فهرست مطالب abdolreza rahmani fazli

One of the ever-threatening problems of human settlements is the occurrence of accidents that cause irreparable damage to various aspects of human life. One of the most common risks is drought, which is very frequent especially in arid and semi-arid regions and has caused widespread effects on a wide range of ecosystems around the world. Agricultural activities in Iran are highly dependent on weather conditions. Due to the importance of agriculture in Zanjan, the severity of the effects of drought is also more prominent. The purpose of the above research is to determine the level of the economic resilience indicators of the studied villages and which of the economic resilience indicators have the greatest effects of drought. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of collecting information is library and field (questionnaire), the method of data analysis is descriptive and inferential. The statistical population of the above research is 30 villages of Mahenshan county. After examining the drought situation using the SPI index, economic resilience indices were extracted and evaluated. The data collected in SPSS software were analyzed with binomial tests, t-test and exploratory factor analysis. Considering the positive result of the one-sample t test and the significance level is less than 0.05, it is determined that the state of the economic dimension is in a favorable state; In other words, there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of the economic dimension. The results of the factor analysis test showed that the employment factor is the most important factor affecting economic resilience in rural areas. The specific value of this factor is 5.472, which alone is able to calculate and explain 34.198 percent of the variance.The occurrence of drought in the studied villages has caused a decrease in the level of economic resilience in the study area and the most unfavorable indicators of resilience in the economic dimension are related to the index of receiving credits and loans related to drought with 1.00% and the extension of the installment repayment period due to the presence of drought with 0.99% and the possibility of changing jobs after the drought is 0.98%.

In order to assess the capabilities of targeting subsidies in order to improve the performance of the project, it seems necessary to study its role on the livelihood resilience of Peripheral areas and vulnerable groups. Therefore, in proportion to the performance and goals of targeting subsidies, its effects and consequences on the livelihood of villagers are manifested in the form of positive and negative effects. The aim of this study was to assess the "effects of targeting subsidies on sustainable livelihoods in Peripheral villages in the central district of Borujerd County. This study is an applied research and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was all rural households in the central district of Borujerd County. Based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample in question was 288 heads of households. Spearman and Kendall's Tau-b correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the influential and impressionable components of the research and multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between the total variables. Finally, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between indicators of targeting subsidies and indicators of sustainable livelihood in Peripheral villages in the central district of Boroujerd County; Therefore, improving the performance indicators of targeting subsidies to achieve livelihood resilience in Peripheral areas of Boroujerd County, as one of the effective strategies that should be given more attention by the government.

IntroductionNowadays, entrepreneurship is a key tool for rural growth and development in many countries. Therefore, many countries in the world, especially third world countries, have a special view on rural entrepreneurship. An analysis of the studies reveals the need to pay attention to entrepreneurship in achieving development, including balanced rural development. Inequality of development in rural areas on the edge of the desert has occurred, including Damghan city. It’s natural, socio-economic and physical environment systems, has faced many challenges in these settlements, which in general has led to a lack of balanced development in rural settlements of Damghan city. In line with this issue, rural entrepreneurship as a basic and parallel approach to the goals of rural development can be a great help in this regard.

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial capacity and balanced rural development. The present study was descriptive-analytical based on the applied purpose and research method. Also, documentary and field methods were used to collect data. First of all, FANP model was used to determine the levels of development of rural areas of Damghan city based on balanced development indicators. In the second stage, a T-sample test was used for testing the entrepreneurial capacities in the studied villages. Then, with the aim of spatial analysis of the sample villages, based on the level of entrepreneurship of the cluster analysis test, the studied villages were divided into several suitable clusters. Hierarchical clustering was used for clustering. In the last step, with the help of analysis of variance, the level of entrepreneurship among the villages was compared with different levels of development. A simple regression test was used to investigate the effect of independent entrepreneurship variable on development rate. Finally, a one-way variance analysis test was used to test the mean difference between the variables in the villages (based on the level of development). In the first step to measure the level of development in the villages of the district, considering the nature of the research and the necessity of recognizing and examining the whole rural area, all the villages of the city were examined. Then, in the second step, a sampling process was performed to measure the entrepreneurial capacities in the studied rural area. To select a sample of the statistical population, the villages were classified according to three criteria: level of development, population and natural location. After classification, sample villages were selected using estimation method. In proportion to the number of villages from each class, the sample villages were randomly selected and finally 32 villages were selected as the sample villages.

The research findings showed that there were fundamental spatial differences between the villages of Damghan city. Meanwhile, some villages had a higher level of development and some had a lower level of development. As a result, this situation had led to the formation of an unbalanced spatial pattern in rural areas. On the other hand, the research findings showed that the villages studied were also different in terms of the overall level of entrepreneurship. From this perspective, the villages were divided into three categories. The first cluster or villages with medium to high entrepreneurship, the second cluster included villages with medium to low entrepreneurship and the third cluster included villages with low entrepreneurship. Therefore, after matching the level of rural development and entrepreneurial capacities, our findings showed that there was a significant relationship between entrepreneurial capacity and the level of development of the studied villages. Therefore 31% of the development variance of the sample villages was explained by the entrepreneurial capacity. Data analysis showed that the entrepreneurial situation had a significant difference in some dimensions based on the comparative comparison of the rate of rural development (underdeveloped, developing, relatively developed and developed).

Finally, the present article, based on the analysis of data, information and findings based on them reached the following results it could be acknowledged that with the increase of entrepreneurial capacities in the villages of Damghan city, the level of development will also increase. In other words, it could be concluded that the development of entrepreneurial capacities in the villages of the region could greatly reduce spatial inequalities and balance rural development. This was in line with the new common definitions of rural development that consider entrepreneurship and development as an approach. These aspects are considered innovative in terms of theories of sustainable and balanced rural development.

Rural poverty is a multidimensional subject depending on various factors such as the level of economic growth of villagers and income distribution. On the eve of the third millennium, poverty and unfair distribution of income and wealth, has led to the imbalance of capital, welfare facilities, successive rural-urban migration and economic imbalance of the regions. Imbalance between urban and rural areas can be considered as one among many. It is considered as one of the most important problems in urban and rural communities. Paying attention to rural poverty and accurate knowledge of issues related to Iranian villages in terms of socio-cultural, economic and environmental fields is of great importance. In some cases, the root of all problems and backwardness issues such as poverty, spatial inequality, unemployment, rapid urban population growth are due to rural-urban migration. This is also due to lack of capital flow, lack of adequate facilities, low income, and declining productivity of agricultural activity as well as weak services in rural areas. Among these, the role of rural-urban links as a close interaction and two-way flow between urban and rural settlements can create economic networks. Rural-urban connections have a spatial nature and refer to the flow of people, goods, services, money, capital and information between urban centers and rural centers. This is the most important part of the connection and interaction between urban and rural areas in the economic field.

This study aims to identify the flows and practices that occur between the city district and surrounding villages to investigate the economic flows and the performance between them in reducing poverty in rural areas. In conducting this research, field and library methods and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. This shows the intensity and type of relationship between indicators and variables according to the purpose of the research. The statistical population of the study are the villages of the central part of the city of Songor, which have been selected as a statistical population in a cluster of 15 villages located in the area.

Songor city has the ability to provide various services and facilities of welfare and livelihood and optimal investments to the surrounding villages. It also supports rural products, while providing the conditions for economic growth and development of rural areas. This can lead to changes and spatial developments in the social and economic fields of the villages. On the other hand, the residents of the studied villages can establish economic flows, trade and investment in the productive sectors. This can occur through formal and informal credits, market diversity and housing. It causes the dynamics of the economy and the growth of the city of Songor. These currents, if accompanied by a proper and planned framework, will lead to the formation of rural-urban links and spatial developments in the villages around the city of Songor and economic developments among urban and rural areas. In this study factors affecting spatial developments from different economic aspects and poverty reduction such as employment, formal and informal credits, housing foundation renovation and improvement loans, public and private investments and the availability of durable facilities and goods in rural areas are examined.

The results of the research indicate the formation of economic and service flows between the city districts and the surrounding villages, which has led to the creation of rural-urban links in the economic developments of rural areas. Remittances show employment of villagers in the city. Formal and informal credit, public and private investments have led to continuity of flows and a close and two-way relationship between the city districts and the surrounding rural areas in terms of performance. This improves the finances of rural households and reduces their economic poverty due to the currents.

The approach of the sustainable development as a framework for the analysis of the sustainability of rural settlements has received high value and credit. Here, achieving sustainable development without proper measuring, interpreting and explaining is of no significance. One of the necessary foundation for proper planning is to have knowledge of the capabilities and position of different regions in terms of the level of development and sustainability. Having knowledge of changes in sustainable development and knowing its structure, dimensions and spatial expansion in rural areas are considered as critical parameters for appropriate decision making and planning. In this regard, the easiest form of studying in the field of rural sustainable development from the geographical viewpoint is to study the spatial distribution of significant factors. Accordingly, the present study is to analyze and measure the spatial levels of rural settlements located in Qom province. Sustainability assessment has helped define the goals of sustainable development and progress assessment in order to achieve these them and is considered as part of the process of measuring the impact of different aspects of sustainable development. The sustainability assessment is the most significant tool in changing conditions for the sustainable development. The objective of sustainability measurement is to provide a general outline of the sustainability situation at the space level, which can be extended from the range of complete sustainability to the unsustainability, and ultimately provide areas for identifying the factors that contribute to sustainability. Regarding sustainability measurement, there are no fixed and definite indicators, and, according to conditions of different countries and time periods, certain indicators have been used to measure sustainability. The modern era of evaluation and measurement of sustainability began in the late 1940s, and with its generalization, net national product (NNP) and gross national product (GNP), GDP were defined as general indicators of sustainability. Finally, in 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) recommended that countries pay attention to the issue of sustainable development on the economic, social and environmental dimensions, simultaneously.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method of research. The statistical population of the study includes inhabited villages of Qom province. The required data are obtained by documentary method using data of the census on population and housing, culture of the Qom provinces, as well as with the reference to some government agencies and organizations. For weighing the indicators of the research the F'ANP model has been utilized; by using the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) method VIKOR indicators were integrated and the final indicator of development was determined. Determining the spatial pattern of sustainable development was conducted by cluster analysis method using ARC GIS software; linear regression was utilized to measure the effective factors in the final indicator of development. Besides, EXCEL, SPSS and MATLAB software were used as analysis tools

In this research, the weighing of indicators in the study was conducted using the F'ANP model. The final weight of the indicators derived from the F'ANP model showed that the percentages of literate population, literacy of men and literacy of women were 7.9, 6.72 and 6.69, respectively. It also shows that the highest weight and dependency ratio, the population growth rate and the percentage of agricultural workers to all employees were 2.85%, 3.8% and 3.16%, respectively, and had the lowest weight among the 23 indicators in the study. After weighing, indicators were combined using VIKOR technique. Finally, according to VIKOR scores, the villages under the study were ranked in four categories in terms of sustainable development levels by the cluster analysis method using in the GIS software. in the first category, the sustainable villages, there are 120 villages, in the second category, fairly sustainable villages, there are 37 villages, in the third category, villages with low sustainability, there are 8 villages and in the fourth category, the unsustainable villages, there are 15 villages. The results of regression analysis also showed that "literacy level" had the highest effect and "income level" had the least effect on the sustainability level of villages under the study.

The results of this study showed that although the villages of Qom province compared to each other enjoy the sustainable level, this sustainability is not integrated. In other words, the sustainability of villages is not the same in all the indicators. This situation reflects the imperfect dynamics of the provincial settlement system in the province. Despite that, this province has a special political and religious status in the country. From the spatial aspect, the sustainability level of the province has followed a pattern indicative of (relative) spatial equality. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of the F'ANP model in geographical studies.The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method of research. The statistical population of the study includes inhabited villages of Qom province. For weighing the indicators of the research the F'ANP model has been utilized; by using the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) method VIKOR indicators were integrated and the final indicator of development was determined. Determining the spatial pattern of sustainable development was conducted by cluster analysis method using ARC GIS software; linear regression was utilized to measure the effective factors in the final indicator of development. Besides, EXCEL, SPSS and MATLAB software were used as analysis tools. The results of this study showed that although the villages of Qom province compared to each other enjoy the sustainable level, this sustainability is not integrated. In other words, the sustainability of villages is not the same in all the indicators. This situation reflects the imperfect dynamics of the provincial settlement system in the province. Despite that, this province has a special political and religious status in the country. From the spatial aspect, the sustainability level of the province has followed a pattern indicative of (relative) spatial equality. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of the F'ANP model in geographical studies

Abstract The sustainability of rural settlements depends on its economic sustainability. Today, sustainable economic development is considered as the main economic objective in the planning of developing countries. The prerequisite for planning for economic stabilization of villages is to be aware of their position and ability in this dimension. Accordingly, the present study is to analyze and measure the spatial levels of Economic Sustainability rural settlements located in Qom province. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method of research. The statistical population of the study includes inhabited villages of Qom province. For weighing the indicators of the research the F'ANP model has been utilized; by using the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) method WASPAS indicators were integrated and the final indicator of development was determined. Determining the spatial pattern of sustainable economic development was conducted by cluster analysis method using ARC GIS software; linear regression was utilized to measure the effective factors in the final indicator of development. Besides, EXCEL, SPSS and MATLAB software were used as analysis tools. The results of this study showed rural settlements of Qom province are not in desirable position in terms of economic sustainability. In terms of sustainability, the studied Rural also differed significantly, indicating spatial inequality in terms of economic sustainability levels. Also, the impact of the factors studied was not as high as that. So that some factors have a greater impact on the economic sustainability of the studied rural.

The net income and cost of rural households is one of the main factors affecting sustainable rural development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of rural and household income and expenditure and its spatial distribution distribution among the cities of West Azarbayejan province during 2016-2017. Regarding the aim of the study, the statistical population of the present study is rural households in West Azarbaijan province (3669 villages and 304853 households). 142 villages (403 households) using Cochran formula and stratified random cluster sampling were selected as sample. Information was obtained using a standard questionnaire (household income cost questionnaire of the National Center for Statistics of Iran). The overall results indicated that the average total income of rural households in West Azarbaijan was 16654920 tomans per year and the average total cost per household per month was 1989071 tomans. Also, the results showed that rural households in Naghadeh and Takab cities have the highest and lowest annual income levels, respectively. The rural households of Shohr, Poldasht and Moko cities have the lowest cost per month and the city of Piranshahr has the highest household cost per month.

Spatial equilibrium at different stages, especially at the district level, is the most significant purpose of spatial development planning that is the focus of attention in Iran's policy and planning system. In this regard, spatial recognition and analysis of the components and the criteria of eligibility are significant in the context of the existing development concept .By identifying the eligibility components of rural settlements, it is possible to identify low eligibility of spatial areas affected by adverse socio-economic and spatial processes. Accordingly, the research team attempted to examine this criterion in the district of Khorramabad.

The research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was the villages of Khorramabad county (Given the frequency of a statistical population, 150 villages out of 647 were selected as the sample using stratified-random sampling. The required data (35 indices) were collected by the library method (using population and housing census and statistical yearbook of 2016). Data analysis was done using FANP model (for summarizing the indices and determining their weight), VIKOR technique (for ranking the villages), and finally, path analysis test for determining the influence degree of the factors on the level of development. According to the research findings, the following results were obtained;

The process of development in Khorramabad county, is in relatively in good condition. In this process, Integrated development has not been considered. Some components (access to services, economic participation and, economic welfare) are in good conditions while some other components (agricultural production, education and population growth) are not. These conditions resulted in a decline in some villages. The level of development in Khorramabad county has been confronted with spatial inequality not just in terms of topic-specific but an area-specific aspect. This inequality resulted in the formation of the center-periphery spatial pattern that causes the marginalization (and deterioration) of disadvantaged villages.

Diverse distribution of the population and activity across the country in human settlements, include urban and rural, caused to inequality in the territorial space, Because of external reasons (influencing factors outside of settlements such as incorrect policymaking and unplanned macro-level planning) and internal (within settlements such as environmental-environmental ones); that inequality it is a threat to stability and sustainable security (sometimes strengthening centrifugal and diverging forces, rural migrations to the city, insecurity Food, poverty and unemployment, criminality, alien abuse, etc.) in the territorial space. This is an analytical-descriptive study and the TOPSIS technique has been used to classify sample Rural Complexes. The indexes that used for classification include three socio-cultural, economic and physical-environmental dimensions. The Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) method was utilized for the weighting of the indexes( by15 experts of the university faculty members). Evaluation of development situation of the Rural Complexes of Lorestan indicated that over the past few decades, internal and external factors have caused to the uneven spatial development; so that in some areas, development forces and consequently developmental structures and functions have been shaped and In some areas, not only have the necessary structures been formed, but in times, the structural failure has been caused to the inequality of human development and inadequacy on the sustainable security indicators. According to the results, it is worth mentioning that the way out of the imbalances and to achieve sustainable development and security, is structural-functional reform in various aspects of human settlements development and in the macro and local levels.

The present study analyzes the factors affecting the commodification of rural space in Mahmoudabad county of Mazandaran province. In this study, the descriptive-analytical method was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of 91 villages in Mahmoudabad County according to the Census of Iran in 2016. Half of the villages were selected randomly. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and processing of satellite images in four periods. The validity of the research instrument was evaluated by the opinion of the relevant professors and experts and its reliability was determined by internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha which ranged from 0.76 to 0.94 for various variables indicating the optimality of the questionnaire. SPSS 22 software was used for data analysis. The tests used in this study were frequency test, single sample t-test, and chi-square test. The results show that the weakness of the tax system (withholding tax on vacant and second homes for tourism, withholding tax on profits from the sale of land and housing), the inefficiency of the banking system (high-interest rates), the weakness of government policies to support the manufacturing sector have made the Mahmoudabad tourism environment fragile. The consequences can be drastic changes in land use, expansion of construction and landscape destruction.

Integrated development, in the sense of comprehensive approach to the logical integrity of spatial-temporal connections between sectors in environmental, economic, social, and physical planning procedures, emphasizes in fect, on the active participation of the people and unified management of areas. In addition, it focuses on the effective interaction between rural and urban areas, as otherwise it would be neither in favor of rural centers nor supporting urban centers. So, despite its outstanding capabilities, the Sarwabad’s spatial system was unable to achieve the goals of a desirable and integrated rural-urban development, lacking unified structural-functional planning.
This article deals with the Sarwabad Area (including two cities of Sarwabad and Oraman-Takht and villages of the area). With regard to the integrated approach to rural-urban development, based on a comprehensive empirical field research, the paper has pursued the analysis and definition of the constraints of rural-urban development.
The results show that, although there is a direct and significant relation between socio-cultural and physical-spatial indices, the security, economic and physical-ecological variables have the lowest correlation and the spatial flows have a medium link with the characteristics of integrated development.
Therefore, As a result, integrated rural-urban development, as expected, has not been materialized.

Production efficiency is a basic factor in the economic and social conditions of each country. It usually leads to further efforts by producers and motivation for innovation and investment. Iran's agricultural situation shows that this sector lacks efficiency in most regions. This problem is rooted in many issues such as dependence of the country on oil revenues, neglating the linkage of agriculture with the industry in macro policies, as well as specific conditions and characteristics of local rural areas.This research was conducted with a qualitative approach with theoretical saturation logic through the participation of 71 farmers and 15 local experts on the basis of an analytical-descriptive method through interviews that identified three categories of factors, issues and the consequences of reducing agricultural efficiency in selected rural areas. The results of the research show that factors such as inappropriate land structure, weakness of work force, lag in mechanization, weak management of water harness and lack of distribution and storage infrastructure are among the main categories of decrease in agricultural efficiency.This is rooted in issues such as: lack of a comprehensive agricultural development plan, lack of serious attention to the issue of education and promotion in agriculture, in efficient investment in agricultural infrastructure, slow growth of mechanization, lack of comprehensive economic programs for adapting systems of planting and harvesting to the environment of the regions, etc. These conditions have affected the agricultural sector in rural areas with consequences such as land use change, the with drawal of agricultural producers from productive activities, rural youth migration, reduced food security and the change in the structure of rualemployment.

On the eve of the third millennium, poverty and the unequal distribution of income and wealth as one of the most important human dilemmas have faced many national governments and international institutions with this challenge. However, the leaders of many international institutions, including the United Nations, have expressed concerns and concerns about poverty and its consequences in all social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions over the past decades, but unfortunately in the countries in Developments by governments have not been signaled by this phenomenon of concern that could be targeted at programs that have an impact on poverty eradication and regional equilibrium. And this phenomenon in these countries has not only not diminished but is growing, and has created a challenge to regional and inter-regional equilibrium between urban and rural settlements.
After the victory of the revolution, the constitution in article 43 explicitly addresses the issue of poverty and eradicating it. Unfortunately, how and why and why causes and factors of creating and exacerbating poverty in rural-urban areas have not been paid attention and the goals of government programs and policies have focused more on the injected economy to urban and rural areas than to The root causes of spatial-spatial inequalities and regional imbalances. Therefore, in this research, an analytical-descriptive approach to the state of government policies in post-revolution development plans and rural development status in these programs will be devoted to poverty alleviation of rural-urban areas. The results of this research indicate that government policies in development programs and attention to the issue of poverty eradication of rural-urban areas of Iran have not been able to reduce the spatial inequalities coherently and only by means of measures aimed at reducing the relative poverty rate and more often Financial Injection is done.

1-Introduction
Water is a major concern for sustainable development in the twenty-first century, as the experts in water issues will become the current crisis in the coming years a world war over water. Instability of water resources as drought or water shortage has affected many countries throughout history, especially the arid regions and has many damages and consequences in the economic, social and environmental aspects. Zayandeh-Rud basin in Iran central is region with water problems. Zayandehrood River that originates from the mountains Zardkuh Bakhtiary, Is the most important rivers of the region to develop of agriculture, and supply of industry and drinking water sectors and all of economic activities. Following Climate instability in recent decade and increasing pressure on river over time, is occurred Instability of agricultural water resources or droughts in recent years. In this research, is studied and compared the environmental consequences of water resources instability in the river basin, with use methods such as, the analysis of land use changes on two periods, Assessment of changes in the number of wells and the exploitation level of the underground water reserve and distributing questionnaires to analyze the effects indices of drought in the Downstream of the basin,
2-Materials and methods
In this research two methods are used, library research (book, papers, basic data collected from “National Forest and Land Organization” and “Iran Water Resources Management Co.) and field research (observation, interview with experts and Distribution of the questionnaire). Accordingly, investigated three methods the following:
2-1- Change Detection of Land Use: All the basic data of this section are based on “Land Use National Plan” from the “National Forest and Land Organization”. In addition, the experts’ views were used in all the phases of the research. These maps were made between 2002 and 2013 and confirmed officially. The study target in this research is Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. Border of study area was specified with spot goals of research and views of experts. Then this border was mapped in “Google Earth” and the study area's border of research was extracted from basic map of National Forest and Land Organization of Iran”. Study area of research was divided into three section. Land use basic map in “National Forest and Land Organization” had twenty-two items that were merged and reduced to nine land-users. Change detection was done in Arc GIS software using Union program and exhibited the map, table and descriptive information.
2-2- Changes of Underground Water: The basic data of this section earned from “Iran Water Resources Management Co. and Esfahan Regional Water Authority, and studied Changes in the number of wells, qanats and springs and removal level of the groundwater table and changes in reserve of groundwater aquifers in the Zayandeh-Rud basin in two statistical years 2006 and 2011.
3-2- consequences of water resources Instability on environmental indicators:
Statistical population of this section is villages in downstream part of Zayandeh-Rud basin. The population sample chosen based on Cochran formula and in the form of Stratified Probability sampling. Study Area in the down of the river (from Isfahan city to Gavkhoni marsh) is divided into two parts, Western and Eastern according to geographic, socio-cultural and political indicators; Then selected four districts in the ruling classes Research. From 33153 number of rural households Estimated 380 people to reduce 323 people during the study, due to the limitations and delete incorrect questionnaires, also estimated sample of settlements 25 villages. Questionnaires in the study area analyze and compare these indices in before and after the drought. In the following, analyzed average of research triple indices in SPSS software. Then result analyzed in one sample T-test and compared significant differences of Impact of drought in various rural districts with ANOVA test.
3-Results and discussion:
The comparison of land use map in 2002 and 2013 of total of study basin indicates that dry farming, agriculture, forest, residential settlements and marshland uses have increased while water surface, canebrake, and deserts as well as rangelands have decreased. Study of underground water indicate that after the water sources instability has increased level the exploitation of groundwater aquifers. It increased in the middle and downstream sections of basin that river's flow is not permanent, as has been offset water shortages caused by drought by drilling and exploitation water from wells. In this context, between 2006-2011 drilled 9277 number new wells. During these five years, added 4.8 meters depth of wells and groundwater level has dropped about 5 meters. Analysis of qanat Statistics indicate that due to droughts, drain the water qanats almost halved, and the number of springs also have declined. To assess the environmental effects of Water Resources instability is used 13 Index. The highest impact of drought on environment indicators is in "drying qanats, wells and springs", "reducing the amount of surface water" and "Increasing the depth of water wells (decline in groundwater levels)” and The least effect is seen on the Indicators: "increasing of fire in the natural environment of the region" and "Reduction of medicinal plants". The average of environmental impacts of droughts is 4/24. The results show that no significant difference between rural districts in study area in terms of the impact of drought; this means that the rural districts in study area are relatively similar to the impact of the negative consequences of drought in various aspects.
4-Conclusion
This process of development is dangerous for human and environmental sustainability in Zayandeh-Rud river basin. The development of the human residence and overuse of the natural resources bring about the destruction of nature and the natural ecosystem. Misbalancing the ecosystem in such a short time has misbalanced the sustainability of water resources and plant, animal and human ecology has been negatively affected, too. Considering all of these factors, the continuity of developing of the residences and the alteration of the land use will heavily damage the sustainability of the environment in Zayande Rood Basin. Also, with increasing the exploitation of aquifers, escalate the cycle of water resources instability, drought and ecological unsustainability.

The Zayandeh-Rud Basin, placed in the center of Iran, is one of the areas with water instability problems. In the last decade, the water resources of the basin have decreased. Thus, that part of the length of the river in the middle and downstream of the water flow has dried or temporarily turned off, and the allocation of agricultural water to the agricultural lands of these sectors has decreased significantly. In this study, ground-level land use changes were analyzed through Landsat satellite imagery analysis in 2000, and 2014. These periods coincided with the periods before and after the occurrence of the instability of water resources in the basin. The researchers specified the research area and then divided it into three parts, naming upper, middle, and downstream. At the next step, these parts were compared in the form of 6 categories of use. According to the results, during the period, along with the occurrence of water resource instability, construction and residential land use across the rangelands has increased, and land use of pasture has decreased. Agricultural coverage has increased in the upstream, but it has decreased in the middle and lower parts. Besides, the empty and blank land use on the upstream has decreased, and it has increased in the lower parts. Regarding the results, some of the instability of agricultural water resources in the basin could be attributed to the expansion of settlements, increase in water consumption throughout the area, and increase in agricultural activities in the upstream basin.

The rural guide plan is considered as the most significant development plan, implemented during the past two decades in Iran in order to provide necessary services and facilities of living in rural settlement of the country. Considering the constant process of preparation and implementation of the plan, analyzing and studying the strengths and weaknesses of the plan would affect the level of success. The dominant emphasis of the plan is on the improvement of the quality of physical structures, the social-economic structure of the rural fabric to set the grounds for the rural development. In these respect, the aim of this study is to determine the economic, social and environmental consequences of rural guide plan implementation.
The method of the research in the present study is descriptive-analytical and data is gathered based on a field and library studies, using the surveys and questionnaires. The population of the study consisted of inhabitants of 10 villages in the central part of Chehel Chay Rural District. Random sampling method was utilized such that five villages where the rural guide plan was implemented and five villages where the plan was not implemented. There is a relative similarity in terms of population and location. By using Cochrane method 246 households were determined as the sample size from total 3559 households under the study and they were randomly classified and selected, proportional to the number of households in each village. For the analysis of the data, first the average indices of the research were specified and rated for the villages where the plan was conducted. In the next step, using one sample t-test, the level of difference in the different economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions among villages with and without the rural guide plan has been evaluated and finally all indices under the study were analyzed comparatively in the two groups using Mann-Whitney Test.
The highest impact of implementation of guide plans in the scope of the study was related to the structural and physical dimensions that altogether led to reorganization and modification of the fabric in the rural settlements under the study as well as retrofitting of rural housing. Furthermore , the aforementioned developments transform the communication networks and as well as the quality of the rural pathways which have considerable effect on improving the access of rural inhabitants to other areas and enhance their economic and social conditions. The environmental and social developmental properties are in the second and third ranks. The Improvement of the sewage system of disposal and the waste disposal and development of green space are among the positive environmental effects in target villages. In relation with social dimension, the increased level of the villagers’ participation and the improved level of health could be highlighted. In general, these factors and some others set the ground for increasing the willingness of rural residents to keep on residing within the village influencing the level of migration from the village. The lowest impact of rural guide plan implementation was found within the economic dimension resulting to the increase in the price of land and housing.

Management and regional planning need accurate and timely spatial information on Land cover and its pattern changes. Observation and discovery of these patterns provide the required Information about the current state of development and the nature of the changes in order to accurate planning for planners and decision- makers. Land cover, dynamics and its changes are important variables that have serious effects on the environment and environmental processes. Population growth and the development of human activities in the last few decades have influenced the Earth's surface significantly. Timely and accurate information regarding the land use and land cover are needed for decision-makers and researchers at all levels. Satellite data have the current high ability for mapping land use and land cover in particular geographic areas. Addition information on the importance of land cover, Knowledge of its changes Over a period of time is very important for planners and managers. With knowledge of the proportion of land use changes in time, we can predict future changes and perform the appropriate actions. For this reason, it seems that the change detection methods are necessary to determine the trends of the time. Accurate and timely detection of the changes, postal and altitude, provides a basis for a better understanding of the relationships and interactions between human and natural phenomena in order to management and better use of resources. And generally it is one of the basic needs in the management and assessment of natural resources. The extensive research for mapping land cover classification using remote sensing and GIS methods is performed.Because of this, in the present research, we seek to explore the spatial patterns of the spatial - temporal land cover over a period of 10 years in the rural districts of Isfahan.
MethodologyTo achieve this purpose, land cover map of Esfahan that was classified by the supervised classification method by using the algorithm of maximum likelihood was prepared. This map was obtained from Landsat satellite images of Landsat and 8 Landsat were prepared for 2002 to 2015 and the classes in it are vegetation, water, barren lands and settlements. Then in order to test the spatial-temporal variations at the local level is used of GWT-test.
The basic advantage of this approach is that every Spatial unit are measured with itself around units. Spatial and temporal variations in the period 2002 to 2015 can be measured using hypothesis testing and the GWt-test also a good way to check the statistical significance of the issue.
3-The research process: 1- Determine the area of the land use map
2- Classification of satellite images.
To perform this step , four operations were performed on satellite images which they are:a)Training Data
b)Implementation of training samples in Area image
c)Image classification
d)The process after classification)
3-To make the geographical weight matrix
GWt-test - 4
Expansion GWt-test model:The proposed model is an innovative model Based upon Geographically weighted matrix.
In this model For expansion GWt-test model, Spatial weight matrix is added to T standard equation.
For this purpose, Computational steps are as follows:1- Calculate the weighted average of the geographical
2- Calculate the weighted variance of geographical
3- Calculate the weighted t of geographical
4- Geographically weighted average equality hypothesis test at 2 periods
Results and discussionIn Iran, In recent decades the process of land degradation is almost 6 thousand hectares per year that this is except for land use in the cities, service and industries. In general , Statistics show after 1978 Land and natural resources of the country have Land use change. This Statistic are generally and they can not show changes in space – time. On the other hand, the information provided space for the units must be placed evaluated using scientific methods.
In this study, to create a map land cover in Esfahan province have been used changes processing and classification of satellite images of 2002 and 2015. Analysis and hypothesis testing is used to test GWt-test. With the help of hypothesis testing spatial and temporal changes during the period 1381 to 1393 were identified and then these changes were modeled.
The results showed that the lands of the Isfahan in the years 2002 to 2015, in four categories: vegetation, water settlements (urban and rural) and barren lands, have spatial variant. For irrigated farms, all rural districts, except Jarghoye Middle has changed at a %99 confidence interval level. The assumption changes have been confirmed in the case the bare land for 124 rural districts, about the land settlements for 118 rural districts, and about the land vegetation for more than half of the district. The present study seeks to explore the spatial variation of land in the Isfahan’s rural district. Research in this area and examine the causes of the emergence of these changes is needed for deeper investigation with approach to land use planning.
ConclusionThe extensive research in the field of mapping and classification of different land cover using remote sensing and GIS done. In this paper, in addition to preparation of the land cover map of the district of province, we tried to use the GWT-test in modeling and spatial temporal of land use. Since in this method each spatial unit is measured with its surrounding and also due to specific local circumstances modeling change spatial - temporal will have results. For this reason, We can say that GWt-tes is a good method to check the significance test.
The results show great spatial variations with the spatial differences in land use in the Isfahan's rural. These results also indicated classes that have the most of land use variation are, respectively, with classes of water, settlements, bare land and vegetation.

Zayandeh-Rud basin in central Iran is a region with water problems. Zayandehrood River that originates from the Zardkuh Bakhtiary Mountain is the most important river of the region for the development of agriculture, and a supply for heavy industry and drinking water sectors and is very important in all of economic activities. In the last decade, the water resources of the basin have decreased, so that part of the length of the River in the middle and downstream of the water flow has dried or temporarily turned off, and the allocation of agricultural water to the agricultural lands of these sectors has decreased significantly. In this study, to analyze the effect of natural factors on instability of water resources in the basin, Investigated Changes in climate indicators such as rainfall, Snow ratio to total rainfall and temperature changes in Chelgerd Station in recent decades. Chelgerd Station is the main source of supply of natural river water and its changes directly affect the water volume of the river. Then, the total water resources of the Basin and changes in the volume of water entering the Zayandeh-rud dam were studied and groundwater changes (number of wells and groundwater level) were compared in two periods of 2006 and 2011. The source of the data is the Iran Water Resources Management (Ministry of Energy) and Meteorological Organization. Natural and human factors in the instability of the basin water can be effective. In this research, is studied the role of natural factor including Temperature and Precipitation changes in the occurrence of instability of water resources in Zayandeh-rud Basin. Based on this, is studied climate change of Chelgerd station (Koohrang) as the main source of natural water supply, In the variables of precipitation, temperature and snow ratio to total precipitation, Then its effects on surface water and Groundwater resources have been investigated in recent decades. The research is based on descriptive-analytical and quantitative method. Research data received from relevant departments, such as Meteorological Organization, Iran Water Resources Management Organization (Ministry of Energy) and Regional Water Company of Isfahan, and has been analyzed according to the research objectives. In each stage of the research has been used from Comments of academic experts and organizational experts Comments. In order to analyze the effect of natural factors on the occurrence of instability of water resources in the Basin, based on available statistics, climate change such as rainfall changes during the period of 50 years (1966-2016), the ratio of snowfall to total rainfall during the 45-year period (1971-2016) And temperature variations during the 30-year period (1986-2016) at Chelgerd station. In addition, due to the importance of the temperature of autumn in the melting of snow reserves, seasonal temperature changes were compared to the long-term average at this station. In the water resources section, firstly, the total water resources of the basin and then changes in the reservoir volume of the Zayandeh-rud dam in the last 45 years have been investigated. In the following, changes in groundwater resources were compared on the basis of two inventory periods in 2006 and 2011. Accordingly, investigated changes in the volume of groundwater aquifers, the number of wells and its rate of discharge in two statistical periods compared with the river flow and the occurrence of water resource instability. Checking the precipitation rate of the Chelgerd station during the 50 years period (1966-2016), shows the trend of the rainfall variable and in the last two decades the precipitation has decreased. In the past two decades, two climatic drought has happened, the first drought in the year 1998-2001, the total precipitation of Koohrang reaches 900-1000 mm per year. During the years of 2001 to 2007, the rainfall is relatively improved and the rainfall reaches over 1500 mm per year. Since 2007, rainfall has fallen in Koohrang station and has reached 900 mm per year; since the beginning of the second drought in the Zayandeh-rud basin, precipitation has been between 900-900 mm per year. Investigation of the rainfall ratio in the period (1971-2016) shows that the ratio of snowfall to rain has decreased over time. While already nearly more than half of the rainfall has been in the form of snow, it has rarely reached 50% since 2001, and less than half of the total rainfall in the Chelgerd area has been snow. Temperature variations over the course of 30 years (1986-2016) show that the temperature has increasing trend and by about 1 degree to the temperature in recent years has increased. In addition, the comparison of the temperature of the fall season in year 2017 compared to the previous year’s shows an increase of 23% compared to the previous year and a 53% increase in temperature compared to the long run. Investigating the variation of Basin water resources by Computing the volume of the input of Zayandeh-rud dam that correlates directly with the volume of precipitation in the Basin, shows a decreasing trend and, in accordance with the dry climatic Courses, the volume of water entering the Zayandeh-rud dam decreased and the volume of water has been usually below 1 billion cubic meters. Investigating the variation in the volume of groundwater in the two census periods (1385 and 1390) indicates that more than 9,000 wells were drilled during this period and an average increase of about 5 meters depth of wells and average groundwater level. The results of this study indicate that natural factors and climate change have been effective on the occurrence of instability of water resources in the Basin and reduction of River flow, Due to decreasing rainfall and snow-to-rain ratios as well as increasing the air temperature, Basin water resources and the volume of inlet of Zayandeh-rud dam has decreased. With decreasing River flow during these years, water scarcity has been compensated by digging wells. Increasing the utilization of wells and reducing River water flow has reduced groundwater levels in the Basin. Reducing groundwater levels exacerbates the unstable water condition.

Good governance, as an approach in rural man-agement, is the engagement of government, pri-vate sector and civil society, based on active and effective participation, transparency, ac-countability, rule of law, justice, Consensus-oriented Responsiveness, efficiency, and effec-tiveness as well as human development. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the present condition of ‘good governance based rural management’ and its role in the sustainable rural development in two regions (central district of Kuhdasht, and Lavasanat Shemiranat). The pa-per also studies the relationship between good governance indicators and sustainable rural de-velopment.
Rural good governance as an approach is one of the newest and most famous approaches in sus-tainable management of rural sustainable devel-opment. This approach is considerably power-ful in explaining the realities. It is also useful in policy making in the case of sustainable rural development. It is because the rural good gov-ernance pays a special attention to institutional-izing, enabling, and empowering local people's participatory development. The main debate in this part of the article is the relationship be-tween the good governance and sustainable ru-ral development and their effects on each other. Good governance is defined as transparent and responsible management with a special focus on fair and sustainable development in social and economic aspects. Then, rural good governance is a process, in which, all actors of rural man-agement are engaging.
In this paper we used a descriptive–analytical approach. Survey and questionnaires were used for gathering data. The sample includes 280 households in 27 villages in the above men-tioned regions. In order to achieve the purpose, we used different numerical models, such as VIKOR, multivariate regression, and correla-tion.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The process aimed development of place and prosperity of the local people. In other words, rural good governance is implementing policies and decisions, two eleven by local people, in order to their living condition, so rural sus-tainable development is the process of maiming rural areas in away.
While the literature on sustainable development covers many of the issues raised in the early literature on economic growth models, it seems fair to say that whatever the merits of the origi-nal formulation in the Brundtland Report of 1987, one decade later there has been great ad-vances in both the theoretical aspects of desira-ble development and the ways in which that development might be indicated. Hence, there has been an ongoing debate regarding the mean-ing of constant capital, the relative merits of weak and strong sustainable development as a framework for analyzing these issues, the in-creasing attention given to the concept of criti-cal natural assets, and more recently the role of social capital formation and maintenance in the development process.
Thus, good governance expresses approval for a type of government, usually a democratic one, and its related political values. Equating govern-ance with government focuses on technical problems of administrative and legal capacity and the improvement of public sector manage-ment, the legal framework for sustainable de-velopment, accountability through better audit-ing, decentralization, the policing of corruption, civil service reform, and improved information on policy issues for both decision-makers and the public. Finally, good governance has been defined as a framework of private non-governmental bodies that have a role to play in the formulation and implementation of public policy and the delivery of public services.
The results show that rural areas with higher good governance level are more sustainable. Rural areas in Lavasanat district owe good gov-ernance and sustainable position to institutional arrangement. Hence, the weakness of this insti-tutional arrangement is an indicator for the good governance level in Kuhdasht central district.
Based on the VIKOR model, which provides us with a QI result ranging from 0 to 1, rural areas with QI=0 are the most sustainable areas with a high level of governance and rural areas with QI=1 are the worst areas based on the sustaina-bility and good governance. The result of this study showed that all rural areas in Lavasanat have a QI between 0-0.5. We can claim that these rural areas have a reasonable sustainabil-ity and a good level of governance. On the oth-er side, in Kuhdasht, we can classify rural areas in two different classes; seven rural areas with a QI between 0.5-0.8 and thirteen rural areas with a QI between 0.8-1. The first group has a medi-um level of sustainability and governance while the second group is neither sustainable nor has good governance.
The other model used in this article was the re-gression analysis. The result of this model showed that the model is acceptable and can forecast both governance level and sustainabil-ity.
The result shows that good governance in dif-ferent rural areas can be recognized into two different levels. At the same time, there is a close tie between good governance and sustain-able rural development as well as their indica-tors. Hence, as it has been shown in the article, rural areas with higher governance position have a better situation in the sustainable rural development.

The meaning of sustainability is an effort to reach the best results in human and environmental programs which are considered to be for present and future. Zayandeh-Rud is the most important and vital river in Esfahan Area which is used in agriculture, industry, providing drinking water and all other economic sectors. This river is originated from the Zagros Mountains – Zardkooh Bakhtyari – and ends in Gav Khooni wetland. Following the development of human settlements (namely human and agricultural structures) and developing new water resources for different purposes many alterations have happened in the natural environment. These changes have caused a change in the use of the land in this natural area and also have negatively affected the sustainability of the environment. This research will investigate the environmental consequences of the development of human residences in Zayandeh-Rud Basin, from 2002 to 2013. Land use alterations with distinct divisions in two periods in 2002 and 2013, with considering the basin in 3 sectors (upper, middle, lower) are analyzed. Based on this research finding, human settlements both in terms of residential or agricultural (farming and forest) use have been developed in different parts and many original lands and farms in the Basin have been used by human activities. The raw data in this article has been used from the land use map by “National Forest and Land Organization”. The data have been gathered in 2002 and 2013 and the experts’ views are used in doing and finishing this research.
Study area: Zayandeh-rud River is a vitally important river for agricultural developments as well as domestic water supply and economic activity in west-central of Iran. It is a completely closed basin having no outlet to the sea. The river is about 350 kilometers long and runs in a roughly west–east direction, originates from Zagros Mountains, west of the city of Isfahan, and terminates in Gavkhooni wetland to the east of the city. The Zayandeh-rud contains more water than any other river in central Iran. The Zayandeh-Rud River originates from Zagros Mountains (4500 meters higher than the sea level) which is located in the most western parts and flows in a west to east orientation to the Iran’s central plain and finally ends in the most final point of the Basin in Gaav Khooni marsh. The length of river is 350 kilometer and area of basin is about 41500 Square kilometers. The Zayandeh-Rud river basin, in central Iran has a semi-arid climate and large agricultural, industrial, and domestic water uses. The Zayandeh-Rud basin with 26917 kilometers width is located in Gaav Khooni marsh basin in central desert of Iran. Zayandeh-Rud basin is limited from north to Salt Lake Basin, from western and western south to Karoon and Dez basins, from east to Daghe Sorkh and Siah Kooh desert basins, and from south to Shahreza basin. The climate of this basin is varies a lot. Whereas Chehelgerd area in west of basin has more than 1400 millimeters rainfall, in the east of basin near Gaav Khooni marsh is less than 100 millimeters. From 26917 kilometers area of Zayandeh-Rud basin, %93 is located in Esfahan and %7 is located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Population of the basin in 2006 was 3668000. About %98 are in Isfahan province and %2 resides in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province.
In this research two methods are used, library research (book, papers, basic data collected from “National Forest and Land Organization”) and field research (observation, and interview with experts). All the basic data of this research are based on “Land Use National Plan” from the “National Forest and Land Organization”. In addition, the experts’ views were used in all the phases of the research. Having used ETM images and field work, “National Forest and Land Organization of Iran” created land use map of whole of Iran. These maps were made between 2002 and 2013 and confirmed officially. The study target in this research is Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. Border of study area was specified with spot goals of research and views of experts. Then this border was mapped in “Google Earth” and the study area's border of research was extracted from basic map of National Forest and Land Organization of Iran”. Study area of research was divided into three section as follows, The upper section is from Zayandeh-Rud river springs to Cham- Aseman dam, the middle one is between Cham- Aseman dam to Limit of Isfahan city in east middle of Baraan plain and thee lower section is from middle of Baraan plain in east of Isfahan to the end of Gaav Khooni marsh. Land use alterations are analyzed with distinct divisions in two periods in 2002 and 2013, with considering the basin in three sectors (upper, middle, lower). Land use basic map in “National Forest and Land Organization” had twenty-two items that were merged and reduced to nine land-users. Change detection was done in Arc GIS software using Union program and exhibited the map, table and descriptive information.
The comparison of land use map in 2002 and 2013 of total of study basin indicates that dry farming, agriculture, forest, residential settlements and marsh land uses have increased while water surface, canebrake, and deserts as well as rangelands have decreased. In the upper section, explosion of human settlements and revolt of nature in the recent decade have increased. Human land use such as agriculture and farming and human settlements increased to 140258 hectares and water surface and canebrake, deserts and Rangelands land use decreased to 141262 hectares. In the middle section, because of human density and spread of human settlements, whole of land use increased and only desert land use decreased. In lower section, farming (agriculture) land use, forest, marsh land, residential settlements and dry farming increased while Rangelands, desert, water surface & Canebrake and plantation forests decreased.
The results of the study indicate that spreading of human settlements in Zayandeh-Rud river basin altered all of the land use and influenced environmental sustainability. In this time (2002-2013), desert, rangelands and water surface & canebrake land use decreased while farming (agriculture) land use, forest, residential settlements and dry farming increased. Land use changes occur in all parts of Zayandeh-Rud river basin, but, most of variation happened in the upper section of area. This area includes Zayandeh-Rud river springs in Isfahan and Chahar-mahal and Bakhtiari province to Cham- Aseman dam, between Zayandeh-Rud dam and Isfahan city. With this process of spreading of human settlements without spotting the capacity of environment and nature, we will face with the destruction of environment and ecological in future. This process of development is dangerous for human and environmental sustainability in Zayandeh-Rud river basin. The development of the human residence and overuse of the natural resources bring about the destruction of nature and the natural ecosystem. Misbalancing the ecosystem in such a short time has misbalanced the sustainability of water resources and plant, animal and human ecology has been negatively affected, too. Considering all of these factors, the continuity of developing of the residences and the alteration of the land use will heavily damage the sustainability of the environment in Zayande Rood Basin.

In terms of geopolitics, from past to present nomadic society, both in terms of geographic factors determining situations is vital and in terms of human factors, a population that due to the specific situation of social and cultural structure, actually has combat forces ready to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, it is important to identify the role of this stratum of society today, in the security of the border areas presents the initiatives to enhance their position. Through operation ailing these initiatives we could possibly develop this group of people and strengthen the national security, especially in the border regions. In this study, using descriptive, inferential, library, and field survey (questionnaires) along with the SWOT model, the opportunities and threats are investigated and also strengths and weaknesses of the nomadic tribes in providing the security in the countries North-East border areas are discussed. The results suggest that this class as revolutions reservoir in providing security in these areas have a positive role and also there is a potential for its improvement. At the end, through using QSPM matrix the relevant initiatives with promotion of the role of this stratum of society in the security of the border areas of north eastern states and are presented and prioritized.

Under the current process, it seems, urbanization and physical development of cities, as twin phenomena and on a global scale, will determine the future of the world. In this regard, although in the recent years the so-called “annexation” has been more or less a growing debate among urban scholars, but there has been little effort to measure its sprawl or monitor changes over time. Referring to the existing scattered information and data, during the last one or two decades, this phenomenon in the absence of compatible urban plans has grown and provided the ground for annexation of many rural settlements into the urban and especially metropolitan centers of the country. The result is that many valuable scarce resources, particularly irrigation water and arable lands have been put under urban construction. In addition, many peripheral rural environments have been transformed from productive areas to neither city-nor village spaces. In this connection, aside from the general trends, the phenomena such as “gobbling” on the one hand and extension of the boundaries of urban areas on the other hand, have created such urban centers. This article attempts to examine the different aspects of the “annexation” and related sprawl and gobbling phenomena in Zanjan, referring to two peripheral rural settlements, namely Sayan and Gawazang. The research method has been descriptive – analytical based on mixed documentarylibrary studies and fieldwork. The findings of the study indicate that the annexation consequences resulting from the transformation of rural settlements, not only has failed to improve the living conditions of the villagers but also has paved the way for new issues in rural environments; Excessive growth of population density and immigration, inappropriate urban-like construction, environmental pollution, and perhaps above all, incorrectly changing the land use are some of these consequences.

In recent years, Performance Audit has been the center of attention due to the inability of Financial Audit to fully meet the requirements for management systems. In the current study which is an action research based on the extant reliable documents, it has been tried to address the issue of environmental crisis in Urmia Lake by using the method of performance audit, and open up a new horizon in applied geographical research by linking performance audit with geographical studies. Therefore, the whole series of performed actions and carried out plans in this area have been examined and evaluated based on the three indexes of efficiency, effectiveness and economy in performance audit, and finally, several suggestions have been made as to how to decrease and solve the environmental crisis in Urmia Lake.