abdorrasool kashfi

This article is concerned with Eugene Fontinell’s idea about personal immortality. Fontinell has offered a specific view about the possibility of afterlife، through employing the experimental method، William James’s pragmatic method، and also developing William James’s Field Theory and his psychological ideas about the “Self”. Fontinell believes that it is possible to imagine immortality in a processive and relational world، according to William James’s views. Believing in immortality is not detached from our existence in this world، but it is being supported by our mundane lives. Fontinell is trying to offer a reasonable theory about personal immortality، without logical contradictions. Thus، Fontinell’s theory about immortality is important because it has explained and justified the afterlife without being dualistic، and without ignoring the experiences; by doing so، he has weakened the experimentalists’ view against personal immortality.

The principle of natural selection was presented by the famous English naturalist and biologist, Charles Darwin, in ninth century. The principle, being as a foundation for biological evolution, has been regarded by many theologians to be in disagreement with the world of creation to be of purpose and, therefore, with belief in God. Yet thepaper has shown that such a disagreement lies more in incorrect comments of the Darwinian principle than in the principle itself.

Dualism is the view that mind and body are two distinct things: body is material and mind is non-material. Monism, in contrast to dualism, holds that human being is either material (physicalism) or non-material (idealism). Physicalism is the theory that mind and mental phenomena are either unreal (eliminative physicalism) or nothing over and above the physical facts, that is, facts about matter and material processes (reductive physicalism). The purpose of this paper is to describe eliminative physicalism and its bases and then to show that these bases do fail to prove the theory.

Epistemological justification is one of the parts of tripartite definition (analysis) of knowledge. due to this defination "true belief" is knowledge, if it is justified. Justification theories, due to epistemologist's views on relation of belief to free will, are divided into two groups: deontologism and non- deontologism. Deontologism results to evidentialism and internalism and the result of non- deontologism is externalism. Internalism results to foundationalism and coherentism and the subsequent of externalism is reliabilism and naturalism. In this essay we consider the relation of belief to free will, volitionalism and non- volitionalism and then see how the different theories of justification are formed from the two theories mentioned and then, due to theses, classify the justification theories.

Prepositional knowledge has three necessary and sufficient components: justification, truth and belief. On this view, prepositional knowledge is, by definition (analysis) of knowledge. There are different kinds of theories of justification. One of them is coherence, according to which, a belief is justified if, and only if, it hast reciprocal relations to a system of beliefs. The theory employs the metaphor of a spider web: each intersection in the web has reciprocal relations to the others.There are four kinds of theories of coherence: necessary implication, consistency, explanation and beating or neutralizing.This article discuss critically the different kinds of theories of coherence and shows none of them is sufficient in explaining justification.