سید حسین هاشمی

In response to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), various legal systems have created different regulatory and supervisory interventions for this technology. While some countries prioritize consumer protection by imposing stringent regulations, others adopt a more permissive approach to promote innovation. However, comparing different models of AI regulation can help find the right balance between innovation and protecting consumers against the risks of AI. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative study, seeks to answer the question of what Iran's regulatory policy on artificial intelligence is. An examination of AI regulatory models in the European Union, the United States, and China indicates that each legal system must organize this matter according to its own objectives, policies, requirements, and characteristics of the legal system and technology. Iran's legal system suffers from serious structural and normative gaps in responding to this technology and other emerging technologies like AI. In 2021, the Supreme Leader of Iran declared the development of AI technology and its related systems as one of the country's macro-policies. However, the policy of developing artificial intelligence without addressing these structural and normative gaps not only potentially endangers the rights of citizens but also seriously challenges the development of AI-based businesses.

The relationship between the rulers and citizens and the framework of rights and mutual duties between them has been the subject of many theories in political philosophy and the legal theory. Today certain legal rules have been identified as the duties of the ruler for the benefit of the citizens in various legal systems. Also,the duties of the citizens are predicted along with their rights, and considering the evolution of the mentioned theories, different views about the rights of citizens try to present clear and specific components in this field. At the same time, whether they are absolute or limited is an important issue to consider. If we consider citizenship rights as a set of rights and privileges that are granted to individuals in a given political and legal system through the relationship of citizenship, the fact that citizenship rights are bound and conditional to fulfilling duties towards the government is one of the most important issues. In this article, the question will be answered with a descriptive-analytical method, from the point of view of citizenship rights, how is the main scope of the mutual relationship between the ruler and the people formulated. In conclusion, the most important feature of citizenship rights from human rights is the relationship of citizenship, and this makes the general framework of citizenship rights out of application and the fulfillment of these rights is the fulfillment of citizenship duties, especially towards the government and the public.

Kashafrud catchment, located 40 km from Mashhad, is facing a serious environmental crisis; Because, the law on waste management approved in (1383) needs to be reviewed and updated and as a rule, it was necessary to take action based on the general environmental policies (Announced in (1394) by the Leader of the Islamic Revolution) and the suggestions of the Human Rights and Citizenship Institute to update and amend this law. On the other hand, the lack of serious concern of the Environment Organization and the Agricultural Jihad (jihad keshavarzi) to exercise supervision or increase the efficiency of the necessary legal-regulatory tools between the exchange of competencies between Mashhad Water and Sewerage Company and Mashhad Municipality, the issue of kashafrud has become a very dangerous environmental crisis for nature, agriculture and culture and tourism of this region. In this article, the researcher uses two methods of field observation and documentary based research to try to use the news and specialized analysis as well as field observation in the region, the most important issues in the region recognizes three issues: environmental, cultural, legal and managerial. Finally, the author offers suggestions for solving these problems. The most important are: the amendment of the law on waste management, increasing the efficiency of regulatory tools and mandatory competencies, identifying and prosecuting criminals, and other regulatory and managerial strategies.