مقالات رزومه دکتر سید روح الله طباطبائی ندوشن

One of the most reliable methods to study the power relations in Hijaz during the Qur'an revelation is to examine the propositions that contain unwritten political ideas, including factors affecting power. The article, with an anthropological perspective, examines the historical and narrative propositions of the influential people in politics in Banū Hāshim and Umayyad and by using verses and traditions, has presented an analysis of the determining factors in power relations in that era. Examining power factors in the society that has disappeared in history can lead to the revelation of more types of power relations in the Qur'an’s revelation atmosphere and make a better understanding of the Qur'an’s teachings. On the other hand, examining the difference between the ruling official discourse and the informal but common discourses among the people can provide a basis for analyzing and criticizing any political system, especially contemporary governments. This research which is organized with a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources shows that wealth, authoritarian behavior and population are among the most important power factors in the political discourses of Hijaz, from the Revelation to 132 AH. Both families disagreed about these factors’ details; The difference of opinion that is affected by the different views of power cost and the effectiveness of these two on different approaches politics. For the Umayyads, "power" was a fundamental approach, so they sacrificed morality and religion for power, but the Banū Hāshim, who saw politics as a means of reaching the "ideal", were not willing to gain power at any cost.

Examining statements related to power in ancient texts is an approach to understanding the political and management discourses formed in the context of history. Discourse analysis based on power distance can provide a profile of the political and managerial culture dimensions of an organization or society. The symmetrical land of Hijaz, with the formation of Quraysh's commercial trips, witnessed the emergence of the wealth foundation discourse, which temporarily faded with the emergence of Islam and the establishment of the prophetic government in Medina and gave way to another discourse; The new discourse was expanded and promoted in an unprecedented way during the rule of Imam Ali (AS). In the present article, which was organized with the descriptive analytical method based on library sources, two competing discourses were analyzed based on the indicators of power distance, and at the end the following result was obtained: Imam Ali (AS), while challenging the authority of the wealthy elite, opposed hierarchical relationships and advocated for intellectual enlightenment within the political and administrative organization. Fundamentally, he did not believe in maintaining a power distance. Based on this research, the result of adopting these strategies was the creation of an open political space for freely expressing positions and criticisms, meritocracy, and also a serious fight against favoritism in the Alevi government, which was unprecedented in the previous and subsequent governments.

One of the hidden aspects of the differences between Bani Hashem and the Umayyads is the difference in the attitude of these two dynasties to the details of power, including the ‘distance of power’. Power distance, which is of interest to anthropologists, analyzes the distribution and accumulation of political power and the relationship between people and those in power. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory has listed this component as one of the six axes of the cultural difference of societies. Emphasizing the issue of power distance, the present study examines historical statements about the behavior of the power of the two Quraysh dynasties and presents an analysis of the role of the dominant viewpoint in each of these two dynasties. According to this research, the desire to be seen as generous, the emphasis on the display of power, ethnocentrism, trying to maintain economic superiority, unconventional and purposeful generosity, and the utilitarian view of others and public property, are the issues that show that Bani Umayyah believed in a great power distance. On the other hand, simple living, a noble view of others and public property, humility, kindness to subordinates, and avoiding tribalism are some of the evidence that show Bani Hashem's emphasis on low power distance. Based on this, it should be said that the difference of opinion about the power distance was the main source of the difference in the attitude of the Umayyad and Hashem families towards the economy, society, and politics.

Nahj al-balāgha contains valuable propositions in the field of work culture based on Islamic ethics and human dignity. These propositions show a reliable source for regulating the relations between the worker and the employer and the correct method of interaction between the superior and inferior human factors. In this article, which is based on the descriptive and analytical method based on organized library resources, the needs and requirements of worker-employer relations based on "power distance" as one of the well-known criteria of the "cultural dimensions" theory have been investigated. Based on this research, Imam Ali (AS) did not believe in power distance in the relations between superior and inferior human factors and considered the society to be one-sided, free and oriented towards morality. Imam Ali (AS) broke the concept to eliminate this gap. Also, considering his moral and professional qualifications, he left a model of professional behavior in his memory.

Supervision is regarded an efficient factor for coordinating the activities of an organization with its goals and aspirations and structuring behavior of its members and as a guarantee for sound management of that organization. The duty of governments is running the community affairs and this needs to monitoring the performance of their subjects. Because Imam Ali's government had solid religious-devotional foundations and because the Imam Ali was in the upper rank of the management pyramid, he paid special attention to the issue of supervising the agents of his government. Using a descriptive-analytical method and library-based survey, the present paper investigates the different aspects of supervision in Imam Ali's government and its influence on the founder of the Islamic Revolution. This study expounds the methods and components of the model used by Imam Ali for supervising his agents, including direct observation, and attending to the reports submitted by people. The paper elicits the supervision model used by the Commander of the Faithful and proves that it has exerted influence on Imam Khomeini. The results of the study show that Imam Ali used different ways and a systematic pattern to oversee the performance of his agents. The founder of the Islamic Revolution was greatly influenced by the components and methods of the mentioned model by observing its procedural requirements.