuscles increased in number. Also in days twenty to twenty five, beside the growth and increasing of renal corpuscles, complete differentiation of urinary tubules occured. In days thirty five to forty complete growths of tubules and renal corpuscles were observed, moreover each tubule showed its own cytoplasm staining, and the presence of hematopoietic tissues and lymphatic tissues were completely obvious.