a bagheri

Due to the increasing occurrence of natural disasters, importance of maintaining sustainable energy for cities and society is felt more than ever. On the other hand, power loss reduction is a challenging issue of active distribution networks (ADNs). Therefore, the distribution network operators (DNOs) should have a certain view on these two problems in today’s smart grids. In this paper, a new convex optimization model is proposed with two objective functions including energy loss reduction in normal operating mode and system load shedding minimization in critical conditions after the occurrence of natural disasters. This purpose is fulfilled through optimal allocation of distributed generation (DG) units from both conventional and renewable types as well as energy storage systems (ESSs). In addition, a new formulation has been derived to form optimal micro-grids (MGs) aiming at energy loss reduction in normal operating condition and resiliency index improvement under emergency situations. The developed model is implemented in GAMS software and the studies have been tested and analyzed on the IEEE 33-bus system. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of energy loss reduction as well as resilience enhancement in extreme operation condition following severe disruptions in the system.

Inertial electrostatic confinement fusion (IECF) devices are utilized for studying nuclear fusion reactions, particularly for fusion neutron production. A strong electric field between two transparent electrodes results in the formation and acceleration of ions toward the device's center. The energy level of these accelerated ions reaches tens of kilo-electron volts, sufficient to produce fast neutrons through nuclear fusion reactions when deuterium gas is used. Overheating due to collisions of high-energy ions with the cathode surface is a primary issue that limits the applied power and long-term stable operation of these devices. In this research, an actively cooled cathode was designed and constructed for the IR-IECF device. Deionized recirculating water was used as the coolant to reduce the cathode temperature. The cathode, connected to a high voltage power supply via a feedthrough, can prevent high voltage breakdown and melting at input powers exceeding three kilowatts. Both theoretical and experimental results show excellent agreement in heat removal during continuous operation.

containing fertilisers play a crucial role in improving both the quantity and quality of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Greenhouses make it possible to produce fresh tomatoes all year round, and these tomatoes are among the most important and valuable horticultural crops globally. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient contributing mainly to ATP production, root growth, and vigorous vegetative and reproductive growth. Being an immobile ion, P doesn’t move easily in the soil, its deficiency becoming prevalent throughout the plant growth, necessitating P fertilizers application to guarantee an acceptable fruit yield. Research has shown that adding P fertilizer increases fruit yield, fruits/plant, and plant height. It also improves the quality of the fruit, enhancing traits like size, firmness, and nutritional content, particularly vitamins A and C. When P is combined with the right amounts of nitrogen and potassium, the benefits to the crop growth and productivity are even greater, leading to higher fruit yield and quality. To meet market demands and ensure consistent, high-quality tomatoes production, optimising P use in greenhouse farming is crucial.

This research was conducted in December 2022 in a greenhouse located at the Aliabad-Hajiabad greenhouse site in Hormozgan province, south of Iran (longitude of 55° 95', latitude of 28°31', an elevation of 1200 meters above sea level, and temperatures ranging from -1 °C to 47 °C). The study followed a factorial design within a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications.  Seeds of the *Dafnis* tomato cultivar (indeterminate type) were sown on 15 November 2022 in 105-cell trays filled with a mixture of peat moss and cocopeat (1:3 peat moss to 2:3 cocopeat). At the two-leaf stage, seedlings were fertilized with 10-52-10 (N-P-K) fertilizer. Irrigation conducted every two days based on tray moisture levels. Seedlings were transplanted into 10 kg plastic pots on 30th of December 2022. Humic acid was applied twice (55 g for 550 seedlings, equivalent to 2.5 kg/ha). Treatments began on 3rd of February 2023, with 30 plants per treatment group. Fertilization levels included: 0 (no fertilizer), 20-20-20 (N-P-K), 10-52-10 (N-P-K), Phosphoric Acid (75%), Triple Superphosphate which were carried out three times at 15-day intervals. Tomatoe fruits were harvested on 29th April 2023 and transported to the laboratory for further analysis. Fruit length and diameter were measured using a calliper. To determine fruit volume, the fresh weight was recorded using a precise balance, and the volume was calculated based on water displacement after submerging the fruit in a known volume of water. Fruits/cluster was determined and the total weight of each cluster was measured with a balance. Mean fruit weight was determined by weighing individual fruits after harvest. For quality assessment, total soluble solids (TSS) were measured using a refractometer. Titratable acidity (TA) was determined by titration with a standard sodium hydroxide solution. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using spectrophotometric methods. These measurements provided a comprehensive evaluation of both the physical and biochemical properties of the harvested tomatoes.

This study revealed that the maximum fruit weight (141 g), length (4.98 cm), diameter (6.95 cm), and volume (164 cm³) were recorded when 20-20-20 fertilizer was combined with triple superphosphate. Similarly, the highest total cluster weight (637 g) and fruits/cluster (6.8) were observed under this treatment. The synergistic effects of different fertilizers on fruit quality were also investigated. The application of 75% phosphoric acid resulted in the highest soluble solids content in the fruit, indicating enhanced sweetness. Moreover, phosphorus fertilizers significantly increased the titratable acidity of the fruit, contributing to its flavor profile. The highest phenolic content (0.74 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight) was found in fruits treated with a combination of 20-20-20 fertilizer and phosphoric acid. Both phosphorus fertilizers alone and in combination with the complete fertilizer significantly enhanced the flavonoid content of the fruit. The availability of nitrogen and particularly phosphorus, has a positive impact on flower initiation and development. By supplying essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, fruit set was significantly improved. Another possible reason is that increasing the supply of essential nutrients to the tomato plant enhanced nutrient availability, uptake, and mobility within plant tissues, resulting in an increased fruits/cluster..

The research demonstrated that a combination of 20-20-20 fertilizer with triple superphosphate and phosphoric acid can significantly enhance both the quantity and quality of tomato fruit. This fertilizer regime not only increased fruit size and fruits/cluster but also improved other fruit characteristics such as soluble solids content, acidity, and phenol compound. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing fertilizer application to maximize tomato fruit yield and quality.

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) possess significant commercial and nutritional value (Gulluoglu, Bakal, Bihter, Cemal, & Arioglu, 2016). However, this plant is highly susceptible to weed competition due to its slow canopy extension, dormant growth habit, and lengthy critical weed control period (Everman, Burke, Clewis, Thomas, & Wilcut, 2008). Consequently, effective weed control measures are crucial for successful peanut production. Furthermore, implementing appropriate planting patterns can reduce competition among peanut plants, enhance solar radiation absorption and other growth resources, and ultimately lead to increased crop yield (Bihter, Bakal, Gulluoglu, & Aroglu, 2017). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of planting pattern and the integration of pre- and post-emergence herbicides with hand weeding on the yield and yield components of two peanut cultivars, specifically in the climate of Kermanshah, for the first time.

To investigate the impact of weed management and planting patterns on the yield and yield components of different peanut cultivars in the weather conditions of Kermanshah, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted. The study took place in 2022 at the research field and physiology laboratory of the agricultural campus and natural resources of Razi University. The experiment consisted of three factors: Peanut cultivars (NC2 and NC7), Planting patterns (P1: row and plant spacing of 50 cm × 25 cm, and P2: 75 cm × 18 cm), Weed control treatments (M1: Two rounds of weeding combined with the application of Trifluralin 48% EC (796 g a.i.ha-1), Bentazon 48% SL (960 g a.i.ha-1), and Haloxyfop-r-methyl 10.8% EC (75 g a.i.ha-1), M2: Two rounds of weeding along with the use of Trifluralin (1233 g a.i.ha-1), M3: Two rounds of weeding combined with the use of Haloxyfop-r-methyl and Bentazon, M4: Complete weeding, and M5: Weed-infested treatment) Measurements of plant dry weight, seed dry weight, and pod dry weight per square meter were conducted using a precision scale. Additionally, the number of seeds and pods per square meter were counted. To assess seed size, photography and image processing using JMicrovision software were employed. The analysis of variance was performed using the GLM procedure in SAS ver. 9.4.

The results of the experiment revealed several significant findings. The NC7 cultivar exhibited the highest plant dry weight per square meter (620.83 g), showing a 37.37 percent increase compared to the NC2 cultivar (452.11 g). Similarly, the NC7 cultivar also demonstrated the highest pod dry weight per square meter (412.80 g). Among the weed control treatments, the M4 treatment resulted in the highest plant dry weight per square meter (678.79 g), which was about 416 percent higher than the M5 treatment (13.163 g). The M4 × P1 treatment combination produced the highest seed dry weight per square meter (291 g), while the P1 planting pattern yielded the highest pod dry weight per square meter (427.67 g). Notably, weed control treatments and the P1 planting pattern promoted larger seed size. Overall, effective weed control enhanced the studied traits of peanut. Although no significant differences were found among the weed control treatments, the combination of Trifluralin 48% EC (796 g a.i.ha-1) with a row and plant spacing of 50 cm × 25 cm is recommended for Kermanshah due to its lower herbicide consumption and comparable efficacy to other weed control treatments.

The results of the study indicate that optimizing row distances can play a crucial role in improving the yield and yield components of peanuts. Furthermore, the implementation of effective weed control measures, including both hand weeding and herbicide application, resulted in a significant increase in peanut yield. These findings highlight the importance of considering row distances and weed management strategies in peanut cultivation. Based on the favorable yield production of peanuts in the Kermanshah climate, it can be considered as a promising and viable crop for inclusion in summer rotations in the region. Further research and investigations should be undertaken to provide more comprehensive recommendations and promote the cultivation of peanuts in Kermanshah. This crop has the potential to contribute to agricultural diversification and enhance the profitability of farmers in the area.

Active learning is a way of learning in which the learner actively participates in the learning process and has different levels depending on the learner. In this paper, brief explanations about this method and related materials are given, which are useful and thought-provoking for teachers and ‎students.

Herein, a non-boiling two-phase flow containing air and water through a downward flow in a vertical tube with helical corrugations has been investigated. In this simulation, various flow rates for air and water are considered, and three corrugation pitches 1, 1.5, and 2 cm are included. It can be seen in the results that the pressure drop values decrease with an increase in volume fraction. It should be noted that the reduction of pressure drop values with the reduction of volume fraction (VF) is based on the reduction of the water flow rate, which is visible. By comparing the pressure drop values for each corrugation pitch, it can be seen that as the pitch decreases, the pressure drop values increase significantly. The results for Nusselt number show that Nusselt number decreased with an increase in the volume fraction. By reducing the water flow rate, the intensity of the main flow is reduced the intensity of turbulence is also reduced and the heat transfer coefficient is reduced. Ultimately, the cost-benefit ratio has been utilized to show real results for each studied case.

5G communication technology supports the Internet of Things, remote health care centers, and cloud computing by tuning their communication services over a very wide range of frequency bands with low-cost, low-battery consumption, and low latency. However, the development of such wireless technology is highly dependent on radio frequency spectra. The Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN) is an excellent candidate to improve radio spectrum utilization and manage the heavy communication data traffic in 5G wireless networks. CRSN can sense the frequency channels, making it possible for secondary users (who are denied service) to use the free channels. Despite the outstanding features of CRSNs, some limitations overshadow their performance. The most critical limitation is energy and its optimal consumption to increase the network's lifetime. Recent research has shown that energy harvesting can be an effective way to increase the lifetime of CRSNs. However, the sensors should sense the frequency spectrum with a high success rate. In this paper, several optimal sensor nodes using energy harvesting with the approach of increasing the network's lifetime are proposed to solve the mentioned challenge. This way, the sensor nodes are divided into two independent groups for simultaneous spectrum sensing and energy harvesting in each time frame. We will solve this problem based on mathematical optimization and the use of proposed solutions for convex problems. Finally, simulations are developed to evaluate the ability of the proposed solution, assuming the systems use IEEE802.15.4/Zigbee and IEEE802.11af.

 Medicinal plants have reservoirs rich in the active ingredients of many medicines. Medicinal plants have rich reservoirs of essential active ingredients of many drugs. Considering the importance of medicinal plants, especially in the pharmaceutical industry and their scarcity in nature, it is very important to study the various agricultural aspects of these plants, considering the increasing spread of saline soils, to find a solution. It seems necessary to prevent living and non-living environmental stresses or at least reduce them. One of these methods is the use of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and host plants, which reduces the stress caused by salinity. Due to the increasing expansion of saline soils, it seems necessary to find solutions that can prevent or at least reduce the living and non-living environmental stresses. There are different ways to overcome these tensions in different situations. Water salinization is one of the most important environmental limiting factors for crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, since Iran is located in the arid region of the world, given that salinity is one of the environmental factors. Are that have a strong effect on the growth and activity of lemongrass; There are also vast resources of saline and semi-saline groundwater, although not currently used and likely to be used in the future. Solutions to address abiotic stresses include the use of biofertilizers. One of these methods is to use the symbiosis of fungi with host plants, which leads to a reduction in salinity stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. On vegetative and biochemical traits of lemongrass under salinity stress. Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops. Fungi as a biological fertilizer can be useful in meeting the nutritional needs of plants and reducing the effects of environmental stresses on plants.
 
 The experiment was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors of four salinity levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ds.m-1 NaCl) and fungi (no inoculation and fungal inoculation). For inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with mixed potting soil was applied to the lemongrass. Plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, relative water content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were measured.
 
 The results indicate that all studied traits were significantly affected by the interaction of mycorrhiza and salinity stress. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of salinity stress due to the absorption of nutrients and water led to improved growth of lemongrass. The results showed that under salinity stress of 150 mM plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves, relative water content, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in lemongrass inoculated with arbuscular fungus at 23.05, 32.69, 25.31, 48.14, 31.83, 30.33, 52.72 and 33.41% respectively, increased compared to the control (no inoculation). In general, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of mycorrhizal fungi can increase the salinity tolerance of lemongrass and cultivate it in saline soil.
 
In summary, the results of the present study showed that inoculation of the fungi can protect the lemongrass plant against salinity stress. In addition, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on lemongrass under salinity stress has been investigated for the first time. According to the results obtained in this study, salinity reduced morphological parameters and lemongrass as a reaction to salinity to maintain its status to increase the amount of enzyme activity through the mechanism of osmotic regulation to stress conditions. Compromise and to some extent deal with salinity. In the study, it was observed that inoculation with Arbuscular had a positive effect on all measured traits. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of salinity stress due to the absorption of nutrients and water led to improved growth of lemongrass. By examining all the measured traits, it can be concluded that by using mycorrhizal fungi, the salinity resistance of lemongrass can be increased and cultivated in saline soil. Arbuscular species seems to be more suitable for improving the growth of lemongrass in all conditions.

In this experimental work, the 2-phase air-water non-boiling ascending fluid flow in a vertical tube with helical corrugations has been investigated. The results showed that the head loss values decreased with an increase of the volume fraction. Also, by comparing the head loss values for each corrugation pitch, it can be observed that as the corrugation pitch goes down, the head loss values significantly increase. As a result, the intensity of vapors increases perpendicular to the main flow of water, which leads to an increase in the intensity of disturbance in the flow, and then the head loss increases. The Nusselt number goes down when the volume fraction experiences an increment. Looking at the figures related to Nusselt number, it is easy to see that the curves are drawn for a constant air flow rate. Consequently, an increase in volume fraction (VF) is equal to a decrease in the water flow rate. By reducing the water flow rate, the intensity of the main flow is reduced the intensity of turbulence is also reduced and the heat transfer coefficient is reduced. As a result, the amount of heat transfer has increased due to air injection. It should be noted that pipes with the largest corrugation pitch had the best Cost-benefit ratio (C.B.R.) factor values (which means the lowest value). This means that air injection in larger corrugation pitch tubes was more beneficial than in smaller corrugation pitch tubes.

In Isfahan province, 27 out of 35 plains are prohibited. Southern Mahyar Plain - Asman Plain is one of these plains as a part of Gavkhouni drainage basin. According to studies, indiscriminate extraction of underground water is the main cause of land subsidence in this region. Since participatory management is one of the basic strategies of sustainable management of water resources, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the variables of awareness, sensitivity and social capital on the willingness to participate in the preservation of underground water in this plain. The research is quantitative in nature and practical in purpose. The statistical population of the research is 357 people who are actual users of agricultural wells in Mahyar Plain. The sample size of the study is 206 people who were randomly selected from five regions of Mohammad Abad, Nasr Abad, Porzan, Middle Jarqouye and Upper Jarqouye. Questionnaire was the main tool of data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using experts' opinions and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to the results, there is a negative relationship between sensitivity and willingness to participate, and positive and significant relationship between social capital and willingness to participate. According to the results, suggestions have been made in order to improve the participation of stakeholders in the participatory management of underground water resources.

Bacterial endophytes associated with algae represent a rich source of bioactive metabolites and biostimulants that can be used practically in agriculture as biofertilizer. We carried out a series of experiments to study the diversity of bacterial endophytes associated with seaweed species of the Persian Gulf (PG) and Oman Sea (OS) and their capability in nourishing Mexican lime seedlings. We collected samples of brown, red, and green seaweed species (62 samples of brown, 79 of red and 49 of green) from intertidal zones of PG and OS in southern coastlines of Iran. The isolated bacteria were identified molecularly, morphologically and physiologically. Among 12 bacterial genera identified, the genus Bacillus had the highest frequency (51.51%). In addition to identification, results showed that all bacterial endophytes isolates were negative oxidase, most isolates (81.25 %) were positive catalase and could produce HCN, and all isolates produced IAA, from 0.897 μg mL- 1 in Empedobacter falsenii to 0.085 μg mL-1 in Bacillus zhangzhouensis. Most isolates (96.77%) were able to grow on medium incorporated with different NaCl concentrations. Results of inoculation showed that lime seedlings colonized by B. aquimaris (MT278260), B. megaterium (MN626631) and B. zhangzhouensis (MN611359) had more growth and intended morphological characteristics than those lacking endophytes.

Vicia hyrcanica grows in crop fields and field margins, pastures, meadows, orchards, vineyards, uncultivated areas, and other open areas in western parts of Iran. This is an annual, cool-season weed, which can reduce crop yield substantially. The population of this weedy species during last yeard has been increased and it is now considered as an invasive weed in the cuktivated areas of west of Iran. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the diversity, density and dominance of Vicia hyrcanica compared with other weed species infesting wheat and chickpea fields in Kuzaran city in Kermanshah province, Iran. Furthermore, another aim of this experiment was to prepare the map of contaminated areas with V. hyrcanica as well as the endanger fields for being invaded by this weedy species.

 For conducting this study, a list of important areas for growing wheat, chickpea, rainfed and irrigated in Kuzran city was prepared, then the distribution of this weed was evaluated during growing season of 2020. 300 farms of both irrigated and rainfed wheat and chickpea farms of Kuzaran city, Kermanshah province, Iran were selected for sampling. The selected fields were monitored in such a way as to cover all important areas of wheat and chickpea production areas in Kuzran city. The selection of farms at a distance of approximately 3-5 km before the emergence of wheat spike gradually began in late April from different parts of the city and continued until late May. Sampling time in different parts of the province was from the beginning of stem emergence to the end of wheat clustering. In order to identify seedlings, they were labeled in the field and seedling identification keys were used to identify them. Parameters related to relative abundance, species richness, density and relative uniformity as well as diversity and dominance indices were measured to determine the importance of the mentioned weed species at the farm level. Through using GIS technique, the distribution map of yellow flower vetch in these areas was drawn.

 In addition to yellow vetch, another 21 species of geraminae weeds were observed. The highest average species density with 35.2 plants per square meter and the highest relative abundance of 36.3% is related to Vicia hyrcanica and two species Tragopogon major and Melilotus officinalis both with 0.27 and 0.26, respectively, had the lowest mean species density and relative abundance. In adition, the most common broadleaf species included Catchweed bedstraw (Galium tricornutum Dandy), yellow vetch (V. hyrcanica), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and Makhobeli (Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roemer & Schultes). Uniformity index in irrigated and rainfed wheat fields of Kuzran city of Kermanshah province shows that the differences between species were very close in terms of uniformity and ranged from 0.53 (Sinapis arvensis) to 95% (related to Silybum marianum).

 The highest prevalence index was related to species (V. hyrcanica) and all other weed species had a dominance index of less than 100. Based on the results obtained, among the species identified in wheat and chickpea fields of Kuzran city, five species with the highest prevalence of Simpson species were introduced as the species with the highest relative importance. Differences in species diversity and dominance indices were related to the amount and type of management operations on farms. Caspian vetch and Catchweed bedstraw were identified as the main invasive species. The predominance of these weeds, especially the Caspian vetch, as a weed, creates problems for farmers in the production of important crops, such as peas, because these crops are similar to vetch, and they separate it from the seeds of the crop. It is difficult and somewhat impossible by Bojari devices. Therefore, presence of this weed in these fields is critical and their spread should be prevented. In addition to seed contamination, endrils of vetchs allow V. hyrcanica to attach to crop plants, which results in hindering crop harvest and reducing its yield. Finally, totally, these attributes help to increase the infestation area by this weedy species and my explain its invasion status in the region.

In this paper, the mechanical fracture problem of a half-plane made of functionally graded material (FGM) with a coating of a homogeneous layer containing multiple interface cracks is investigated in order to determine the dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) under transient in-plane loading. According to exponential law, the properties of functionally graded material change continuously along y-direction. Initially, integral transformations and dislocation of the Volterra type of climbing and sliding edges on the interface of a FG half-plane with a homogeneous coating leads to the numerical solution of a system with singular integral equations. These equations which have the Cauchy type-singularity are then obtained using the distributed dislocation technique (DDT). Using the inversion technique in the Laplace domain, the dislocation density on the crack faces is obtained which has led to the determination of the DSIFs. Finally, in order to show the accuracy and validity of this research, the final results in the form of graphs have been compared with other references and a very acceptable conformity has been observed. The influences of the FG parameter, coating thickness, crack length, the variation of time and the interaction between of cracks on the DSIFs are studied.

Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. is one of the important medicinal plant species that is naturally grown in the Southern highlands of Hormozgan and Sistan & Baluchestan provinces, Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of some morpho-physiological traits of different populations of T. stocksianum collected from natural habitats. The results showed significant differences among the populations for all the morpho-physiological traits. Plant height was positively correlated with plant height and width. Shoot dry weight was also positively correlated with root dry weight. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first five components accounted for 84.15% of the total variation. In the first component, the inflorescence length, plant height, root dry weight, plant width, and stem dry weight were important traits (%31). Cluster analysis divided the populations into three groups and showed that the cluster analysis using morpho-physiological did not correspond to the geographical diversity. Based on the results, the populations of the second group due to having higher values for desirable traits such as large diameter, small diameter and plant length, stem and root dry weight, main stem diameter and the weight of 1,000 seeds, were introduced to breeding improved varieties.

Aluminum (Al) is a major concern in acidic environments as it can lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce oxidative stress in the host. Assessment of Al-resistant microorganisms can help scientists to discover their mechanisms and improve bioremediation techniques. The present study aimed to characterize Al-resistant microalgae by screening industrial wastewater microorganisms. The microalgae were treated with 0, 10, and 100 µM Al. Then, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) values were measured. In addition, the effects of time (30-300 min), Al concentration (0-370 µM), and pH (4.0-6.5) on Al removal were investigated using the design-expert software. The efficiency of various biosorbents in Al removal was also evaluated in the optimal conditions of the final experiment. According to the results, Scenedesmus sp. was the most resistant microalgae and produced more biomass at 100 µM. Moreover, the POX and CAT activities of Scenedesmus sp. were increased by the high Al concentrations. In optimum conditions (81.60 µM Al, pH 5.8, 45 minutes), free cells (without modifications) were effective in Al biosorption (93.56%).

 Medicinal plants have historically been one of the main sources of medicine and pharmacy in most parts of the world, that among these plants, we can mention the species Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. Cell suspension culture is a widely used method to increase the rate of secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolites of plants, are species compounds often produced during a certain period of growth and development and have important ecological functions in plants. They induce the ability of plants to cope with herbivores, microbial pathogens, adsorbents, and seed-spreading organisms. Also, due to the role of fungal elicitors to increase the rate of secondary metabolites in plants, in this study, we studied the role of the endophytes Alternaria solani. Fusarium sp. and Setosphaeria rostrata extracted from Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad were collected from different regions of Hormozgan province as bio-elicitors in a cell suspension culture medium.

 The study was performed based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors (the first factor had two levels of different hormonal composition and the second factor had eight levels of endophytic fungal extracts) with three replications in the biotechnology laboratory of Hormozgan University and the results were analyzed statistically using SAS 9.4 software. To produce the callus and culture of cell suspension under hormone treatment, watermelon seeds were first disinfected for a period of time and then the seeds were transferred to a culture medium containing MS and placed in a suitable incubator for seed germination. After germination and leaflet production, pieces with an area of approximately 1 mm2 were separated from the primary leaves and for callus formation were transferred to Petri dishes containing MS medium (3% sucrose, 0.8% agar), with two levels of 1mg 2,4-D + 1mg BA and 1mg 2,4-D + 1mg kin and placed in a suitable incubator for three weeks. Three fungal endophytes Alternaria solani, Setosphaeria rostrata, and Fusarium sp. were transferred separately to PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) culture medium to prepare the bio elicitor and placed at 30 ° C for 7 days. From 7-day cultures, 1 cm2 of mycelium was isolated and inoculated into 150 ml of PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) culture medium. The cultured cells were stored at 30 ° C in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and placed on a shaker for 7 days at 120 rpm. The fungal cells were isolated and dried at 65 ° C for 24 hours. The powder from the dried cells was dissolved in water (10 g / l) and autoclaved for 20 minutes at 121 ° C. The extracts of these cells were finally used as a bio elicitorto study the change in the number of secondary metabolites. After that, the growth rate of cells in cell suspension culture was measured before and after the application of fungal extract. Parameters such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and flavonoids were also studied.

The results showed that the treatment combinations of 1mg 2,4-D + 1mg BA and inoculation of the plant with three fungi, the amount of phenol and flavonoids increased by 62.11% and 49.18%, respectively, compared to the control and at the levels of 1% and 5% probability were significant  and was observed in the combination of hormonal treatment 1mg 2.4-D + 1mg Kin and inoculation of three fungi, the amount of antioxidant production increased by 62.78% compared to the control and at the levels of 1% probability was significant. The results indicated that the cell extraction of the fungal endophyte Alternaria solani, Fusarium sp., and Setosphaeria rostrata under condition hormonal treatment can be used as an effective stimulant in increasing the amount of secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoids and  antioxidant) of Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. 

 It was revealed that by adding the elicitor to the culture medium, cell growth was increased. The results showed that the combination of three types of endophytic fungi Alteynaria solani, Setosphaeria rostrata and Fusarium sp. led to a significant increase in cell dry weight compared with the control treatment. Also, an increase in cell growth was observed even when a fungal extract was used alone. The amount of metabolites in cells treated with fungal extracts (fungal elicitors) was significantly higher than metabolites produced in the control. According to the results of this experiment, using a combination of three fungal extracts was the best treatment to increase the metabolite production in the culture of cell suspension of Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad.

Separation of desired objects from undesired ones is one of the most important issues in the computational geometry. It is tended to cover the desired objects by one or a couple of geometric shapes in a way that all of the desired objects are included by the covering shapes, while the undesired objects are excluded. We study separation of polylines by minimal triangles with a given fixed angle and present O(N log N)-time algorithm, where N is the number of all the desired and undesired polylines. By a minimal triangle, we mean a triangle in which all of its edges are tangential to the convex hull of the desired polylines. The motivation for studying this separation problem stems from that we need to separate bichromatic objects that are modeled by polylines not points in real life scenarios.

 Heavy metals such as chromium are among the most common pollutants commonly found in high concentrations in industrial wastewater. They can damage aquatic environments and endanger the health of living organisms, especially humans. This study aims to determine the optimal removal of hexavalent chromium by magnetized activated carbon (AC / Fe3O4) from aqueous solutions.

 The structure and properties of AC/Fe3O4 were investigated by FESEM, FTIR, BET, and VSM techniques. The effect of solution pH parameter (3-11), initial concentration of hexavalent chromium (10-50) mg/L, and adsorbent dose (0.5-2) g/L on hexavalent chromium removal efficiency along with isotherm and kinetics studies was investigated. The concentration of hexavalent chromium was determined by direct reading at 540 nm with a spectrophotometer.

 The optimal conditions for maximum removal of hexavalent chromium at pH=3, contact time of 60 minutes, and adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/L were obtained with an initial concentration of hexavalent chromium of 30 mg/L. The isotherm and kinetics study showed that the experimental data followed the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics.

 Under desirable conditions, the maximum capacity of AC/Fe3O4 adsorption increased to 21.14 mg/g. The present study illustrated that AC/Fe3O4 could be used as an adsorbent to remove chromium from aqueous solutions.

 Fungal Endophytes have symbiosis life within the plant tissues without causing any obvious negative effects. Seaweeds are one of the large and diverse groups of marine plants that play an essential role in marine and oceans ecosystems. Seaweeds show rich diversity of associated microorganisms compare with the other multicellular organisms. Citrus species, are amongst the most important evergreen fruit trees, cultivated in many countries worldwide. There are several obstacles for citrus production in southern of Iran that limiting continuity of citrus production. Lack of suitable soil, is one of the main challenges threatening citrus industry in southern of Iran. Similar to other citrus species, the production of Mexican lime is threatened by certain biological stresses (such as pests, plant diseases and weeds) and non-biological stresses (such as salinity, drought, floods, cold and heat stress). Here, we have evaluated the potential of inoculating Mexican lime seedlings with seaweeds fungi endophyte, Aspergillus niger, to improve morphological, biochemical, antioxidant and photosynthesis pigments characterizes. Endophytes are advantageous group of microorganisms that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the alternative ways to restore normal plant growth may be to use plant growth to stimulate endophytes. Endophytes can play an important role in plant growth. Endophytes from marine environment are gaining special interest because of their existence in the harsh conditions of marines and ocean ecosystem such as temperature, light availability, high salinity and osmotic stress. Fungi have already been isolated from various marine habitat, including marine plants, marine invertebrates and vertebrates. Among these organisms, seaweeds are one of the most prevalent sources of marine-derived fungi for chemical studies. The purpose of this study was the isolation of associated fungi with seaweed species in Persian Gulf to investigate morphological and molecular characterization by using PCR amplifications ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions and primitive assessment of their potential as bio-fertilizer.

 The main aim of this study was investigation the role of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus niger), in improving the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. Cladophoropsis membranacea, green seaweed, was collected from coastal region of Bushehr province. Fungal endophytes were isolated and identified based on morphological and molecular methods. Molecular characteristic was investigated using PCR amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 regions. Mexican lime seeds were sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and then completely distilled three times with distilled water. Seedlings pots containing autoclaved soil were placed in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hormozan University. Isolated fungi by MT420720 accession number was used as bio-fertilizing agents in eight months old Mexican lime seedlings. The suspension was adjusted to a concentration of 1×106 cell per ml. For better contact of seedlings with fungi, inoculation was performed three times. After three months, morphological (trunk diameter, stem length, root length and width, leaf and branch number, leaf, stem and root dry and fresh weight), biochemical (Protein, MDA and SPAD), antioxidant (CAT, POD, SOD, APX and Gr enzymes activity) and photosynthesis pigments (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Total Chlorophyll and Carotenoids) characterizes in treated Mexican lime seedlings were analyzed. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete design with three replications. Analysis of variance of traits was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using LSD method with a probability level of P≤0.05.

 The genera of Aspergillus was the most frequent isolates of the isolated fungi. The results show that most traits were significant compared with control. For example, leaf number (144.42%), root fresh weight (144.13%), stem fresh weight (94.85%) and root width (105.55%) were significantly higher compared with control (P>0.001). Fungal inoculation can significantly improve the photosynthesis pigments such as chlorophyll a (10.98%) and carotenoids (40.62%) (P>0.001) compared with control. In antioxidant capacity of seedling, CAT, POD, SOD, Gr and APX enzymes were analyzed. Fungal inoculation can increase the enzymes activity. For biochemical traits, fungal inoculation can significantly increase SPAD number and decrease MDA in inoculated seedlings compare with control (P>0.001). 

 The results showed that the use of entophytic fungi increased the growth of Mexican lime seedlings. Thereby it can be used as an effective tool for growing salinity-sensitive plants such as Mexican lime in saline conditions.

Bacterial leaf streak of the cereal is one of the most important diseases of wheat and barley which was reported from Iran in 1989. The severity of this disease has increased since 2016 in some of the irrigated wheat fields of Iran. Using the resistant cultivars is the best way to manage this disease. In the past, the response of some elite lines and cultivars to this disease was studied and determined. As a result, it's critical to investigate how new promising lines respond to this illness. Under this context, the reaction of a variety of elite wheat lines and cultivars to this disease was examined in greenhouse settings in a recent research. In this study, the reaction of a number of wheat lines to this disease was evaluated in field conditions in three regions with different climates.

Seventy-one advanced lines received from the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, were planted in the experimental farms of research stations in three provinces, including Hamadan, Lorestan, and Jiroft.  Each line was planted in two one-meter rows in a randomized complete block design in three repetitions. They were then sprayed with bacterial suspension (regional isolates) at a concentration of 108 cfu / ml by spraying at three times (during tillering, after stem elongation and at the beginning of heading/flowering). The percentage of leaf surface infection was recorded and evaluated fifteen days after the last inoculation. Data were analyzed using SAS software, and the means were compared using Duncan test at a 1% probability level.

The response of various lines to this bacterium was different in three regions. But, in general, the studied lines due to the reaction to this disease were evaluated susceptible (such as S-92-19, ICSBWEYT-17-3, N-91-17, ICSBWEYT-17-2, ICSBWEYT-17-9 and ICSBWEYT-17-7), Semi-sensitive (such as ICSBWEYT-17-11, ICSBWEYT-17-10, ICSBWEYT-17-16, ICSBWEYT-17-1 and ICSBWEYT-17-24) and tolerant (such as: C-91-4, N-91 -8, N-92-9 and CD-94-9).

The grouping of the lines' susceptibility to this disease in six specific groups has high overall coordination and fit with each other, in three areas. However, the infection severity of wheat lines with this disease significantly varied in different regions. Therefore, the severity of wheat line infection in Boroujerd was higher than in the other two areas. On the other hand, some lines in various regions had different reactions to the disease. For example, MS-92-18 line had relatively good tolerance in Boroujerd region, but not in Hamadan and Jiroft regions. Climatic and geographical conditions can affect the behavior of wheat genotypes to the disease and change their response in different climates. Many other researchers have proved this. The results of this study showed that although most of the studied wheat lines are susceptible to this disease, but there are also lines among them, that have good relative resistance which can be used as resistance sources in wheat breeding programs.

One of the indicators that well reflects the status of the elderly is the quality of life index. The results of studies have shown that loneliness and social isolation among the elderly have severe negative effects on their mental and physical health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between quality of life and social isolation of the elderly in Aran and Bidgol.

This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study. 327 elderly people aged 60 to 70 years old in Aran and Bidgol who were selected from the comprehensive urban health service centers according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire, with a validity of 0.58-0.95 and a reliability of 0.9-0.77, and the Persian version of the 6-item Lubben questionnaire. The data are analyzed using SPSS statistical statistics in both descriptive and analytical terms.

46.8% people are men and 94.2% are in the age range of 69 years and younger. The average age of the elderly was 7.64 years.There is a statistically significant correlation between role limitations due to physical health status and emotional problems, emotional health, social functioning and general health with all subscales of quality of life. (P<0.05)

The results showed that the quality of life of the elderly in Aran and Bidgol was relatively high and their social isolation was also reported was relatively low. This confirms that in Aran and Bidgol, where the family structure is still traditional and the focus of the families is maintained. The inverse correlation between quality of life and social isolation also warns us to reduce parental social isolation to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

In this paper, in order to investigate the surface fusion phenomenon in an industrial neutron generator, a solid target with cooling capability was designed and constructed. The first step to achieving this goal is to thoroughly investigate the material and thickness of the layers and substrates suitable for use as solid targets for industrial neutron generators, using SRIM-code simulations. Then, using the simulation results, samples of the solid target were constructed by the sputtering coating method. In addition, due to the importance of the target temperature and its effect on surface fusion, the cooling system using COMSOL multiple physics simulation software, was designed and built. In addition, to insulate the high voltage applied to the target which is in contact with the cooling system, various electrical insulators were studied and suitable insulation was selected, designed, and manufactured. Then, to test the solid targets and their side parts, a suitable vacuum system was designed and constructed. Finally, after designing and constructing all the parts, the system was assembled and set up for final testing. In deuterium filling gas tests, the neutron flux was measured using the LB6411, 3He detector. At around 25 kV voltage and 20 mA current, we were able to detect neutrons with the rate of 6 × 105 n/s, which was a sign of success. This amount of neutron production indicates duplication of the neutron rate produced by the surface fusion phenomenon.

Directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) are the essential protective devices in distribution networks which are usually set without considering any contingencies. However, the current challenge in power systems is the existence of uncertainty and its unfavorable consequences. It sometimes appears that some elements simultaneously fail which makes other parts to be overloaded to the extent that it leads to cascading outages. Therefore, DOCRs may have mal-operation which ends in unwanted trips when there is no fault, or they may not operate in the case the fault is located within their reach point. In such cases, the coordination setting will need complex programming with many related non-linear inequality constraints. In this paper, a novel hybrid method is proposed based on multi-objective optimization including new objective functions by using the genetic algorithm (GA). Also, the cascading outages are considered in the presented method based on network data analysis. This approach is performed on distribution part of the IEEE 14-bus meshed system, and a real industrial radial feeder named TOSEE, located in Iran. The simulations have been implemented in MATLAB and PowerFactory-DIgSILENT software packages in different models, and the results are evaluated.

Considering the growing trend of aging in Iran, it is necessary to study the factors affecting the health of elderly people. The main purpose of this study was to investigate demographic, social, and economic determinants of self-assessed health of elderly people in Tehran using generalized structural equation model (GSEM).

The data of the present study was obtained from a cross-sectional study in which 598 elderly people aged 60 years and over were selected from 22 districts of Tehran in 20151394 using stratified multi-stage sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire was completed for them. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed using and time consistency. To study the determinants of self-assessed health of elderly people, WLSMV and ULSMV estimators of GSEM were compared in Mplus (7.3).

Based on the goodness-of-fit indices, the ULSMV estimator was selected to evaluate factors affecting the self-assessed health of elderly people (RMSEA=0.02, CFI=0.951 and TLI=0.962). The self-assessed health ranks of married and employed elderly people were higher than single (P-value=0.022) and unemployed (P-value=0.048) ones, respectively. An increase in spirituality (P-value=0.016), physical and mental health (P-value=0.001), and health-oriented behavior (P-value=0.016) increased the standard score of self-assessed health of elderly people. Physical and mental health played a complete mediating role in relationships of gender (P-value=0.014), marital status (P-value=0.040), education level (P-value=0.039), self-reported socio-economic status (good/ P-value=0.013 and middle/P-value=0.017) and number of diseases (P-value=0.001) with self-assessed health of elderly people.

According to the results, for policy-making in the field of geritrics, special attention should be paid to structural variables like gender, marital status, education level, and self-reported socio-economic status in addition to physical and mental health.

Seasonal flight of the adults, larval activity, and damage caused by Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L., was studied in the walnut orchards in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran. Pheromone baited traps were set up in the studied orchards from May 10 (before the emergence of adult males) to July 15 (the end of the adults’ flight) to monitor the flight dynamics. Observation on development of different stages of the pest was done weekly throughout the growing season. The infestation ratio of twigs and number of active galleries per tree were recorded at studied locations. According to the results, the pest completed its life cycle within a year and overwintered as 4th and 5th instar larvae inside the galleries in trunk and main branches of walnut trees. The flight season of Z. pyrina started in the second decade of May, the peak occurred in the first decade of June, and the flight ended by the second decade of July. Eggs were laid individually next to the buds on the twigs and 1st instar larvae tunneled directly into inner wood. The maximum damage in shoots and twigs was observed at the third decade of August and, thereafter, larvae gradually moved to the main branches and trunk. Results showed that the biology and seasonal flight pattern of Z. pyrina in this province are different from other infested areas and that may be because of the climate condition. The knowledge of the observed differences may be useful to develop a successful integrated management strategy against Z. pyrina.