abdolrahman khezri

This research aimed to examine the gesture production ability of motor praxis among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and children on the verge of developing DCD and compare it to typical children of the same age and younger.

For this reason, 91 boys (6-12 years old) were selected as sample size and divided into five groups (20 children with typical development, 14 children with DCD, 17 children on the verge of developing DCD, 20 typically-developed children aged 8-9 years, and 20 typically-developed children aged 6-7 years). To find the children with DCD, we employed the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 7th edition (DCDQ-7) and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor Proficiency. The Dewey gesture production test was performed to investigate motor praxis. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis and an independent t test.

Comparing the subjects’ performance in different conditions showed that their performance in transitive motor praxis was better than intransitive one (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of verbal command and imitation position showed that between the two DCD groups, the performance in the imitation movements was significantly better (P<0.05). While in the same age control group, no significant difference was seen between motor praxis in two conditions (P>0.05). The between-group comparisons showed that the performance of two DCD groups was disrupted compared to that of the control group at the same age. The performance of the DCD group compared to lower-age children with typical development (8-9 years old) was not different at the verbal command condition. In the imitation position condition, the DCD group performed significantly better than the lower-age children groups (P<0.05).

These results show that DCD subjects have developmental delays in performing motor praxis under verbal command.

The aim of this study was survey effect of perceptual motor training on motor praxis of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

For this aim, 34 children (10 – 12 years old) selected as sample size and divided into two control and experimental group (20 people were in the control group and 14 people were in the experimental group) and participated in the current tests study. For recognize of DCD problem, Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire- Edition 7 (DCDQ-7) and Bruininks– Oseretsky Test of motor Proficiency was performed. For investigating of motor praxis, the Dewey gesture production test, Praxis imagery questionnaire and knowledge of object use test was performed. The participants of experimental group participates in perceptual motor training for 8 weeks.

the results of MANCOVA test show that the performance of experimental group in relation to control group was improved significantly at gesture production test after perceptual motor training (P<0/05). On the other hands, in other tests (Praxis imagery test and knowledge of object use test) was no significant difference between pre and posttest in participants of experimental group (P> 0/05).

These results of current study show that perceptual motor training have significant effect on gesture production and performance of motor praxis, but this training skills haven’t effect on motor planning and programing of praxis actions in DCD children.

The aim of this study was to survey the effect of distal and proximal external attentional focus instructions on postural sways and muscular electrical activity amongst children with mental retardation.

For this purpose, 30 child 10- 12 years old (M= 11.2) were selected from exceptional children schools and divided into three 10- person groups (distal external attentional focus, proximal external attentional focus and control) randomly. We used the Biodex Stability System to measure postural sways and Electromyogram to measure the muscular electrical activity. The participants at pre-test phase performed 10 trials (each trial 20 seconds) without instruction. Then each group, according with their group schedule, participated in three training sessions (each session included 10 trials). Finally, the participants performed 10 trials without instruction as a post-test. During the pre and post- test phases, the electrical activity of Soleus and Tibialis Anterior muscles was recorded. For intra-group comparisons, paired t- test and covariance analysis were used and for between-group comparisons, ANOVA test was used.

The results showed that the balance performance of distal external focus group was better than the other groups significantly. Also, the performance of proximal external focus group was better than the control group (P<0/05). The comparisons of muscles electrical activity indicated that the electrical activity of Soleus muscle in distal external focus group was less than the proximal external focus group. But, in case of Tibialis Anterior muscles, the electrical muscle activity in the distal and proximal external focus groups was less than the control group significantly (P<0/05).

The findings of the present study showed that shifting the attentional focus away to closer distances has relatively better results on the balance and postural sways of children with mental retardation and supports the constrained action hypothesis.

Visual training includes special practices that improve eye performance of control and coordination. This training is used to enhance visual function in sports performances. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a visual training course on volleyball serve reception skill. 40 high school students (17-19 years old) were selected randomly and divided into four groups: visual training, skill training, mixed (visual & skill training) and control. The visual training group participated in visual training for 8 sessions. The skill training group received 8 sessions of serve reception skill training. The mixed group participated in both visual and skill training programs during their 8 training sessions. During this period, control group did not participate in any related activities and had their daily routines. Before and after these training sessions, pretest and posttest were administered by “volleyball serve reception test in five regions”. The results of paired sample t test (to compare pretest and posttest scores) showed that mixed and skill training groups significantly improved their serve reception skill (P0.05). Also, the results of one-way ANOVA test showed that four groups had significant differences (P=0.001) and Tukey post hoc test showed that mixed training group had a better performance than other groups. Skill training group had a better performance than control and visual training groups (P

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Paaryaad training program on the development of motor skills of children aged between 6 and 8 who suffered from high function autism (HFA). For this purpose, 30 girls with HFA (mean age 7.1 ± 0.6 yr) were randomly selected from special schools of Sanandaj city. Then, according to the pretest scores, were assigned to control and experimental groups. Pretest and posttest scores were measured by Bruininks-Oseretsky test. Motor intervention program included 16 sessions of Paaryaad training. The K-S test was used to determine data distribution and Levin and ANCOVA tests were used to compare means. The results showed that Paaryaad training program affected significantly the development of the subscales of running speed and agility, balance, bilateral coordination and strength (P0.05). According to these results, it could be argued that this training program may improve the fundamental skills of children with HFA.

The aim of this research is the study and comparing of active and non-active elderly response time with different levels of body mass index. statistical samples include 60 elderly men (30 active and 30 non-actives). After measuring their BMI levels, they were divided into 3 levels (low, medium and high) and response time was measured by Nelson Choice- Response and Movement test. the results of two-way ANOVA test showed that the effect of physical activity, BMI and reciprocal effect of two variables on response time was statistically significant (p<0/05). One -Way ANOVA Test indicates no significant difference between participants of three BMI levels in active group (p=0/576). But difference between three levels of non-active group was significant (p= 0/001). Results of independent t-Test showed that there is no significant difference between low level of BMI in two groups (p=0/661). But the medium and high level participant’s response time of BMI in the active group is significantly shorter (p=<0/05) than non-active group. since the results of this study confirmed that non-active persons with low BMI level have shorter. Response time than non-active persons with higher level. So, the elderly can efficiently maintain their BMI via physical activities.

Although the biology and ecology of the arthropod vectors are different, some factors, such as global warming, the increasing abundance of mosquitoes, the movement of domestic hosts, and the abundance of wild reservoirs, can act as favourable factors for the distribution of infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in shepherd dogs living in the high altitude of mountainous area (i.e.1200 meters above the sea level). The study group was comprised of 160 shepherd dogs living in 4 mountainous regions (Targavar, Margavar, Kolshin and Hovarchin) of west Azerbaijan where continuous movement of sheep and goat flocks resulted to have a little information about shepherd dogs in these regions. Additionally, arduous pathways have made impossible any access by car to some territories of these areas. The dogs were mostly mixed raced with different ages (from 1 to 10 years) and sexes (male = 136, female = 24). Blood samples were collected from cephalic vein. Direct thin and thick blood smears and modified knott’s technique were used for detecting D.immitis microfilariae and other blood parasites. The results indicated that 40 (25 %) of dogs were infected with D. immitis microfilariae. In examination of the dogs, no severe life threatening feature of the disease was diagnosed. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) of Dirrofilaria infection among gender, age groups and geographical areas. High prevalence of asymptomatic Dirrofilariasis in shepherd dogs in this area highlights the need of controlling and preventive programs.