فهرست مطالب abbas mehran

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most damaging psychological effects of the Iraq war against Iran, and one of the most common psychological disorders among Wives of Veterans. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between daily spiritual experiences and perceived stress with the self-efficacy of the wives of veterans PTSD.

In this descriptive-correlational study, the population consisted of 326 wives of veterans with PTSD in Golestan Province who were selected by available sampling. Participants completed Questionnaires of daily spiritual experiences, perceived stress, and general self-efficacy. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS version 24 using Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical tests (one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation).

The results of analytical tests showed that there was a direct and significant correlation between daily spiritual experiences and self-efficacy (P<0.001, r=0.251). Also, there was a significant inverse correlation between self-efficacy and perceived stress (P<0.001, r= - 0.40).

The results showed that increasing spiritual experiences, result in increasing self-efficacy. Also, self-efficacy were inversely related to stress; increasing self-efficacy, less stress was experienced. Therefore, it is suggested that spiritual experiences be increased among wives of Veterans whit PTSD.

Intimate partner violence is a serious public health problem in all societies that affects all aspects of victim’s health especially mental health. The present study aimed to determines the relationship between intimate partner violence and mental health among Iranian women who referred to the Forensic Medicine center in Tehran. This cross-sectional study was done on 196 married women who referred to the south center of Forensic Medicine in Tehran. Data were collected in 2013 by using three questionnaires: demographic questionnaire, CTS-2, and GHQ-28. Data analyzed by using SPSS-14 software. The age of participants was 29.9±6.3 years (range 18-57 years). The most of women were housekeeper (73%) with moderate economic status (48.5%). Physical violence had the highest mean score (37.29±16.80); and after that, highest mean scores are related to Psychological violence 29.37±7.01, verbal violence 14.83±8.15, Physical violence leading to injury 14.47±6.85, and sexual violence 8.38±7.36, respectively. Verbal violence didn’t show any relation with all subscales of mental health. The somatic and anxiety symptoms was significantly correlated to total and all violence subscales score (p<0.001). Also social function was correlated to total violence score (p=0.032), Sexual (p=0.002), and psychological violence (p=0.025). Depression symptoms was correlated to total violence score (p<0.001), physical leading to damage violence (p<0.001), Sexual violence (p<0.001), Psychological violence (p=0.002), and physical violence (p<0.001). Our results showed IPV is related to mental health of battered women but verbal violence didn’t show any statistical relationship with somatic, anxiety, and depression symptoms and social function.

Spiritual intelligence is better defined as a capacity to discover and develop true meaning, deep purpose, and vision in life. The purpose of the present study was to determine the predictive role of demographic variables affecting the overall spiritual intelligence in diabetic adolescents.

In 2016, a cross‑sectional study was conducted involving 200 adolescents with type 1 diabetes referring to the Iranian Diabetes Association consenting to participate. The inclusion criteria were: age ranging from 15 to 21 years, more than a year since last diagnosed with diabetes, patients’ full awareness of their disease, not having other physical‑psychological illnesses, and not taking any psychiatric or narcotic drugs. Spiritual intelligence was measured using the Spiritual Intelligence Self Report Inventory questionnaire consisting of 24‑questions. The alpha Cronbach’s method was applied to validate the questionnaire in terms of content, form, and data with the reliability calculated as 0.903. Demographic data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18.

On total, 56% of the participants were female, 17.10 ± 1.85, and the mean duration of diabetes was 5.98% ± 3.79%, 62.5% reported diabetes history among immediate relatives. Forty‑two percent of the participants were the oldest child in the family first children of the family and 29.5% were studying at the university. The mean score of spiritual intelligence was 60.42 60.42 ing from 15 to 21 years regression test using the enter method (ANOVA: 0.703, F: 0.739) showed that none of the demographic components explored did not significantly alter the scores that assessed spiritual intelligence.

The outcome of the current study portrayed that demographic features do not necessarily alter the overall spiritual intelligence scores, thereby not necessarily affecting an individual’s overall spirituality

Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women with the most social, psychological, and economic consequences. Partner violence threatens the life of the family and society.

The current study aimed to assess domestic violence against pregnant and non-pregnant women in urban and rural populations.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 800 pregnant and non-pregnant women referring to urban and rural health centers in Kerman, Iran, in 2015 - 2016. The data were collected using a standardized violence questionnaire and analyzed using the One-way ANOVA for normal variables and non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) was used for non-normal variables.

There were positive significant correlations between the spouse’s education level and physical violence (P = 0.003), sexual violence (P = 0.005), and injury caused by violence (P = 0.041). The residence place had no significant effect (P = 0.69) on the occurrence of physical violence. Rural women experienced significantly more psychological violence, sexual violence, and violence-induced injury than urban women (P = 0). Generally, the overall violence was significantly higher in rural women than in urban women (P < 0.05). The most physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, and injury caused by violence were observed in rural non-pregnant women (P < 0.01).

Rural women, especially non-pregnant ones, experienced greater violence than urban women. It suggests that pregnancy is a protective period that reduces the prevalence of violence. The spouse’ education level was a risk factor for committed violence. Therefore, a comprehensive program for the prevention of violence against women and screening of violence in all health centers in the south of Iran are proposed.

Medication adherence is essential to improve outcomes emanated from the disease. The increase in the complexity of the medical regimens causes poor adherence in patients with heart failure; also, the progressive nature of Heart Failure (HF) and its complicated drug regimens are mostly stressful. This study has been conducted on the HF patients at the heart hospital of Kermanshah city with the objective of finding the association between medication adherence and coping skills. The present research is a descriptive-correlative study. Research cases include 400 HF patients at Imam Ali hospital of Kermanshah in 2015 who were selected using available sampling method. The self-reported epidemiologic characteristics form of HF patients, Morisky medication adherence Questionnaire (1986) and short form of Carver Questionnaire (COPE, 1997) were utilized for data gathering. SPSS 22 software and statistical test of Pearson correlation and descriptive statistical were used to analyze the data. The result showed that the majority of the studied cases (%94) had poor medication adherence. Pearson correlation data analysis revealed direct and weak statistical correlation between medication adherence and coping Skills (religion P=0.036, acceptance P=0.019, use of emotional support P=0.02, use of instrumental support P=0.001, hummer P=0.025, positive reframing P˂0.001, self-distraction P=0.002).  Given the weakness of medication Adherence and relationship between medication adherence and coping Skills in HF patients, the application of educational and intervention programs appears to be substantial.

This research is semi quasi intervention that done on 80 mothers preterm infant within control and intervention group that their neonate hospitalized in neonate intensive care unit.video interactin guidance including recording films of researcher- preterm infant interaction as embracing,lulling, preterm lactating,with some educational film which other films extracting from validate site were shown for mothers in intervention group. Then, in fourth and seventh day of intervention,these films were shown for mothers and therafter,pss questionnaire compeleted by them as first post test(fourth day) and secound post test(seventh day).this films were shown in order to ethic consideration for control group. After gathering questionnaires,we used statistical test such as T test,chi square test,exat fisher test,for variables in this research.data analysis was done by spss version 18. Foundings: with regard to independent T test, mother mean stress score in both group Before intervention and then in fourth and seventh day of intervention indicate that this score is 93 in intervention group that increased to 67/81 in fourth day, then reduced to 76/71 in seventh day of intervention.meanwhile,in control group, mean stress score is 97 in first day that increased to 69/13 in fourth day of intervention and then increased to 77. with respecting to there is no statistical different in mean stress score in both of control and intervention groups before intervention ,it could be resulting that this research founding represent the effect of video intraction guidence on reducing mothers stress in intervention group.therefore, it suggested that in order to diminishing mothers stress and with regard to important effects due to early mother- preterm infant interaction in the first days of preterm life have on infant brain and emotional- social development , then,reducing mothers stress who their infant hospitalized,and also maintaining mother- infant interaction, immediately after birth and as it advantages such as lowering cost and short time using it could resulting that it is usable as one of educational and caring method in neonate intensive care unit, it suggest that apply in that places.

Self‑management leads to blood glucose control and reduced morbidity and mortality in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Different factors affect the self‑management whose role and effect are still unknown. Among the influential factors whose effect is vague are spiritual intelligence, and this study aims to investigate the predictive role of spiritual intelligence in diabetes management.

In this descriptive‑correlation study, 200 adolescents with type 1 diabetes were enrolled. To measure spiritual intelligence, the 24‑question SISRI questionnaire and to measure self‑management of diabetes, the SMOD‑A questionnaire (48 questions) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18 using linear regression analysis tests. Data collection was conducted by simple sampling.

Mean score of self‑management of diabetes and spirituality was 86.1 ± 15.1 and 60.42 ± 12.9, respectively. Linear regression test (ANOVA: 0.002, F = 9.839) showed effect on diabetes self‑management (β: 0.218).

This study showed that spiritual intelligence can predict diabetes self‑management, though poorly predicted, and by strengthening it, has a decisive role in improving the health of adolescents with diabetes. Considering the findings of this study, a new window of nurses’ performance in managing diabetes based on the promotion of spiritual intelligence in the educational, care, counseling, and support roles of nursing science can be opened.

Maintaining and improving the health of the elderly people as a vulnerable group should further be considered. Loneliness is one of the most common complaints of the elderly that can cause serious consequences on their mental health. The present study was designed and implemented with the aim of determining " The Effects of Group Reminiscence Therapy on Loneliness and Spiritual Well- being among Residents of Kahrizak Nursing Home ".

The present study is a non-randomized clinical trial that has been done on 83 elderly residents of Kahrizak nursing home who were qualified for participating in the study in the year 2017. The samples were non -randomly selected and subjects were divided into two experimental and control groups. The control group received no treatment. 6 reminiscence sessions were carried out according to the Watt & Cepplize protocol in experimental group. The data collection tools include Demographic and Plutozion-Ellison spiritual Well- being questionnaires(in previous studies in Iran, content validity and internal reliability were performed with Cronbach's alpha of 92%) and Russell loneliness questionnaire (in previous studies in Iran, content validity and internal reliability were performed with Cronbach's alpha of 78%). In analyzing samples, descriptive statistics was used to calculate central indexes and dispersion and to prepare frequency distribution tables. Analytical statistics was used to test the hypothesis of the research with the help of one of independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square, Fisher and ... tests. Data was analyzed by SPSS24 software.

The findings of this study showed that there was a significant statistical relationship between all demographic variables in both groups, except partner life situation variable (p=0.385) in which there was no significant statistical relationship. The result of analysis of covariance showed that the variables of loneliness (p=0.335) and spiritual well-being (p=0.385) have influenced on loneliness (p

Stabilization of the vital components of neonates before the transform significantly affects their response to treatment. This study aims at evaluating the effects of electronic learning on neonatal stabilization before transform on nurses’ knowledge.
The current quasi-experimental, case-control study of e-learning of neonatal stabilization before the transform was conducted in 10 weeks in 2015 on nurses and midwives taking care of newborn infants. Three teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were randomly selected and samples were selected using the convenience sampling method. The samples were allocated to two groups, intervention (n = 40) and control (n = 41). Data collection was conducted using two questionnaires on demographic information and a researcher-made multiple-choice questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS version 18 using paired t and Fisher exact tests, P In the current study, both the intervention and control groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics. A significant difference was also observed in the knowledge level of the intervention group between the pre- and post-intervention measures (P E-learning of neonatal stabilization before transform improved the knowledge of participants in the intervention group. It seems that implementation of the same training courses at large scales can improve the therapeutic results of transformed neonates.

Menopause symptoms can have harmful effects on women's life and affect their quality of life. Most of post-menopausal women have turned to complementary medicine therapies such as herbal therapy and the use of phytoestrogens for compatibility with menopausal symptoms. This study was performed with aim to assess the effect of fennel as a phytoestrogen in treatment of menopausal physical symptoms.
This clinical randomized trial was performed in 2016 on 90 post-menopause women aged 45-60 years in Tehran. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of fennel and placebo. Women in fennel group received 8 weeks of treatment with daily two 100mg fennel soft capsules and in placebo group with two 100 mg sun flower oil capsules. The menopausal physical symptoms were measured by the physical part of Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 14) and Independent t-test and Paired t-test. P The two groups were similar in menopausal physical symptoms before the intervention. But, after 8 weeks of the intervention, Independent t-test showed that menopausal physical symptoms after the intervention were significantly decreased compared to before the intervention (P0.05).
Fennel is effective in reducing menopausal physical symptoms without any serious side effect. More researches are needed to definite the results of this study.

Paying attention to spiritual needs of patients as an important aspect of care is not only essential for improving health consequences, but also to respect the dignity of patients. Spiritual care is the major core of the quality of life of patients and their families, which becomes possible through identifying the care needs of clients. Research has shown that the needs of a child and their family from the time of diagnosis of cancer change until the treatment stage and other stages of the disease. The patient child’s parents feel insecure and do not know how they should take care of their patient child. This study has been conducted with the aim of comparatively investigating the spiritual care needs of mothers of children suffering from cancer at early stages of diagnosis as well as terminal stages of the disease.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 400 mothers of less than 14-year-old children suffering from cancer at early stages of diagnosis and terminal stages of the disease, hospitalized in blood and oncology wards for children of hospital throughout Tehran in 1394-95. All mothers whose children were hospitalized in the mentioned wards due to cancer and had the inclusion criteria were included in the study through available sampling. The inclusion criteria for the mother to enter the study were: having a child below 14 years of age, hospitalization of the child in the ward for at least two days, having early criteria for diagnosis and terminal stage of the disease (according to the documents available in the patient’s file, diagnosis made by the specialist, guidelines of the ward head-nurses, or the information of the child’s patent), as well as literacy (both reading and writing). The data collection instrument included patient spiritual needs assessment scale, which was translated into Persian and validated. This questionnaire included 18 questions about demographic information of the mother and her child (including 9 questions about the information associated with age, gender, disease, time of diagnosis, place of residence, treatments tried, having a relative with cancer, the number of hospitalization of the child during one month, and 9 questions about the information associated with age, marital status, education, housing situation, level of monthly income, support of social institutions, supportive resources in the family, and correspondent of the child’s disease. Spirit questionnaire includes 70 questions with a Likert scale and two open-ended questions. The first section includes 43 five-option items in relation with reflection of the spiritual care needs of the mother (“never” score 1, “rarely” score 2, “sometimes” score 3, “most of the time” score 4, and “always” score 5). The second section includes 27 four-option items with a Likert scale and questions the affairs that mothers may want the child’s nurse to do those cares for them. The options include: “absolutely disagree” score 1, “disagree” score 2, “agree” score 3, “absolutely agree” score 4). The lowest score of the first section implies more need of mothers to receiving spiritual care, and the lowest score of the second section suggests refusal by the mother to receive spiritual care by a nurse. This scale has no cut-off point, but considering the instrument’s median, the subjects were categorized into three groups of extreme, medium, and low, in terms of spiritual care. The data was analyzed by SPSS 18. The responses given to the open-ended questions of the questionnaire (10 persons from the early diagnostic stage and 20 from the terminal stage) were analyzed and classified in a directed way. Eventually, through a quantitative method, the frequency of the obtained themes was calculated.
Ethical considerations: After receiving confirmation from the ethics committee of Tehran University of medical sciences with the code of (9211196001_137223), the researcher visited the environment of the research and after receiving permission from the hospital officials and explanation about the study objectives, the written informed consent of mothers was received to participate in the study.
Findings: Most children in both groups had an age of between 5 and 14 years old, with 46.1 and 57.7% being in an early diagnostic and terminal stage groups, respectively. In both groups, around half of the children were male and the other half were female. Most of the children in both groups lived in Tehran. The majority of children in the terminal stage group (52.4%) had been hospitalized three times or more per month, while most children in the early diagnosed group (74%) had been hospitalized twice or less per month. A total of 97% of the children in both groups had a second-degree relative with cancer. Further, over 80% of children in both groups had undergone chemotherapy. In both groups, most mothers had an age of between 25 and 35 years old, were married, housewife, and an educational level of diploma. In most families, the main reporter of the family was the father, the average monthly income of the household was less than 250 Dollars and they had rented houses. A total of 59.1% of the families in the early diagnosed group and 44% of the families in the terminal stage group had been supported by social institutions.
The average of spiritual care needs in the terminal stage group was significantly higher than the diagnostic group (p The spiritual care needs in the mothers of the terminal stage group and willingness of the mothers in both groups across different stages of the disease are contemplative. Considering the progressive increase in the rate of cancer in children and spirituality as an inseparable part of the life of patients and their families, measurement of the spiritual care needs of mothers with children suffering from cancer is essential in care planning. Meeting the spiritual care needs should be taken into account in health policymaking through developing trust and companionship of the family, establishing a favorable relationship, providing a silent and peaceful place for mother’s praying, encouraging mothers to talk about their spiritual concerns, and holding praying ceremonies. Accordingly, it is suggested that spiritual care be incorporated in the comprehensive care protocol of these patients and their families.

Sexual dysfunction is a common matter among women which has a significant effect on human’s life. Various methods have been evaluated for encountering and treatment of sexual dysfunction. Considering the effects of saffron and shortage of conducted studies in this field, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of saffron on sexual dysfunction in women of reproductive age.
Methods & Materials: The present clinical trial was conducted on 69 women of 18 to 39 years old who referred to the health centers of the Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Participants were selected using continuous sampling method and were randomly allocated into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention was performed as using saffron extract capsule for 8 weeks and comparing it to consumption of placebo capsules. The status of participants’ sexual performance was evaluated using Female Sexual Function Index before the intervention and four and eight weeks after the start of the intervention. Data were analyzed through SPSS software using chi square test, independent t-test and Cochrane test.
Results showed no significant difference between both groups regarding their sexual dysfunction at the beginning of the study. Comparing the two groups of intervention and control four weeks after the start of the intervention showed a significant difference between their excitement and desire. However, eight weeks after the start of the intervention, the difference between both groups regarding their total sexual dysfunction and all of its aspects except for lubrication and dyspareunia was statistically significant.
Considering the effect of saffron on improvement of women’s sexual performance and also considering the safety of this herbal drug, saffron could be used for improvement of sexual performance in women of reproductive age.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among children. Three to five percent of children suffer from this disorder. The behavioral problems of children with ADHD affect the sense of competence of mothers. Sense of competence is an important factor to perceive the parent role and satisfaction of parent role to support the child and establishing good order and discipline. The present study aimed to examine the effect of education on sense of competence of the mothers of the children with ADHD.
This semi-experimental study was conducted in Tehran in 2015. The study population was 100 literate mothers of children with ADHD. The mean age of the children was 7-11 years. The study methodology is convenience and random sampling method of clinical centers. Then, using the random method, it was shown which center was control and which center was experimental group. Children were selected from two educational medical centers of Tehran Psychiatric Institute (experimental group, n = 50) and Ali Asghar Medical Center (control group, n = 50). Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and the questionnaire of Parenting Sense of Competence. This program was held during 8 sessions (60 min, one session per week) for the experiment groups (groups of 5-12 mothers). The control groups received no intervention. Three months after the completion of the questionnaires, pre-test, and post-test were performed for the control groups. One month after the last session, post-test was performed by the completion of questionnaires in the experiment groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.
The mean values of sense of competence of mothers were compared before and after the intervention. The result of independent t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the score of sense of competence after the intervention in two groups. Thus, two groups are homogenous in terms of the sense of competence after the intervention (P = 0.256). There was no significant difference in other items.
There was no significant difference in the sense of competence of mothers after the intervention and this sense can be affected by different factors Also, short-term training cannot have a significant effect on it. Further studies are suggested to perform regarding the sense of competence and the effect of other educational approaches on this sense.

Maternal role is competence, skill and satisfaction of a woman who, as a mother, has maternal understanding and feeling for the infant.
This study aimed at determining the impact of training on nulliparous Pregnant women in attaining identity and satisfaction with the maternal role.
This is a quasi-experimental intervention study. This study was conducted on 100 pregnant women referred to health centres affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2013. The sample consisted of 45 subjects in the intervention group and 47 subjects in the control group.
Inclusion criteria were gestational age of 36 weeks or more, age of 18 and above, living with a partner, no physical or mental illness, no record of alcoholism and drug abuse, having at least passed third grade in secondary school, Iranian citizenship and no history of participation in courses on baby care.
Training classes were held 3 times for pregnant women in the intervention group. The first and third sessions included training, slide shows with lectures and questions and answers; but the second session included practical training on baby showers and film screenings. At the end of these sessions, a booklet containing baby care training material was provided to the mothers. The booklet contained training material including umbilical cord care, how to breastfeed and related problems like fissures and mastitis, among others. It also included how to use iron and multivitamins, vaccination of infants, care for infants, their shower, their clothes, mother and infant nutrition, prevention and healthcare of infant in case of urinary tract burns and care and necessary actions in case of fever, diarrhea or bloating, etc..
In this research, data gathering tools included questionnaire (personal information and maternal identity questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy, maternal identity questionnaire in postpartum and maternal satisfaction questionnaire). Descriptive statistical and analytical tests including Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Friedman test as well as T-paired and independent T-tests were used to analyse the data.
Comparison of individual properties and maternal identity level before the intervention in two groups showed no significant difference (P> 0.05). Statistical test showed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of maternal identity, in pre-training levels, 6 and 12 weeks after delivery; but mean maternal satisfaction in weeks 6 (P According to this study, it seems that improvement in maternal identity has not been possible by short-term training and needs broader intervention. According to the impact of training on maternal satisfaction, it recommended to offer infant care training programmes for promoting a sense of empowerment in mothers for better child care.

Menopause is one of the natural phases of women’s life. At this phase, due to the large fluctuations in hormones, undesirable physical, mental and sexual symptoms would occur that have negative effects on the quality of life of women. Due to the side effects of hormonal therapy, many women would prefer complementary medicine and especially herbal medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fennel on the quality of life in menopausal women.
Methods & Materials: This randomized triple-blind clinical trial was conducted on 90 menopausal women aged 45-60 years in Tehran. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups of fennel and placebo. The participants in the fennel group received oral soft capsules containing 100mg of fennel twice a day for 8 weeks and women in the placebo group received the same doze of placebo capsules containing 100mg of sunflower oil. The measured outcomes in the present study were the quality of life in menopausal women and its different aspects including vasomotor, socio-psychological, physical and sexual aspects which were measures using Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS14.
After 8 weeks of intervention, covariance analysis showed a significant difference in the score of quality of life and its four measured aspects between the two studied groups (for quality of life, vasomotor aspect, physical aspect and socio-psychological aspect: p The present study showed that the fennel could decrease the symptoms of menopause with no serious side effects and consequently improve menopausal women’s quality of life.

Transferring critically ill patients from intensive care units to other wards is inevitable and may be associated with risks and complications for the patient. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of training nurses through an interactive workshop on the quality of intra-hospital transfer of hospitalized patients in intensive care units.
Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, at first, the quality of intra-hospital transfer of patients from intensive care units were observed and assessed. Then, all the nurses working at these units participated in an interactive workshop. One month after the intervention, the quality of patients’ intra-hospital transfer was re-evaluated by a checklist. Finally, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS software version 16.
Results of this study showed that the quality of most of the intra-hospital transfers was undesirable (66%) and none of the transfers was performed in a desirable level, while, 52% of them had desirable quality after the intervention. The mean score of the quality of patient transfer was significantly increased from 47.49±9.55 at the pre-intervention phase to 67.47±12.80 at the postintervention phase (P According to the results, training nurses about the standards of intra-hospital patient transfer can improve the quality of intra-hospital transfer of critically ill patients that has not just become acceptable now and need to be improved. Therefore, to promote safe transfer of critically ill patients, it is recommended that nurses must undergo in-service training, especially as this subject does not exist in the formal nursing curriculum.

Caregivers’ education should be an active and dynamic process. Updated training programs are essential. This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of virtual education on health care practitioner's self-efficacy in the neonatal unit.
Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental research, hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences that had level one neonatal unit were divided into two intervention and control groups. Sampling was conducted based on the inclusion criteria from all the nurses and midwives who were employed at these units. The intervention group received two months of asynchronous virtual education using learning management system. The control group did not undergo any specific training program. Data of both groups were collected using demographic questionnaire and Schwarzer & Jerusalem' Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE10) at the first day of the study and two months after the start of the intervention in the form of pre-test and post-test and were statistically analyzed.
Both of the intervention and control groups were similar regarding their demographic variables. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean score of self-efficacy of the two groups before the intervention (p=0.717); but there was a significant difference between the mean score of self-efficacy of two groups after the intervention (P The results of this research demonstrated that virtual education programs are effective in increasing the health care practitioner's self-efficacy at level one neonate units. As a result, applying this method of education is recommended to managers and training planners.

Diagnostic cardiac catheterization is a common procedure in coronary artery disease. Patients’ movement and activities are limited because of potential risks; therefore, they need bed rest. The current study aimed at investigating the impacts of changes in body position and earlier ambulation on comfort, bleeding, and ecchymosis after the diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
The current clinical trial with quasi-experimental design included 90 patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization hospitalized in Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The purposive sampling method was used in the current study and subjects were allocated into 2 groups of intervention and control each of 45. The control group received the routine practices, the supine and flat rest for 8 to 24 hours, and sandbag for 8 hours. The intervention group changed their position in bed; first hour in flat position and head of bed in 15° and second hour in flat position and head of bed in 30°; then, in the 3rd hour in 45° position as well as applying sandbag on catheter entrance site for the first 3 hours; then, the patient was allowed to rest in any position (15° to 30°). Levels of comfort as well as the amount of bleeding and ecchymosis were studied immediately after the admission, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after the catheterization. Then, the results were analyzed using Chi-square and the Mann-Whitney tests with SPSS V. 11.5.
There was no significant difference in the levels of comfort as well as the amount of bleeding and ecchymosis in early admission between the 2 groups, but the level of comfort was higher in the intervention group than the control group at the hours 6 and 24 after the catheterization (P It was observed that patients may be allowed to change their bed position, and they may be ambulated earlier (the sixth hour) after the diagnostic cardiac catheterization.

Anxiety among patients after surgery can affect their physiological and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of Benson’s relaxation and rhythmic breathing techniques on postoperative anxiety in candidates for the mastectomy surgery.
This randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted with ninety patients in 2013. The patients were hospitalized for the mastectomy surgery in three surgical wards in a teaching hospital, Tehran, Iran. They were randomly assigned into three groups: Benson’s relaxation including the cognitive relaxation technique type, rhythmic breathing including the somatic relaxation technique type and control groups. According to the Davidson and Schwartz multi-process theory, the Benson’s relaxation and the rhythmic breathing techniques have cognitive and somatic effects, respectively. One day before the surgery, the patients in the intervention groups were trained regarding relaxation and breathing techniques and were asked to perform the techniques under the supervision of the researcher in the night before the surgery. The cognitive somatic anxiety questionnaire was used to measure anxiety before the intervention and half an hour after recovery of consciousness after the surgery. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis via the SPSS v.21 software.
There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of demographic characteristics. The application of both techniques reduced the level of patients’ anxiety after the surgery. The patients in the Benson’s relaxation technique group reported only the relief of somatic anxiety. However, the breathing technique patients reported a reduction in both cognitive and somatic anxiety.
The Benson’s relaxation and rhythmic breathing techniques can reduce postoperative anxiety in patients after the mastectomy surgery.
Trial Registration Number: IRCT2014042017350N1

Self-efficacy has an influence on nurses’ professional progress, motivation, effort, perseverance, and time spent by learners on learning. It is also an interface between knowledge and practice. This study aimed to assess the impact of virtual-based education on self-efficacy of nurses in level II neonatal intensive care.
In this quasi-experimental study, after determining the sample size (n = 80), nurses working in level II neonatal care unit of hospitals affiliated to TUMS were randomly divided into two groups. The study was conducted in 2015. Nurses’ self-efficacy level was measured in the two groups by using Coates self-efficacy questionnaire on the first day of the study. For the intervention group, education content of level II neonatal care was developed and run on Namad system of the virtual faculty of TUMS for two months. No specific intervention was performed for the control group. At the end of the education course, nurses’ psychological empowerment was reassessed in both groups by using the mentioned questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by using the paired t-test, Fisher exact test, chi-square, and independent t-test in SPSS 23.
Research units were similar in terms of all demographic variables other than work experience in neonatal unit. Mean and standard deviation of self-efficacy scores in the control and intervention groups before the intervention were 129.7 ± 13.973 and 118.05 ± 11.104, respectively, while mean and standard deviation of the two groups after the intervention were 128.09 ± 12.363 and 136.11 ± 9.830, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of self-efficacy between the two groups before the intervention P ≤ 0.001), self-efficacy mean score in the control group before and after the intervention (P = 0.002), self-efficacy mean score in the intervention group before and after the intervention (P ≤ 0.001), and self-efficacy mean score between the two groups after the intervention (P ≤ 0.004).
The results of the present study indicate the effectiveness of virtual education in increased self- efficacy of nurses in level II neonatal intensive care unit. With regard to the advantages of virtual education, it can be employed as a modern educational method to provide necessary requirements and tools for training nurses and other healthcare givers.

Sexual dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes in women. Although sexual function is important, often is neglected as a component of diabetes care. This study aimed to investigate the effect of counseling on sexual function in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods & Materials: The present study is a clinical trial conducted on 120 married women with type 2 diabetes and sexual dysfunction, referred to diabetes clinic in Gorgan in 2014. Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Samples were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Sexual counseling sessions were held once a week for three weeks. Sexual function was assessed in two stages (before the intervention as well as two months after the intervention). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.
There was a significant difference in the mean score of sexual function between the control and experimental groups two months after intervention (P Sexual counseling has a favorable effect on sexual function in women with diabetes. Sexual function is recommended to be assessed in women with diabetes during routine health care visit.

The readiness of mothers to take care for infants at discharge is a critical issue. Poor readiness of mothers in taking care of premature infants at the time of discharge is associated with potential adverse consequences. This study examined the effect of implementing mothers’ empowerment program on the weight gain and duration of hospitalization in premature infants.
This study was a quasi-experimental before–after study with a control group, in which 80 mothers with premature infants who were hospitalized in NICU Level II of two hospitals were recruited in the study. Mothers’ empowerment program was implemented as a three-stage training program for the intervention group. Mothers’ readiness questionnaire was
completed by the mothers before the intervention and at the discharge time. The changes in mean of mothers’ readiness scores were compared in both the groups.
The mean of daily weight gain in infants of the intervention group (3.95 g) was significantly higher than that of the infants in the control group (−0.9 g) (P = 0.003). The average duration of hospitalization for infants in the intervention and control groups was 15.45 days and 20.95 days, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (P = 0.003).
Providing training to the mothers regarding how to care for premature infants can be a useful and effective method in the process of weight gain of premature and low-birth newborns, and may shorten the duration of infants’ hospitalization.

Infertility and its treatment are considered a crisis in women’s life which would affect different aspects of their quality of life. Along with therapeutic measures, infertile women need educating and continuous care. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of educating based on continuous care model on treatment-related quality of life in infertile women.
Methods & Materials: In this semi-experimental study, 80 infertile women who referred to selected infertility centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2015 were enrolled through convenient sampling. For the samples of the control and the intervention group would not encounter each other, two different centers were selected for sampling. Data were gathered through demographic-obstetrical characteristics questionnaire and the Fertility Quality of Life (Fertil QoL) tool. The control group received the routine cares of the infertility center. To conduct continuous care model for the intervention group, based on the needs of participants, 2 or 3 educational sessions (1 to 2 hours) were conducted within a period of 7 to 10 days in the form of speech and question and answer and then the booklets of the presented subjects were distributed among the participants. Quality of life of infertile women was evaluated in both groups at two stages, before and 2 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Chi square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent t test and Paired t test through SPSS 16. The level of significance was set at less than 0.05.
Both of the intervention and the control group were similar before the intervention regarding their demographic characteristics and the score of quality of life (p > 0.05). The scores of quality of life after the intervention were 25.28 ± 4.602 and 30.08 ± 2.474 for the intervention and the control group, respectively, which indicates the effect of educating based on continuous care model on the infertility-related quality of life.
Educating based on continuous care model would improve therapy-related quality of life in infertile women and it is recommended that this model should be used as an easy, low-cost and convenient model in educational programs of midwifery.

Infertility and its treatment affect as a crisis on various aspect of quality of life in women that is the most important aspects of quality of life of emotional issues and social connection. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of continuous care model on emotional health and social connection in infertile women.
In this semi-experimental study, 80 infertile women referred to infertility centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2015 were entered into study by simple (convenient) sampling method. The data were collected by demographic characteristics questionnaire and fertility quality of life questionnaire (FertiQol). 2-3 training session was held for implementation of continuous care model. Quality of life in infertile women was evaluated during two stages: before intervention and 2 months after intervention in evaluation stage. Data were analyzed using SPSS by the Independent t-test, Paired t-test, Chi-square and Exact fisher test and p in the case and control groups, mean of quality of life in emotional health after the intervention was 16.75±3.572 and 8.85±3.971 and in social connection was 17.98±2.922 and 11.45±3.672, respectively. A significant difference between intervention and control group was observed (P=0.002). In the control group, a significant decrease in scores on emotional and social areas after the end of the intervention was observed (P Implementation of continuous care model improves emotional health and social connection in infertile women. It is recommended that continuous care model to be used as a easy, affordable and available care model.