a. moghaddam

The improvement and use of high quality and productive cultivars are priority goals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farming and research in the country. This study was conducted using 32 alfalfa genotypes in a RCB design with three replications during 2012 and 2013 at Seed and Plant Research Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran. In the first year of the experiment, two cuts and in the second year, four cuts (six cuts in total) were taken and recorded. The studied traits included fresh and dry forage yield, plant height at harvest time and stem number per square meter. The ANOVA results based on the split plot design in time showed a significant difference among cuts, genotypes, and genotype by cutting interaction. Mean comparisons of the cuts revealed that the second cut had the highest fresh and dry forage yield in both years. The genotypes of D203, D210, D207, D206 with average values of 3.34, 3.34, 3.33, and 3.31 (t ha-1 per cut), and Ranger with 2.21(t ha-1 per cut) had the highest and lowest means of forage dry yield, respectively. D207, D206, D203, D210 and LakLak genotypes had the lowest superiority index and D206, Galebani, D205, D207, Laklak, and D201 genotypes had the lowest Shukla’s stability variance, respectively. According to the obtained results of dry forage yield and the stability indices, the genotypes D206, D207 and LakLak were selected as the most stable and productive genotypes.

Training of entrepreneurship skills is considered as one of the key factors to achieve sustainable economic development. In most countries, in addition to entrepreneurship education in college courses, extensive efforts to teach entrepreneurship to children and primary school students are in progress. However, countries with resource-dependent economy have low levels of entrepreneurship education in schools. Design and development of training programs in the field of entrepreneurship in schools can strengthen the entrepreneurial attitudes or the background needed to enter the field of entrepreneurship; and in fact, consider entrepreneurship as a suitable career choice or entrepreneurial job preference. The evidence suggests that formal training cannot create the required entrepreneurial motivation to start a new business. Skills acquired through playing games can be obtained faster and can last longer than what is learned in the classroom. Today, games and game features are used to create innovations in teaching and learning in entrepreneurship and this is probably the most attractive and challenging application of the games. Using games is a good way to experience life and the complex and unknown world of entrepreneurship, especially beacuse this experience takes place in an environment that protects the student from serious risks such as bankruptcy or emotional damage. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of video games by enhancing adolescents' self-efficacy on their career preferences.

In this research, a quasi-experimental method was used. For this purpose, some high-school students in Birjand participated in this research. A purposive cluster sampling method was used to select participants. To this end, considering the homogeneity of gender, family characteristics, and income level of the family, the two boys' schools, namely “Sama” and” Darol - Oulum” were considered as the main clusters. In each school, 24 students were selected randomly from 13- to 14-year-old students and were divided into experimental and control groups. Eventually, 20 people participated as the experimental group and 22 people participated as the control group. Pre-test and post-test were taken from all of the four groups and paired samples t-test and Pearson Correlation were used to test the research hypotheses. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.

The results of the independent samples t-test confirmed the increase in entrepreneurial self-efficacy of adolescents in the experimental group through video games (and not environmental conditions and external factors). Also, the results of independent samples t-test confirmed the effect of video games on adolescent entrepreneurial job preference. Based on the results of Pearson correlation test, a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and adolescent entrepreneurial job preference was also confirmed. Overall, the results showed that playing video games has a positive and significant effect on enhancing entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial job preferences of the participants.

The innovative aspect of our research was the smart choice of video games for entrepreneurship education. During the observations, the effect of the game on the improvement of team skills and teamwork was evident. Also, the increase in entrepreneurial job preferences in the test group can be attributed to increasing self-confidence and improving leadership skills. Another interesting result obtained in the study is the importance of the role of planning and coordination in increasing the effectiveness of games for education. Therefore, in order to increase the effectiveness of games in training, satisfaction and support of school officials and parents, it is recommended that the participation of players and playing as a team, creating a competitive environment and facilitating self-assessment and smart choice of video games and game time planning should be considered.

Today, the importance of using Underground structures to protect vital and sensitive national infrastructure such as urban train tunnels, strategic item storage centers, urban underground facilities, shelters, as well as military uses is not hidden from anyone. One of these important loads in terms of intensity and time is impact and seismic loading. Due to the fact that the environment around the underground structures is rock and soil environment, so it is necessary to achieve a good result in reducing the effect of mechanical waves on these spaces, to ensure sufficient reduction of the environment. One of these important loads in terms of intensity and time is impact and seismic loading. On the other hand, natural phenomena such as gas explosion or fire can also be easily incorporated into the structure. These are enough reasons to pay more attention to the science of rebuilding structures against different loads on them. The importance of protecting these spaces increases when they have strategic applications. Therefore, in locating and designing them, it should be noted that they must have sufficient resistance to impact loading In order to achieve a plan that by using the properties of the environment including such spaces, the effect of the impact transmitted in the environment on the underground space can be reduced. Therefore, in the past few years, this software has attracted the attention of many researchers. Finite element modeling and analysis was performed with the commercial software package ABAQUS. The package was selected due to its diverse library of material behavior models and ease of Explicit/Implicit solution procedures. In this paper, impact loading on Underground structures is numerically modeled using the Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method in the ABAQUS software. In this regard, modeling of single-layer, two-layer and three-layer soil arrangement, as well as a combination of soil and stone layers, has been done in ABAQUS finite element software. The maximum pressure due to impact load has been compared in different models and finally, by comparing the results of the models used in this study, it shows that the arrangement of the layer in the soils is effective in reducing the maximum pressure due to impact load, So that the maximum amount of shock wave damping is achieved when the rock layer with the highest degree of weathering, or sandy soil (similar to type 2 soil in Regulation TM5-855) is in the closest position to the desired underground space.

This study was executed to compare forage yield and leaf area index of different alfalfa genotypes for two years and also, to estimate of LAI via leaf weight and plant height during 2011 and 2012. Twenty local and forigen alfalfa genotypes were planted in a RCB design with three replications in spring, 2011 at Seed and Plant Research Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran. Two-years analysis of variance indicated significant diferent among genotype's means for fresh and dry forage yield in which Bami x Yazdi, Mesa sersa and KFA17 genotypes with 41.99, 39.84 and 39.15 (t ha-1) fresh forage yield and 9.75, 9.41 and 9.16 (t ha-1) dry forage yield were the most forage production, respectively. Despite the significanat difference among genotypes for leaf to stem ratio, there was no significance difference for LAI. The results showed that the fast, accurate and low-cost estimation of LAI is possible through leaf weight and plant height. In this study, leaf weight trait (especially the fresh leaf weight) had more efficiency than plant height in estimating leaf area index through a linear model (without constant) with high coefficient of determination (R2 ≥ 94). It was resulted that every 100 gr of fresh and dry leaf and 10 cm of plant height of alfalfa had 0.33, 1.51 and 0.25 m2 leaf area, respectively.

The Persian clover is one of the native forage crops in Iran for which no bred cultivar has been released yet. For identification and release of the first Persian clover cultivar a series of experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2016 cropping seasons. At first, 14 Persian landraces were collected from regions with known clover cultivation in the country and then individual plants were selected from each population in 1999-2000 cropping season. In total, 176 single plants with superior forage performance were selected in this stage. In 2004-2005 cropping season, seeds from single plants were sown in rows and were compared with Haftchin local Persian clover as check. The preliminary and semifinal forage yield comparisons were conducted to evaluate dry and fresh forage yields of superior clover lines in 2006-2009 cropping season. The VCU test (Value for Cultivation and Use) of the 14 selected lines along with a local Persian clover (Haftchin) as a check was carried out in the uniform regional trials in Kermanshah, Karaj and Borujerd Research Stations. In this experiment BPC/Borujerd/81.13 line (Attar) had 2061 kgha-1 higher yield for dry matter compared to the control. Also, to evaluate response of different Persian clover germplasm to rust disease, two experiments were conducted in Borujderd and Karaj regions. The results showed that all lines as well as control (Haftchin) were relatively sensitive to the rust disease. These lines were compared with the control cultivar (Haftchin) under on-farm conditions in Borujedrd and Aleshtar regions, as the main centers of clover cultivation, in 2015-16 cropping season. The results showed that Attar with 72.99 and 11.08 tha-1 fresh and dry forage yields, respectively, showed 23.65 and 21.79% yield superiority to the control cultivar.  Furthermore, this new cultivar showed more yield stability and forage yield compared to the local cultivar. Hence, it was released with the name of "Attar" as the first Persian clover cultivar.

Effects of microwave irradiation (900 W، 2450 MHz) for 3، 5 and 7 min on nutritive value of barley and corn grains were evaluated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production volumes were recorded at 2، 6، 12، 24، 48 and 72 h of incubation and then gas production kinetic was estimated. The obtained data from gas production at 24 h after incubation were used for estimation of metabolizable energy، net energy for lactation، short chain fatty acids، digestible organic matter and microbial protein. Irradiation of microwave increased (P<0. 05) gas production of barley grain after 24 h، but the differences between different irradiation times were not significant. This heat treatment resulted decreasing in gas production of corn grain after 6 h. The rate of gas production of barley (10. 01 % h-1) and corn grain (6. 56 % h-1) decreased by microwave irradiation. Microwave treatment increased (P<0. 05) gas production of soluble and insoluble fraction (A) of barley grain، but did not affect corn grain. Microwave heat treatment of corn grain significantly decreased (P<0. 05) values of metabolizable energy، net energy for lactation، short chain fatty acid، digestible organic matter and microbial protein، but in barley، this treatment increased significantly (P<0. 05) mentioned parameters. The rate of gas production of barley grain can be decreased by microwave irradiation resulting improved rumen ecosystem and decreased acidosis due to decreasing of rate of fermentation.

Six male sterile with four male fertile sorghum, Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench, lines were crossed in a factorial mating design in 1998. Twenty four F1 hybrids and ten parental lines were planted in a randomized complete block design in three replications, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran in 1999. Two cuttings forage were harvested from all genotypes (F12 and parents). Four traits including plant height, tiller no., green yield and dry matter were measured. There were significant differences among genotypes, cuttings and genotype X cutting interaction for all traits at 1% level of probability. Analysis of variance showed that, there are significant effects of genotypes, parent, parent vs. crosses (except for tiller no. at average of cuttings), lines (for plant height in 2nd cut and mean), testers and line tester interaction. There were differnces among lines and testers GCA which shows the importance of additive effects of genes for this traits, therefore, the selection methods can be used for breeding programmes. Heretiability of some traits were different in first, second and average of cuttings. Therefore, in each cutting, the heretiability should be considered in multi cutting sorghum lines. Significant differences were observed among SCA of some parents which shows the importance of dominance effects of genes for majority of traits in hybrids. Hence the hybridization method can be used for breeding programmes. The highest positive SVA was obtained for green fodder from crossing of A__ICS 84 × R__2 , A__ICS88005× R__1, A__ICS31×R__28 & A__1×R__112, and for dry matter from crossing of A__ICS88005×R__1, A__ICS__31×R__28, A__2×R__112, A__ISC84×R__112& A__ICS31× R__2 at average of two cutting. The highest yield of two cuttings was obtained for green fodder from crossing of A__ICS84×R__2 and for dry matter from crossing of A__ICS31×R__2 with 144.8 and 34.5 tha^-1 , respecticely.

In order to assess and compare the quantitative forage yield of berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), six berseem clover cultivars (Tolidi-e-Karaj, Selected line, Mesri, Sacromont, Letto and Zemestangozar, a cold tolerant cultivar) were used. A field experiment was carried out at SPII experimental station in Karaj in 1998-1999 growing seasons. The design of the experiment was randomized complete block (RCBD) with four replications and six treatments. The results of the experiment showed that there were not significant differences among cultivars in dry matter yield. The results of combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between years and cultivars based on dry matter yield at the 1% level. Among the cultivars, Tolidi-e-Karaj and Letto with 7.16 and 7.15 tha-1 dry matter yield, respectively, showed superiority (7% - 8%). Based on the comparison of means and other morphological characters, Tolidi-e-Karaj cultivar could be recommended as suitable cultivar for Karaj environmental conditions.

A Field experiment was conducted to study drought tolerance indices in corn genotypes for two years (1996 and 1997) at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute Experimental Station, Karaj, Iran. Three hybrids (SC704, SC711, and SC704M) and four parent lines (B73, B73 x R84, M017 and L105) with four stress treatments (without stress, stress at vegetative period, at an thesis period, and during kernel filling period) were studied in RCB design with three replications. Among four estimated indices, i.e. mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOLl), stress susceptibility index (SSI), and stress tolerance index (STI), the last index was more efficient than other indices in selection ,of genotypes under stress and non-stressed conditions. Among the genotypes, hybrid SC704 was more suitable for non-stressed conditions because of its high yield potential and hybrid SC704M was more adapted to stress condition. Hybrid SC711 showed the average performance of "other -two hybrids. Except parent B73 x B84, with high potential yield, the most tolerant line in this study was M017. Correlation between hybrids and their parents for yield and tolerance indices under optimum condition, were negative and weak, however, under stress conditions, there were positive and stronger correlations.

Background and

Ïnfertility means, couple not having a child for a year after married life, is one of the most important socio-health problems of different societies. Â lot of variations in it’s prevalence rate has been reported some reports state that the prevalence rate is 0.5% to more than 3%. Therefore, since the determination of infertility rate is important in futhur planning of health and treatment programmes and also since it has never been done in Mazandaran province, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of infertility in central region of the province.

Sampling was done randomly from 15 regions of sari, Ghaemshahr and Neka cities and also 50 villages affiliated to these cities. The reproduction history was obtained by home interviewers with the women, coducted by two groups of medical and midwifery students.

The prevalence of infertility in this study was 13.2% out of which 4% were unresolved infertility. There was no statistical correlation between familial marriage and infertility, but the correlation between familial history and infertility was significant. 29.4% of infertility women had at least one experience of spontaneous abortion, while it was significantly lower in fertile women (16.3%). Çonclusion: The high prevalence of infertility necessitates a programme of assisted reproduction in health service centers and can be used for setting up such centers for the trearment of infertility.